• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.732-750
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• 2019

천연건조 중 목재의 함수율 변화 예측모형을 제시하기 위하여 15본의 소나무 원목에 대한 천연건조를 수행하였다. 초기함수율이 68.7%인 6본의 소나무 원목에 대하여 여름철에 천연건조를 시작한 후 약 880일이 경과한 후의 최종함수율은 17.4%이었다. 초기함수율이 35.8%인 9본의 소나무 원목에 대하여 겨울철에 천연건조를 시작한 후 약 760일이 경과한 후의 최종함수율은 16.0%이었다. 소나무 원목의 말구지름, 온도, 상대습도, 풍속을 독립변수로 결정하고, 천연건조 중 감소한 함수율을 종속변수로 다중회귀분석을 진행한 결과, 결정계수 0.925의 회귀모형을 얻을 수 있었다. 소나무 원목의 특성인 초기함수율과 말구지름이 기상조건인 온도, 상대습도, 풍속에 비하여 천연건조 중 함수율 감소에 미치는 영향이 더 크게 나타났다. 천연건조 중 내부함수율의 분포 및 함수율 변화를 예측하기 위하여 2차원 물질전달 해석을 수행하였다. 건조일수를 서로 다르게 적용하고, 수분확산계수 및 표면방사계수를 결정하는 기상조건을 다르게 적용한 2가지의 예측모형을 제시하였다. 2가지 적용 방법의 오차는 0.1 - 0.8%의 범위였으며, 측정값과의 차이는 2.2 - 3.6%의 범위였다. 다양한 초기함수율과 말구지름의 소나무 원목에 대한 천연건조 중 내부함수율을 측정하고, 각각의 기상조건에 대한 목재 내 수분이동계수를 산출하면 예측모형의 오차를 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 1996

The model PINUSCO2 hased of physiology was creted to simulate carbon dioxide budget in a population of red pine(pinus densiflora) which is one of the dominant species in Korea. Driving forces of PINUSCO2 are global radiation, maximum and minimum air temperatures. State variables fo the model are standing crops of leaf, branch, trunk and root of the red pine population. PINUSCO2 calculates net photosynthesis of canopy and respiration of each organ with 1 hour time step. PINUSCO2 estimated the annual gross productivity, respiration and net productivity of the red pine population as 43.99, 24.55, and 19.44 ton CO2·ha-1·yr-1, respectively, at the study sity(35°58′00"N, 128°25′35"E). PINUSCO2 showed that the red pine population grew mainly in spring and fall, and that in summer daily net population productivity frequently became negative.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1991

The flavonoids from plants is very widly used as natural dye for food and medicine etc. In this study, red pine which is widespread in Korea was studied to find new chemicals which may use as raw material for the special purpose. The fIavonoids of red pine bark were separated with Sephadex LH-20 and Toyo pearl HW-40F as packed materials and the structure of separated f1avonoids was determined by $^1H$-and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. The (+) catechin which is widespread in nature and dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside were found in red pine bark. The dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside is newly found in this species.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.46-48
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• 2005

Growth inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of green tea and pine needles on Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from spoiled red bean paste were detected at concentrations higher than 750 ppm, and antimicrobial activity of pine needle extract was slightly higher than that of green tea exract. Growth inhibitory effect of pine needle extract in nutrient broth adjusted to pH 6.0, water-activity 0.92, and $45\;^{\circ}$Brix was observed at 500 ppm. These results indicated growth of B. stearothermophilus could be inhibited by adding pine needle and green tea extracts.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2008

Three major domestic softwoods, Korean red pine, Korean pine and larch, were heat-treated at $220^{\circ}C$ and for various treatment times for color changing. A new heat treatment equipment was developed for this study and was revealed working well for changing the colors of the three softwoods. The color difference index of 15 was obtained after 8 hours for Korean red pine and Korean pine, and 10 hours for Larch. The correlations of brightness, redness and yellowness with treatment time were different between species.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2005

This study was performed to understand the changes in wood extractives, mainly acetone extracts, in pine woods (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) treated by three blue stain fungi (BSF) such as native BSF in Korea, Leptographium sp., screened Albino strain(BSFcs-1) and commercial Cartapip and fungicide, Wood guard. In addition their pulping and bleaching properties were investigated. BSF treatment has significantly reduced acetone extracts, $25.1{\sim}30.4%$ decreasing in red pine and $22.9{\sim}28.1%$ in pitch pine. Three week aging treatment showed about 20% decreasing in red pine and 19.3% in pitch pine. There were not so significant differences in extracts reduction among native BSF and Albino-type strains (Albino strain, BSFcs-1, and commercial Cartapip). But fungicide, Wood guard, treated wood showed relatively lower decreasing rates of extractives, 14% in red pine and 10.1% in pitch pine. Therefore it is understandable that the fungicide could protect the wood from blue stain fungi attack, but has no effect on its extractive reduction. Concerned to pulping properties of BSF and fungicide treated woods, red pine and pitch pine, optimum pulping condition was 20% active alkali, wood to liquor ratio 1 to 6, $170^{\circ}C$, and 2.5 hr. In the case of BSF woods, optimum pulping condition was same as the sound wood, $43.5{\sim}45%$ of pulp yields and $1.3{\sim}1.45%$ of rejects. Screened pulp yield of fungicide treated wood was lower than those of BSF treated woods. Rejects in pulps were higher in fungicide-treated wood than BSF treated woods. Bleaching pulp yields were ranged of 92 to 93.5%. BSF, Cartapip and fungicide treated woods resulted in lower brightness of $55{\sim}58%$, but Albino-type strain(BSFcs-1) $61.3{\sim}62.3%$, very similar to untreated one. Therefore bleaching chemicals could be saved in the processing of chemical pulping.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

솔잎혹파리가 소나무 생장(生長)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 그 발생경과년수(發生經過年數)가 서로 다른 충청남도(忠清南道) 서천군(舒川郡), 보령군(保寧郡), 홍성군내(洪城郡內) 9개(個) 지역(地域)에서 조사(調査), 비교(比較)하였다. 이 조사(調査)는 피해허용한계(被害許容限界)를 알기 위한 첫 단계(段階)로 소나무피해(被害)의 개황(槪況)을 본 것으로 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 솔잎혹파리가 발생(發生)된 소나무의 피해(被害)는 4~5년간(年間) 지속(持續)되는데 2~3년차(年次)에 가장 심(甚)하였다. 2) 솔잎혹파리의 충영형성(蟲廮形成)은 소나무의 직경생장(直径生長)과 수고생장(樹高生長)의 저해(沮害)를 동시(同時)에 일으킨다. 3) 소나무의 직경생장(直径生長)과 수고생장간(樹高生長間)에는 밀접(密接)한 상관관계(相關關係)가 있었으며 솔잎혹파리 피해(被害)에도 불구하고 이 관계(關係)는 교란되지 않았다. 따라서, 주신초(主新梢)의 생장저해(生長沮害) 상황(狀況)을 가지고 직경생장(直径生長)의 저해정도(沮害程度)를 추정(推定)할 수 있을 것이다. 4) 솔잎혹파리의 충영율(蟲廮率)은 북향(北向)에서 월등(越等)하게 높아 소나무의 고사(枯死)도 북향(北向)에서 높았다. 5) 솔잎혹파리로 인(因)한 13년생(年生) 소나무의 재적생장손실(材積生長損失)은 수확표와 비교(比較)할 때 75~85% 이상(以上)이 되고 이 피해(被害)는 정상적(正常的)인 생장(生長)을 되찾아도 복구(復舊)되기 어려울 것 같다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2011

We evaluated the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status of litterfall in a natural red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand damaged by pine wilt disease in Jinju City, which was one of the areas severely affected by the disease in Korea. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between tree density and basal area and the C and N status of litterfall components, but C and N status was not correlated with mean diameter at breast height in the pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C and N concentrations were linearly related (P < 0.05) to basal area in pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C concentration decreased with a decrease in damage intensity due to pine wilt disease, whereas litter N concentration increased with an increase of basal area in pine wilt disease stands. The linear regression equations developed for litterfall C and N inputs were significant (P < 0.05), with basal area accounting for 50-86% of the variation, except for cone and flower litter. The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease could impact the quality and quantity of C and N in litterfall of pine stands suffering from pine wilt disease.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.89.1-89
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• 2003

Disease suppression by ectomycorrhizal(ECM) fungi has been demonstrated on red pine seedlings. Culturing of pathogenic fungi on petri plates containing culture filtrates of ECM fungi showed that culture filtrates of the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum may inhibit the mycelial growth of all tested soil-borne plant pathogenic(SBPP) fungi upto 60％, In order to examine the effects of ECM fungi on SBPP fungi and on red pine seedlings, both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi were inoculated into the soil with red pine seedlings by three inoculation methods; pre-inoculation of SBPP fungi 10 days before inoculation of ECM fungi, simultaneous inoculation of both fungi, post-inoculation of SBPP fungi 60 days after inoculation of ECM fungi. Seedling mortality, seedling growth, and ectomycorrhizal formation by the combined treatments were examined and compared. Pine seedlings were dead by the pre-inoculation of pathogenic fungi, except Rhizina undulate which required 9-12 days, within 6 days after inoculation. Among pathogenic fungi tested, Fusarium oxysporum was the most pathogenic with the mortality of 44％. However, no dead seedlings were shown by simultaneous inoculation of both fungi or pre-inoculation of ECM fungi. In addition, pine seedlings treated by simultaneous or post-inoculation of SBPP fungi were relatively higher than those treated by pre-inoculation in diameter at root crown and the number of ectomycorrhizal roots. There were no significant differences among inoculation methods in root length and dry weight of treated seedlings. It means that ECM fungi somehow play a role in protecting primary roots of red pine seedlings against invasion by the SBPP fungi.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.123-133
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• 1986

Black pine, Pinus thumbergii, stands in southwestern Korea were investigated. The black pine forest with 90 percent or more in the relative basal area (black pine basal area/whole pine basal area, RBA) was found in the coastal area. However, from the coastal area to the inland. RBA of the pine was decreased because the competition with red pine (P. densiflora) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). In 25 year-old plants at the coastal areas, the wood volume of black pine is twofold or more than that of red pine, fourfold or more than that of pitch pine. The optimum rotation period for the maximum yield of black pine is estimated to take 35 years, based on the site index calculated. The optimal temperature for the pine plantation in Korean peninula should be the area in over 105。C.month in warmth index. And the soil conditions with 50% of RBA or over were 0.025%~0.151% of soil salinity, 3~6% of organic matter content, pH value 4.50~5.04, 8.5~11.0 me/100g of C.E.C..