• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.16-26
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• 2014

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidnat effects of red cabbage extracts on RAW264.7 cells. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of red cabbage extracts by measuring nitric oxide (NO), inducible NOS (iNOS) production, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by Western blotting. Ethanolic and water extracts (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated production of NO. Two kinds of extracts reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. The present results show that red cabbage extract has potent anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells. In addition, two kinds of extracts as well as various antioxidant activities such as 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the ethanolic and water extracts from red cabbage were $18.699{\pm}0.87$ and $11.174{\pm}4.86$ mg GAE/g extract, respectively, and $7.782{\pm}2.23$ and $15.608{\pm}3.54$ mg CE/g extract. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of the ethanolic and water extracts and BHT were $0.269{\pm}0.12$, $0.212{\pm}0.22$ and $1.235{\pm}0.07mM$ Trolox equivalent/mg extract, respectively. The FRAP values of the extracts were similar to those of BHT, which were used as a positive control. Therefore, red cabbage extract is considered as a good food material of functional foods for prevention against various diseases.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.173-176
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to improve the palatability of fermented red pepper soybean paste (Kochujang). Five individual models of Kochujang were prepared the following: control, glutinous rice containing 50% (A) and 100% (B) of barley, glutinous rice containing 1.5% (C) and 3.0% (D) of red rice. These Kochujangs were prepared and fermented for 60 days at 30 in a crock, and examined for changes in their physicochemical properties. There were no distinguishable change in their pH, acidity, formol-N content. L (lightness)-, a (redness)- and b (yellowness)-values were decreased rapidly until 20 days of fermentation. After 60 days, the values of L-, a- and b- of A, B Kochujang were increased than those of control, C, D Kochujang. Sensory profiles of color, flayer, taste and overall quality on the final products which fermented for 60 days showed that there were no differences in quality of each models. HMG-Co A reductase inhibitory activities were observed in 1.5% of red rice containing Kochujang.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2012

Ginseng has a long history of use for health enhancement, and there is some evidence from animal studies that it has a beneficial effect on cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean red ginseng on cognitive performance in humans. A total of 15 healthy young males with no psychiatric or cognitive problems were selected based on an interview with a board-certified psychiatrist. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 4,500 mg red ginseng or placebo for a 2-week trial. There were 8 subjects in the red ginseng group and 7 subjects in the placebo group. All of the subjects were analyzed with the Vienna test system and a P300 event-related potential (ERP) test. There were no significant differences in the Vienna test system scores between the red ginseng group and the placebo group. In the event-related potential test, the C3 latency of the red ginseng group tended to decrease during the study period (p=0.005). After 2 wk, significant decreases were observed in the P300 latencies at Cz (p=0.008), C3 (p=0.005), C4 (p=0.002), and C mean (p=0.003) in the red ginseng group. Our results suggest that the decreased latency in ERP is associated with improved cognitive function. Further studies with a higher dosage of ginseng, a larger sample size, and a longer follow-up period are necessary to confirm the clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.766-772
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• 1999

In order to improve funtionality of kochujang, red ginseng powder(1, 2 and 5% red ginseng on the total weight basis) was added to the raw material of kochujang. Changes in moisture content, microflora and enzyme activities were investigated in control kochujang(Sunchang kochujang) and red ginseng added kochujang during fermentation at 25oC for 120 days. Kochujang samples fremented for 90 and 120 days were subjected to sensory evaluation test. As the fermentation progressed, the moisture content and titratable acidity were gradually increased whereas pH was decreased. However, red ginseng had no effects on those changes. Bacterial count was maintained at the level of 107 CFU/g during fermentation. The level of yeast count was 104 CFU/g at the early stage of fermentation and increaed to 107 CFU/g after 60 days of fermentation and then maintained at 107 CFU/g. Red-ginseng had no effects on bacterial and yeast counts of kochujang. Amylase activity was gradually reduced during fermentation. Amylase activity was increased until 60 days of fermentation and then reduced by 90 days of fermentation. Acidic protease activity was slightly reduced at the initial stage of fermentation and then rapid increased. Acidic protease activity was at the highest level after 120 days of fermentation. Red ginseng did not alter those enzyme activities of kochujang. There were no differences in sensory properties between kochujang samples fermented for 90 and 120 days of fermentation. The addition of red-ginseng did not affect such sensory properties of kochujang as color, odor, hot taste and salty taste, but overall preference appeared to be improved by red ginseng addition.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2011

The bulb storability of eight red and ten yellow onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars grown primarily in Korea was evaluated. During storage, sprouting occurred earlier in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. In addition, the ratio of sprouted to unsprouted bulbs increased more rapidly in red cultivars than in yellow cultivars. However, not all yellow cultivars had strong storabilities. Bulb storability of three yellow cultivars was as poor as that of red cultivars, suggesting only a slight possibility of a pleiotropic effect of color and bulb storability. Meanwhile, $F_3$ lines of a red cultivar selected based on stronger storabilities showed intermediate storabilities between those of the red and yellow cultivars, implying that strong storability could be obtained by successive selection. In contrast, $F_1$ hybrids from crosses between yellow and red breeding lines showed poor storability compared with the yellow cultivars, indicating that poor storability may be dominant over strong storability. The relationships between color and other traits that potentially affect storability, such as fresh and dry weight, water content, and firmness of bulbs, were evaluated. No significant differences in these traits were observed between the two colors, although the water content of yellow cultivars and the dry weight of red cultivars were slightly higher than their counterparts. Correlation analyses between bulb storability and other traits, including weight, water content, and firmness, also showed no significant correlations. In this study, no correlations were identified between bulb color, storability, and other traits. However, based on these results, red cultivars with stronger storabilities could be developed through successive selection of bulbs with stronger storabilities.

• ALGAE
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-153
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• 2017

The ability of a red tide species to take up nutrients is a critical factor affecting its red tide dynamics and species competition. Nutrient uptake by red tide species has been conventionally measured by incubating nutrient-depleted cells for a short period at 1 or 2 light intensities. This method may be applicable to certain conditions under which cells remain in oligotrophic water for a long time and high nutrients are suddenly introduced. Thus, a new method should be developed that can be applicable to the conditions under which cells are maintained in eutrophicated waters in healthy conditions and experience light and dark cycles and different light intensities during vertical migration. In this study, a new repletion method reflecting these conditions was developed. The nitrate uptake rates of the red tide dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans originally maintained in nitrate repletion and depletion conditions as a function of nitrate concentration were measured. With increasing light intensity from 10 to $100{\mu}E\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, the maximum nitrate uptake rate ($V_{max}$) of P. micans increased from 3.6 to $10.8 pM\;cell^{-1}d^{-1}$ and the half saturation constant ($K_{s-NO3}$) increased from 4.1 to $6.9{\mu}M$. At $20{\mu}E\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, the $V_{max}$ and $K_{s-NO3}$ of P. micans originally maintained in a nitrate repletion condition were similar to those maintained in a nitrate depletion condition. Thus, differences in cells under nutrient repletion and depletion conditions may not affect $K_{s-NO3}$ and $V_{max}$. Moreover, different light intensities may cause differences in the nitrate uptake of migratory phototrophic dinoflagellates.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2009

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of red ginseng on women's health-related quality of life (QOL) and sexual function. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical study was performed. The main efficacy was measured using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFl) and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Twenty-four healthy, married women aged 30-45 years with FSFl scores below 25 were randomly divided into two groups: the red-ginseng group (N=12) and the placebo group (N=12). During the first six-week period (Study 1), each group was given red ginseng or placebo twice a day. Before the start of the second six-week period (Study 2), a crossover design was chosen with a two-week break (washout period). Interchanging the two groups after the washout period, red ginseng and placebo were given to each group. The outcomes were measured before and after each six-week period. Overall, 23 participants completed the study. In Study 1, the changes relative to the baseline in the FSFl total score were 22.50% and 22.99% for red ginseng and placebo, respectively. In Study 2, the relative changes were 8.14% for red ginseng and 6.29% for placebo. The results showed a greater improving trend in Study 1 with respect to all of the participants' sexual functions, but no significant difference was found between the groups (P=0.9567). After taking red ginseng, all the participants exhibited an improving trend in the desire domain of FSFl, but no significant difference was shown. In the measurement of SF-36, no significant difference was likewise shown. After taking red ginseng, though, all the participants exhibited an improving trend in the physical functioning (PF) domain of SF-36, with no significant difference. Moreover, there was no significant adverse event related to red ginseng. The QOL and sexual function of the study participants in the red-ginseng group were mostly improved, but no statistically significant effect of red ginseng was shown. It is supposed that this result was partly due to the affirmative impression of red ginseng in Korea. Thus, it is anticipated that a long-term clinical trial will show a significant effect of red ginseng on the QOL and sexual function.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate growth characteristics of paprika seedlings according to various qualities of LED light (red : blue = 10 : 0, red : blue = 8 : 2, red : blue = 2 : 8, white). Plant height and stem were significantly longer or thicker as red light ratio increased. Leaf area of paprika seedlings with red light was larger or no significant differences in a mixed light of red and blue. Dry weight of seedling was in the same with the result of leaf area. Seedlings with White light was significantly less than others in all characteristics. As red light ratio was increased, relative growth rate increased. As blue light ratio was increased, the net assimilation amount increased. Considering plant height, leaf area and production ability of dry matter per unit leaf area, the using mixed red and blue lights was suitable, especially at a mixed red : blue = 8 : 2.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2011

Juvenile red seabream (mean body weight 29.0 g) were reared in recirculating culture systems with three different biofilter media, sand (SF), polystyrene microbeads (PF), and Kaldnes beads (KF). The efficiencies of the three different biofilter media were also tested. The SF was fluidized, and the PF and KF were trickled. All treatments were duplicated. The volumetric removal rates of total ammonia nitrogen by SF, PF, and KF were 193.8, 183.9, and 142.6 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively, and those of nitrite nitrogen ($NO_2$-N) were 113.4, 105.9, and 85.8 g $m^{-3}day^{-1}$, respectively. The TAN and $NO_2$-N removal rates of KF were lower than those of SF and PF (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in these rates between SF and PF (P > 0.05). Among the biofilters used, only KF showed total suspended solid (TSS) removal capacity. The TSS removal efficiencies of SF and PF were negative. The growth rates of fish in SF were significantly higher than those in KF but not higher than those in PF. There was no difference in growth rate between fish in PF and KF. The specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of red seabreams in KF were lower than those in SF and PF, but there were no significant differences between SF and PF. These results indicate that sand and polystyrene microbeads are recommended for red seabream culture in a recirculating system.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 1990

Effects of blue and red light on photorespiration in the leaf disks of pea were studied. The rate of total 14CO2 fixation was more or less higher under red light than blue light irradiation of the same quantum (94.8 $\mu$Em-2.S-1/mV). The release of 14CO2 by photorespiration was more stimulated under blue than red light. Among the photorespiratory intermediates, 14C was more incorporated ito serine under blue light than red light. However, 14C was more incorporated into glycine under red light than blue light. The incorporation of 14C into glycolate was very low under both light qualities, but higher under red light than blue light. Among the enzymes related to photorespiration, only glycolate oxidase was activated and/or synthesized by blue light irradiation. Moreover, more 14C2 was released from glycoate-1-14C under blue light than red light irradiation, but 14C2 release from glyoxylate-1-14C and glycine-1-14C showed no difference by the either light qualities. These results suggest that blue light is more effective in the photorespiratory CO2 evolution than red light. The reason is considered that glycolate is easily metabolized under blue light due to the stimulation of the glycolate oxidase activity.