• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

A new Dianthus cultivar 'URI 2010-6' was selected among F1 progenies from a cross between interspecific hybrid 'Evergreen Emerald' as the seed parent and D. chinensis ' Ruby' as the pollen parent. In 2007, the cross w as made, and the seedlings of $F_1$ progenies were obtained and investigated. After three rounds of characteristic evaluation from 2008 to 2010, a clone was selected and registered as 'URI 2010-6' at the Korea Seed and Variety Service (plant variety protection number: 4431) in 2011. The flower of 'URI 2010-6' is caryophyllaceous, single type, and mainly bright red (Red, N79C) with secondary white (White, N155C) on the edge or as spots on the petal. The flower has diameter of 2.7 cm and length of 0.8 cm. This cultivar blooms continuously about 150 d on average and may be used as evergreen plant during winter months.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1967

The effects of X-ray irradiation and the thyroid gland on the erythropoietic system were studied in the white male rabbits. The total body irradiation was done in doses of 250 r and 500 r to each of 5 rabbits for 10days. The factors were 220KV, 10mA, FLI/4 Cu+1 mmAI(HVL:2.0 mm Cu) 50 cm F.S.D. The thyroid dysfunction was experimentally induced, by giving 2mg of thyroid tablets per kg body weight for 15 days in 5 rabbits for hyperthyroidism and by giving 1.5 mC of $^{131}I$ per kg body weight in another 5 rabbits for hypothyroidism. Fourteen healthy rabbits were used as control. The hematologic changes and ferrokinetic data obtained from $^{59}Fe$ and apparent half survival of the red blood cells obtained from $^{51}Cr$ were compared. Following were the results: A. X-ray irradiated group; 1. There were no significant changes in hematologic findings except for leucopenia. A slight decrease of red blood cells was observed in 500 r irradiated animals. 2. The decreases in the iron turnover rates of the plasma and red blood cells as well as in the red cell renewal rate were found in both groups. A :significant decrease of the red cell iron utilization rate was observed in the 500 r irradiated animals. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were slightly, in the 250 r ($12.1{\pm}0.80$ days), and markedly shortened in the 500 r irradiated animals ($9.8{\pm}1.38$ days), the normal being $14.0{\pm}1.6$ days. 4. It appears, therefore, that the anemia caused by X-ray irradiation is due to the inhibition of hemopoietic function and the excess destruction of the red blood cells. B. Thyroid dysfunction group; 1. The slight increases of the red blood cell count and circulating blood volume with the normal serum iron level were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the decreases of the red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values with a marked decrease of the serum iron level in the hypothyroid group. 2. A marked decrease of the plasma iron disappearance rate with increases of plasma iron turnover, red cell iron utilization and red cell iron turnover were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the marked delay and decreases in the hypothyroid group. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were almost the same with the control in the hyperthyroid group, ($14.0{\pm}1.58$ while a marked shortening in the hypothyroid group $10.6{\pm}0.30$. 4. It was reconfirmed that the thyroid hormones bear a close relationship with the erythropoietic system, namely, the latter is stimulated by the former. The lack of the thyroid hormones thus induces the bone marrow depression leading to anemia the major cause of which, therefore, is not hemolysis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.276-283
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• 2011

The growth and tolerance for water temperature and salinity were compared among red sea bream Pagrus major (RSB) black sea bream Acanthopagrus schregeli (BSB) and their hybrid ($F_1$), female RSB ${\times}$ male BSB. The growth of the $F_1$ fish did not differ until 27 days after hatching (dAH), after which the most rapid growth was observed until approximately 300 dAH, followed by RSB and BSB. However, the RSB had out grown the $F_1$ fish by approximately 303 dAH. By 480 dAH, the RSB were largest, followed by the $F_1$ and BSB groups. The tolerances for high and low water temperature were significantly different for each species and growth stage. The largest tolerance spectrum was observed in the BSB group, and the tolerance spectrums gradually decreased with increasing final body weight. During the salinity tolerance trials, all of the species started to die following transfer into freshwater (0 psu). BSB showed the highest survival rate when kept in fresh water for an average of 29.9 hours, while the $F_1$ fish were more tolerant than the RSB fish. The fish were increasingly tolerant to fresh water and changes in water temperature as they grew, while the size of the temperature spectrum remained unchanged but shifted to a lower temperature range with growth. Our results demonstrate that $F_1$ performed well in terms of growth compared to parental fish, with higher temperature and salinity tolerances than RSB, and is thus suggested to be a suitable aquaculture species for Korea and northeast China.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.635-644
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• 2019

Background: To increase the pharmacological effects of red ginseng (RG, the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer), RG products modified by heat process or fermentation have been developed. However, the antiallergic effects of RG and modified/fermented RG have not been simultaneously examined. Therefore, we examined the allergic rhinitis (AR)-inhibitory effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), and bifidobacteria-fermented eRG (fRG) in vivo. Methods: RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187. Mice with AR were prepared by treatment with ovalbumin. Allergic markers IgE, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 were assayed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and colon using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations were assayed using a flow cytometer. Results: RG products potently inhibited IL-4 expression in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Of tested RG products, fRG most potently inhibited IL-4 expression. RG products also alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Of these, fRG most potently reduced nasal allergy symptoms and blood IgE levels. fRG treatment also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and reduced mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations. Furthermore, treatment with fRG reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in the colon and restored ovalbumin-suppressed Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria populations and ovalbumin-induced Firmicutes population in gut microbiota. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Conclusion: fRG and ginsenoside Rd may alleviate AR by suppressing IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression and restoring the composition of gut microbiota.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.418-429
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• 2021

This paper investigates the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of yanggaeng containing white ginseng and red ginseng extracts and their enzyme hydrolysates that were produced for the purpose of the study. White and red ginseng extracts were hydrolyzed using Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, and Ultimase MFC. Ginsenoside F2 and compound K (CK) were not detected in white and red ginseng before enzymic reaction but were detected in white and red ginseng hydrolyzed through Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, and Ultimase MFC, and the content of CK was the highest in the second enzymic reaction group of red ginseng. Upon preparing yanggaeng containing white and red ginseng before or after enzymatic hydrolysis, the polyphenol content and antioxidant abilities were analyzed. The yanggaeng containing enzyme-hydrolyzed white ginseng and red ginseng showed greater total polyphenol content, superior DPPH radical scavenging activity, superior ABTS radical scavenging activity, and superior FRAP analysis results compared to the yanggaeng that doesn't contain white or red ginseng. As the enzymic reaction was performed in the added white and red ginseng, the antioxidant activity increased significantly (P<0.05). In brightness(L^*), non-additive yanggaeng (control group) was the highest, red ginseng yanggaeng (RG) showed the highest redness(a^*), and the white ginseng yanggaeng (WG) showed the highest yellowness(b^*). In terms of texture, the yanggaeng containing red ginseng with second hydrolysis (RG-T2) showed significantly high results in hardness, springiness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess (P<0.05). In conclusion, treating white and red ginseng with Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, and Ultimase MFC is very useful in ginsenoside deglycosylation and will produce CK with excellent biological activity. It can also be seen that yanggaeng containing white and red ginseng hydrolyzed with enzymes significantly increase total polyphenol and antioxidant activity compared to the control group (yanggaeng with no added ginseng). These results will be useful as excellent foundational data for the production of functional yanggaeng in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1748-1758
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical composition of wheat shorts and red dog on energy and amino acid digestibility in growing pigs and to establish prediction models to estimate their digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy content and as well as their standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acid content. For Exp. 1, sixteen diets were fed to thirty-two growing pigs according to a completely randomized design during three successive periods. The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal while the other fifteen diets contained 28.8% wheat shorts (N = 7) or red dog (N = 8), added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. Over the three periods, each diet was fed to six pigs with each diet being fed to two pigs during each period. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy in wheat shorts and red dog averaged 75.1 and 87.9%. The DE values of wheat shorts and red dog averaged 13.8 MJ/kg (range 13.1 to 15.0 MJ/kg) and 15.1 MJ/kg (range 13.3 to 16.6 MJ/kg) of dry matter, respectively. For Exp. 2, twelve growing pigs were allotted to two $6{\times}6$ Latin Square Designs with six periods. Ten of the diets were formulated based on 60% wheat shorts or red dog and the remaining two diets were nitrogen-free diets based on cornstarch and sucrose. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an indigestible marker in all diets. There were no differences (p>0.05) in SID values for the amino acids in wheat shorts and red dog except for lysine and methionine. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID values for lysine in different sources of wheat shorts or red dog, which averaged 78.1 and 87.8%, showed more variation than either methionine or tryptophan. A stepwise regression was performed to establish DE, ME and amino acid digestibility prediction models. Data indicated that fiber content and amino acid concentrations were good indicators to predict energy values and amino acid digestibility, respectively. The present study confirms the large variation in the energy content and amino acid digestibility in wheat shorts and red dog, and describes the factors that influence this variation and presents equations based on chemical composition that could probably be used to predict the DE and ME values as well as the amino acid digestibility of wheat shorts and red dog.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.147-151
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• 2001

In discrete red and black, you can stake any amount s in your possession, but the value of s takes positive integer value. Suppose your goal is N and your current fortune is f, with 0$\frac{1}{2}$ where the house has the advantage over the player, and with the value of p greater than $\frac{1}{2}$ where the player has the advantage over the house. The optimum strategy at any f when p<$\frac{1}{2}$ is to play boldly, which is to bet as much as you can. The optimum strategy when p>$\frac{1}{2}$ is to bet 1 all the time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.140-146
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• 1999

Colorants in green tea were extracted freeze-dried and analyzed to investigate the possibility of using as a natural dye. Fractionation of the colorants was carried out by column chromatograpy. Colorants in green tea were eluted into five fractions. All the fractions except fraction F2 showed absorption peakat 280nm. Fraction f2 showed absorption peak at 270nm and broad peak at 350nm, From the IR analysis it is speculated that fractions F2-F5 having similar stucture but different molecular weight are catechis. Silk fabrics dyes with fractions F1-F4 showed yellowish red color while sample dyed with fraction F5 showed red color. The colorants from green tea infusion was applied to silk wool nylon cotton and rayon fabrices. It showed relatively good affinity to protein and polyamide fibers bur low affinity to cellulose and regenerated cellulose fibers.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.186-199
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• 2013

Objectives : The objectives of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Red-Koji (Monascus purpureus 12002) Fermented Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts (fSR), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various diseases including inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, fSR powders were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14days after single oral treatment of fSR with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : After single oral treatment of fSR, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents, on the body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations, except for some accidental findings. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD50 and ALD of fSR in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg and can be safety used in clinics.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-44
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• 2021

Objective : This study aimed to assess the preventive effect of Bupleuri Radix aqueous extracts (BR) and red koji-fermented BR (fBR) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in a rat model. Methods : Rats were administered 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg/day of fBR for 28 days before LPS treatments. All rats were sacrificed 5 h after LPS treatment (500 ㎍/head, intratracheal instillation). Body weights, lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit, arterial gas parameters (pH, partial pressure [Pa] of O2, PaCO2), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), total cell numbers, neutrophil/alveolar macrophage ratios, lung malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. In addition, histopathological changes including the luminal surface of alveoli (LSA), thickness of alveolar septum, and number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were checked. Results : LPS injection led to increases in lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit, BALF protein, LDH, TNF-α and IL-1β contents, total cells, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung MDA, MPO, alveolar septum thickness, and PMNs, and decreases in PaCO2 and pH of arterial blood and LSA. However, these LPS-induced acute lung injuries were inhibited by pretreatment of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg of fBR. The most favorable effects were seen with 30 mg/kg fBR as compared with 60 mg/kg of α-lipoic acid and BR. Conclusions : fBR showed preventive effects on LPS-induced acute lung injury, which resembles acute respiratory distress syndrome. The mechanisms of action were likely via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory means.