• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2016

The reuse of wastewater is being diffused to manage and develop the water resources. Generally, the treated wastewater is discharged to the river after being treated to meet the effluent quality standard or reused for diverse uses through the reprocessing. And recently, as the reuse of the treated wastewater is activated, the technologies to utilize for the high quality water resources such as industrial water by reusing the wastewater with Membrane Distillation (MD) are under development. In this study, the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process has been applied to treat sewage discharge water for water reuse. The laboratory scale experiment was performed by using a hydrophobic PVDF membrane with the pore size of $0.22{\mu}m$. The influence of operating parameters, such as feed temperature, feed flow rate, feed concentration, on the permeate flux and rejection has been investigated. All filtration tests were conducted till the feed volume reached a concentration factor of 3.0. Thus, the operating period ranged between 19 hr and 49 hr depending on filtration performance. The results showed that above 92% of TN, TP, COD and TOC in the feed could be rejected regardless of an operating condition. The water flux was ranged from 13.8 to 20.3 LMH. The lowest flux was obtained at the operating condition with the feed temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and feed flow velocity of 500 mL/min while the highest one was measured with $60^{\circ}C$ and 900 mL/min. When the concentration factor reached 3.0, water flux declined by approximately ranged from 14.5% to 33.3%. But the fouling in MD is almost fully reversible, with more than 90% recovery of permeate water flux following a DI water rinse without the addition of chemical cleaning reagents.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 1998

Objective：There is increasing interest in the developmental relationship of parental psychopathology and parenting behavior and conduct disorder in adolescence. The object of this study is to investigate the role of parental rearing behaviors in influencing conduct disorder in adolescence comparing with normal adolescents. Methods：The author assessed 52 conduct disorder who met the DSM-Ⅳ criteria, and 144 normal control subjects using self-report questionnaires, 'The Parental Rearing Behavior Scale'. Results：The results of study were as follows：1) There is significant correlation between the conduct disorder group and the control group in the father’s anxious emotion subscale, not mother’s. 2) There is no significant correlation between the conduct Disorder group and the control group in other subscales such as affection, hostility, rational guideline and consistent limitation subscales. Conclusion：The results suggest that father’s psychopathology including overanxious parenting style will predispose a risk factor for conduct disorder than mother’s psychopathology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2016

In the midst of continuing international recession, the rate of maritime traffic and marine leisure markets are consistently growing. The Republic of Korea controls the marine traffic volume through vessel traffic centers and various other management facilities. Nevertheless, the continuous growth and complexity of marine traffic is resulting in repeated occurrences of marine accidents. Recovery is very difficult in cases of human injuries or deaths caused by marine accidents due to its nature, and the scale of marine accidents is also becoming greater with advanced ship building technologies. Passenger ships, oil tankers, and other such vessels used for specific purposes requires a more detailed navigational status surveillance and analysis, and numerous research has been conducted with an objective for monitoring such special purpose vessels. However, the data elements transmitted from the ocean to the shore station are limited to AIS and ARPA. We are implementing IoT ship sensor collection and a syncing system capable of transmitting various ship sensing data to the shore station, and also proposing a Safe Navigation Status Analysis System utilizing the collected data.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 1975

As the hospitalized patients will be facing new stress situation due to change of his environment from home to hospital it will be very important to understand the psychological stress experienced by hospital patients not only for helping patients in the process of recovery from illness but also fulfil1ing the objective of comprehensive nursing care by understanding the needs of the patients. There is no doubt that it would be very helpful for treatment of patients as well as for improvement of nursing care if we know more about psychological needs of patients and give them adequate support to meet these needs. The study to find out the causes and degree of stress events experienced by hospitalized patients, with the objective of instituting improvement of nursing care program based on the needs of patients, was conducted during the month of September 1974 with 60 patients randomly selected from those admitted to medical and surgical wards at Yonsei Medical Center in that period The questionnaire form included 36 questions which are considered to be stress events for hospital patients, and was devide into five areas namely, such events related to 1) disease itself, 2) hospital environment, 3) nursing care and treatment, 4) communication and human relations, and 5) family and economic problems. The results of the study were as follows: 1. It was confirmed that hospitalization considered to be a stress producing factor and most patients perceived the admission to hospital as a stress factor. 2. According to the rating scale, it was found that degree of perceived stress shows a variation according to the source of stress producing event. 3. No significant differences in the mean values were observed statistically with the perceived stress levels according to demographic and other variables of patients related to hospitalization. 4. Among the questions related to disease itself, "Admission for surgery" was perceived most frequently as a stress event (97.14%) by patients. 5. With regard to the questions related to hospital environment, "death of the patient room-mate" was the most serious stress event perceived by patients (90%) and "living with hospital regulations"was considered to be less serious stress event (23.33%). 6. As for the questions related to nursing care and treatment, "limitation of freedom" was perceived as a stress factor most frequently (70.91%) by the patients and "worry for wrong treatment" turned out to be less frequent stress event (50.0%). 7. As for the questions related to communication and human relations, "difficulty to meet doctors when wanted"appeared to be the most frequent stress event by the respondents (75.86%) , followed by "no explanation about treatment or examination"(75.0%) and "no explanation about nursing care procedures"(71.66%). 8. With regard 111 tile questions related to family and economic problems, "inadequate finances for family living due to hospitalization"and "high cost of hospitalization" were the most frequent cause of stress mentioned by the patients. (80.0%). 9. As a result of application of the stepwise regression analysis, it was found that about 89% was explained by those events associated with disease itself, hospital environment and family and economic problems. By adding those events related to "nursing care and treatment" and "communication and human relation", 100% of stress associated with hospitalization was explained.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2008

Purpose: Haglund's disease represents a painful heel caused by mechanically induced inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa and insertional Achilles tendinosis may coexist. Traditional open surgery can cause complications such as skin breakdown, painful scar and altered sensation around the heel. Endoscopic treatment offers the advantages that are related to minimally invasive procedure and we evaluate the clinical results and operative techniques of endoscopic decompression of retrocalcaneal space for Haglund's disease. Materials and Methods: Our retrospective study included seven heels in six consecutive patients for which nonoperative treatment had failed and endoscopic decompression was performed. The mean age was forty-one years (range, 28 to 53 years). All of the patients had typical complaints of inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa and Fowler-Philip angle of more than $75^{\circ}$ and positive parallel pitch lines were present on the lateral calcaneal radiograph. The endoscopic procedure consists of the resection of inflamed retrocalcaneal bursa and enough bone to prevent impingement of the bursa between the calcaneus and Achilles tendon. All patients were evaluated with radiologic angle, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and Ogilvie-Harris functional score. The mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 15 to 21 months). Results: The mean operation time was 61 minutes (range, 50 to 85 minutes). VAS for pain and Fowler-Philip angle were decreased from preoperative 8.7 and $82^{\circ}$ to postoperative 2.3 and $57^{\circ}$, respectively. One patient with ankylosing spondylitis had a fair result, 2 patients had good results and the remaining 3 patients had excellent results according to Ogilvie-Harris functional score. There were no surgical complications such as infection, Achilles tendon avulsion or abnormal heel sensation. Conclusion: The endoscopic decompression for Haglund's disease was demonstrated to have several advantages including low morbidity, allowance of functional rehabilitation, short recovery time and quick sports resumption. However a comparative study is needed to determine the value of endoscopic decompression and particular caution should be exerted for the enthesiopathy.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.177-192
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• 1998

The early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attainment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus-response accomplished by learning. Helping for maternal role attainment is one of nursing goals in the early postpartum period. Based on King's conceptual framework for nursing, this study was planned as descriptive correlation study to determine the significant differences of the degree of nursery room nurses' role performance according to several variables of personal, interpersonal, and working system of nurses in nursery room. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to help maternal role attainment of the early postpartum period of mothers and to the development of relevant nursing theory. The data were collected from Feb. 3 to 28 by questionnaires with 273 nurses in nursery room. The instruments for this study were consisted of four parts : 21 questions for rot performance of nurse. 37 questions for personal system of nurse including 31 questions for role perception of nurse : 65 questions for interpersonal system including 63 questions for job stress of nurses , 18 questions for working system of nurse. The toos to measure role performance and role perception, and job stress of nurse were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.9612, 0.9058, and 0.9649. The data were analysed by using in S.A.S. computerized program and included percentage, t-test, ANOVA Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Duncan multiple range test. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The mean score of the items of role performance was 2.12(SD=0.55) in Likert's 4 points scale. 2. The degree of role performance was significantly different according to role perception(p=0.0001), age (p=0.006), educational background(p=0.002) , and certificate of midwife (p=0.03) among variables of personal system of subjects. 3. The degree of role performance was significantly different according to job stress (p=0.0001) and numbers of children(p=0.006) among variables of interpersonal system of subjects. 4. The degree of role performance was significantly different according to having opportunities for baby(p=0.03), the degree of flexibility to bring baby to mother's room(p=0.046), the scope of visitor for baby(p=0.016) , the degree of flexibility of visiting for baby (p=0.049) , the degree of participation of nurse in establishing visiting rules(p=0.017), existence and/or nonexistance of rules for breast feeding(p=0.010) , existence and/or nonexistance of education for breast feeding (p=0.009), existence and/or nonexistance of breast feeding room(p=0.013) , concert methods for breast feeding (p=0.003), working place (p=0.0001), and career(p=0.019) among variables of personal system of subjects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.102-112
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• 2010

This study is the secondary full-scale research of a TV drama writer, who has been out of scholarly pursuits. This study examines the Su-Hyeon Kim's differential and tendency in home-drama genre, who has been constructing a general idea of TV drama genre, namely a home-drama, and a melodrama. The purpose of this study is to reconsider the meantime both of exclusive evaluation by the functional measure of social norm, also by the feminism-based evaluation of her drama's supporting role of patriarchal gender ideology. By focusing on her recent highly popular home-drama (2008), this study shows that the writer used her own category grammar strategy of harmonizing both of convention and invention in genre. The conventions in genre are 'a big family', 'a pluralistic construction' 'a realism based on a everyday life', and 'a theme of love of a family with happy ending'. The invention in genre are 'a change of the 1st generation patriarchy', 'a change of the 2nd generation role of a housewife' and a change of the 3rd generation marriage customs'. Also this paper presents that the writer showed a humanistic tendency that pursues a recovery of both 'humanity' and 'love of family based on trusting', which have been destroying by capitalistic ideology, rather than discussing whether her tendency on the gender ideology of patriarchism is conservative or not.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

Purpose: Many trials for new therapeutic approaches such as stem cell-based transplantation have been conducted to improve the repair and regeneration of injured cord tissue and to restore functions following spinal cord injury (SCI) in animals and humans. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ATSCs) have multi-lineage potential to differentiate into cells with neuron-like morphology. Most studies of stem cell transplantation therapy after SCI are focused on cellular regeneration and restoration of motor function, but not on unwanted effects after transplantation such as neuropathic pain. This study was focused on whether transplantation of ATSCs could facilitate or attenuate hindpaw pain responses to heat, cold and mechanical stimulation, as well as on improvement of locomotor function in a rat with SCI. Methods: A spinal cord injury rat model was produced using an NYU impactor by dropping a 10 g rod from a height of 25 mm on to the T9 segment. Human ATSCs (hATSCs; approximately $5{\times}10^5$ cells) or DMEM were injected into the perilesional area 9 days after the SCI. After transplantation, hindpaw withdrawal responses to heat, cold and mechanical allodynia were measured over 7 weeks. Motor recovery on the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale and on the inclined plane test were also evaluated. Results: The present study demonstrated that increased hindpaw withdrawal responses to cold allodynia was observed in both groups after transplantation, but the development of cold-induced allodynia in the hATSC transplantation group was significantly larger than in the control group. The difference between the two groups in locomotor functional improvement after SCI was also significant. Conclusion: Careful consideration not only of optimal functional benefits but also of unintended side effects such as neuropathic pain is necessary before stem cell transplantation therapy after SCI.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-23
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this article was to analyze the effects of tDCS on the recovery of upper limb function in stroke patients. Methods : We searched for papers published in journals between 2009 to 2018, using NDSL and RISS. A total 14 experimental research papers were selected for analysis. The quality of the 14 articles was evaluated using the PEDro scale and 12 articles were analyzed through the Comprehensive Meta Analysis 3.0 program. Results : All of the 14 articles that were systematically reviewed in this study were published in foreign journals. The effect sizes for upper extremity(U/Ex) strength and U/Ex motion were 0.19(small size effect) and 0.49(medium size effect) respectively. Furthermore, the effect sizes of anode mode and cathode mode were 0.71(large size effect) and 0.41(medium size effect), respectively. The effect size of U/Ex motion and the anode mode were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion : We identified that tDCS can be a useful rehabilitation technique for stroke patients with limited upper body function. These findings are expected to help with suggestions for basic data on new rehabilitation techniques for stroke patients and the planning of effective interventions.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2007

Purpose: $S100{\beta}$, a marker of traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been increasingly focused upon during recent years. $S100{\beta}$, is easily measured not only in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but also in serum. After TBI, serum S 10019, has been found to be increased at an early stage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical correlations between serum $S100{\beta}$, and neurologic outcome, and severity in traumatic brain injury. Methods: From August 2006 to October 2006, we made a protocol and studied prospectively 42 patients who visited the emergency room with TBI. Venous blood samples for $S100{\beta}$, protein were taken within six hours after TBI and vital signs, as well as the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), were recorded. The final diagnosis and the severity were evaluated using the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS), and the prognosis of the patients was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). Results: Thirty-eight patients showed a favorable prognosis (discharge, recovery, transfer), and four showed an unfavorable prognosis. Serum $S100{\beta}$, was higher in patients with an unfavorable prognosis than in patients with a favorable prognosis, and a significant difference existed between the two groups ($0.74{\pm}1.50\;{\mu}g/L$ vs $7.62{\pm}6.53\;{\mu}g/L$ P=0.002). A negative correlation existed between serum $S100{\beta}$, and the Revised Traumatic Score (R2=-0.34, P=0.03), and a positive correlation existed between serum $S100{\beta}$, and the Injury Severity Score (R2=0.33, P=0.03). Furthermore, the correlation between serum $S100{\beta}$, and the initial GCS and the GCS 24 hours after admission to the ER were negative (R2=-0.62, P<0.001; R2=-0.47, P=0.005). Regarding the GOS, the mean serum concentration of $S100{\beta}$, was $7.62\;{\ss}{\partial}/L$ (SD=${\pm}6.53$) in the expired patients, $1.15\;{\mu}g/L$ in the mildly disable patient, and $0.727\;{\mu}g/L$ (SD=${\pm}0.73$) in the recovered patients. These differences are statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: In traumatic brain injury, a higher level of serum concentration of $S100{\beta}$, has a poor prognosis for neurologic outcome.