• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.453-457
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• 2007

The physicochemical properties of red beets and the stability of betalain pigments irradiated at 2.5, 5, 10 and 30 kGy were evaluated. Betalain extraction yield of irradiated red beets was not significantly different from non-irradiated red beet. The red beet irradiated at 5kGy showed high optical density value in betacyanin and betaxanthin. In Hunter's color value lightness (L), redness (a) and yellowness (b) decreased with increment of irradiation dose. All red beets showed no difference in pH. The red beets irradiated above 10 kGy had poor textural property quality but antioxidant activity of betalain was not significantly changed by gamma irradiation. Considering natural colorant and textural quality, the gamma irradiation above 10kGy was an undesirable technique for red beets.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2009

The effect of diet supplemented with red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaf on antioxidant status of plasma and tissue was investigated in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into two groups after one-week acclimation, and fed a high fat (20%) and high cholesterol (1%) diet without (control group) or with 8% freeze-dried red beet leaf (RBL group) for 4 weeks. In RBL mice, lipid peroxidation determined as 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS value) was significantly reduced in the plasma and selected organs (liver, heart, and kidney). Levels of antioxidants (glutathione and $\beta$-carotene) and the activities of antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) in plasma and liver were considerably increased, suggesting that antioxidant defenses were improved by RBL diet. Comet parameters such as tail DNA (%), tail extent moment, olive tail moment and tail length were significantly reduced by 25.1%, 49.4%, 35.4%, and 23.7%, respectively, in plasma lymphocyte DNA of RBL mice compared with control mice, and indicated the increased resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage. In addition, the RBL diet controlled body weight together with a significant reduction of fat pad (retroperitoneal, epididymal, inguinal fat, and total fat). Therefore, the present study suggested that the supplementation of 8% red beet leaf in high fat high cholesterol diet could prevent lipid peroxidation and improve antioxidant defense system in the plasma and tissue of C57BL/6J mice.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.376-381
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• 2021

Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a root vegetable and a popular functional food ingredient of dark red-purple appearance due largely to betacyanins, principally betanine (75-95%) and its isomer, isobetanine (15-45%). This study developed an analytical method for beet red in terms of betanine and isobetanine in processed food products labeled with beet red as a food additive. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) was used with a C₁₈ column. Linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision and uncertainty in measurement were calculated for method validation. Matrix-matched calibration was applied to the candy, ice cream, and cocoa product, respectively, and R² was ≥0.9998, showing a high level of linearity. The LOD and LOQ were 0.16 to 0.32 and 0.48 to 0.97 mg/L, respectively. As a result of repeated intra-day and interday experiments to validate the accuracy and precision of the analytical method, the recovery rates were 96.0-103.1% and 100.0-102.2%, respectively and the RSD% was 0.5-3.3% and 0.9-3.8%, respectively. Moreover, the measurement uncertainty was estimated to be 1.71-12.43% depending on the matrix and the measured concentration. In this study, betanine and isobetanine were quantified (8.4-3,823.4 mg/kg) by applying the developed analytical method to processed food products (n= 26; e.g., candy, ice cream, and other processed foods) labeled with beet red as a food additive.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.435-441
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• 1998

Optimal conditions for the production of natural color, betacyanin were investigated by varying light intensity, C/N ratio, concentrations of phosphate and kinds of elicitors. Batch cultivation was employed to characterize cell growth and betacyanin production of 32 days. The maximum specific growth rate, ${\mu}$$\sub$max/, was 0.3 (1/day) for batch cultivation. The maximum specific production rate, q$\^$max/$\sub$p/, was enhanced 0.11 (mg/g-cell/day) at 3 klux. A light intensity of 3 klux was shown to the best for both cell growth and betacyanin production. The maximum specific production rate was 0.125 (mg/g-cell/day) at 0.242 (1/day), the maximum specific growth rate. The dependence of specific growth rate on the light lintensity is fit to the photoinhibition model. The correlation between ${\mu}$ and q$\sub$p/ showed that the product formation parameters, ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$$\sub$p/ were 0.3756 (mg/cell) and 0.001 (mg/g-cell/day), respectively. The betacyanin production was partially cell growth related process, which is different from the production of a typical product in plant cell cultures. In C/N ratio experiment, high carbon concentration, 42.1 (w/w) improved cell growth rate while lower concentration, 31.6 (w/w) increased the betacyanin production rate. The ${\mu}$$\sub$max/ and q$\^$max/$\sub$p/ were 0.26 (1/day) and 0.075 (mg/g-cell/day), respectively. Beta vulgaris L. cells under 1.25 mM phosphate concentration produced 10.15 mg/L betacyanin with 13.46 (g-dry wt./L) of maximum cell density. The production of betacyanin was elongated by adding 0.1 ${\mu}$M of kinetin. This also increased the cell growth. Optimum culture conditions of light intensity, C/N, phosphate concentration were obtained as 5.5 klux, 27 (w/w), 1.25 mM, respectively by the response surface methodology. The maximum cell density, X$\sub$max/, and maximum production, P$\sub$max/, in optimized conditions were 16 (g-dry wt./L), 12.5 (mg/L) which were higher than 8 (g-dry wt./L), 4.48 (mg/L) in normal conditions. The ${\mu}$$\sub$max/ and q$\^$max/$\sub$p/ were 0.376 (1/day) and 0.134 (mg/g-cell/day) at the optimal condition. The overall results may be useful in scaling up hairy root cell culture system for commercial production of betacyanin.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.10-13
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• 1987

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid(A-2-C) is a four-membered cyclic imino acid which was first discovered from Convalaria majalis and Polygonatum officinalis in 1955(1,2). The imino acid A-2-C has been identified in at least 16 species of plants (3) (mostly the families Liliaceae, Agavaceae and Amaryllidaceae); in two marine sponges (Haliclona sp. and Chalinospilla sp.) (4); in the red algae (Lophocladia lamenandi) (5); in the sugar beet Beta vulgaris (6) ; and the microorganism Actinoplanes ferrugineus (7).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.716-721
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• 1999

It has been known that continuous cultivation of hairy root is difficult to maintain for a long period of time compared to the microbial and callus cultures. Chemostat cultivation was successfully carried out in order to economically produce a plant-based colorant, betacyanin, from red beet hairy root for more than 85 days in a 14-1 fermentor. The result from the chemostat cultivation was compared to those of the batch and fed-batch cultivations of red beet hairy roots. It was shown that hairy root reached its steady state within 50 days of the cultivation, and then maintained for about 25-30 days in a wide range of dilution rates. Total betacyanin production from the continuous process was also calculated to be 2.65g at 0.28(l/d) of dilution rate, compared to 0.196g from fed-batch cultivation. It was found that betacyanin production was a partially growth related process, yielding 0.376 mg/g-fresh wt. cell and $1.89{\times}10^{-5}$ mg/g-fresh wt. cell/d, with 0.92 of correlation factor in a partial growth-product model. It was also shown that the cell growth required was relatively large for maintenance amount of energy at a low dilution rate. The growth of hairy root was inhibited by high light intensity in following a photo-inhibition model. The growth parameters were estimated to be 0.3(l/d), $10.56kcal/\textrm{m}^2/h$,{\;}and{\;}35.81kcal/\textrm{m}^2/h$ for the maximum specific growth rate, half saturation light intensity, and inhibition light intensity, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2013

The Hawaiian beet webworm (Spoladea recurvalis) is one of the serious insect pests found on red beet (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva) in Korea. The study was conducted to investigate the development period of S. recurvalis at various constant temperatures, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, 32.5 and $35.0^{\circ}C$, with $65{\pm}5%$ RH and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. The developmental period from egg to pre-adult was 51.0 days at $17.5^{\circ}C$ and 14.6 days at $35.0^{\circ}C$. The developmental period of S. recurvalis was decreased with increasing temperature. The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted well by linear regression analysis ($R^2{\geq}0.87$). The lower developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature of the total immature stage were $10.4^{\circ}C$ and 384.7 degree days, respectively. The nonlinear relationship between the temperature and developmental rate was well described by the Lactin model. The relationship between the cumulative frequency and normalized distributions of the developmental period for each life stage were fitted to the Weibull function with $R^2=0.63{\sim}0.87$.