• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.341-349
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• 2016

To meet the requirements in the global age, the necessity and importance of global education in the field of education is rapidly increasing. However, according to the viewpoint on global education, a general consensus of its definition and model is not clear yet and the substantial outcome falls short of our expectation due to high cost, low effectiveness, and lack of persistency in the process of global education. Furthermore, there has been little research on global education for fostering global capabilities of pre-teachers. In this research, we compared and analyzed the ongoing global education programs for training global teachers in domestic universities. Also, through a study on IT fusion education system for tackling the difficulties in global education, we examined appropriate IT fusion education methods. In particular, beased on big data analysis techniques, we presented a recommendation system to complete a global curriculum, which can help a dual-degree or exchange student program.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.191-210
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• 2014

As mobile devices that can be connected to the Internet have spread and networking has become possible whenever/wherever, the Internet has become central in the dissemination and consumption of news. Accordingly, the ways news is gathered, disseminated, and consumed have changed greatly. In the traditional news media such as magazines and newspapers, expert editors determined what events were worthy of deploying their staffs or freelancers to cover and what stories from newswires or other sources would be printed. Furthermore, they determined how these stories would be displayed in their publications in terms of page placement, space allocation, type sizes, photographs, and other graphic elements. In turn, readers-news consumers-judged the importance of news not only by its subject and content, but also through subsidiary information such as its location and how it was displayed. Their judgments reflected their acceptance of an assumption that these expert editors had the knowledge and ability not only to serve as gatekeepers in determining what news was valuable and important but also how to rank its value and importance. As such, news assembled, dispensed, and consumed in this manner can be said to be expert-based recommended news. However, in the era of Internet news, the role of expert editors as gatekeepers has been greatly diminished. Many Internet news sites offer a huge volume of news on diverse topics from many media companies, thereby eliminating in many cases the gatekeeper role of expert editors. One result has been to turn news users from passive receptacles into activists who search for news that reflects their interests or tastes. To solve the problem of an overload of information and enhance the efficiency of news users' searches, Internet news sites have introduced numerous recommendation techniques. Recommendations based on popularity constitute one of the most frequently used of these techniques. This popularity-based approach shows a list of those news items that have been read and shared by many people, based on users' behavior such as clicks, evaluations, and sharing. "most-viewed list," "most-replied list," and "real-time issue" found on news sites belong to this system. Given that collective intelligence serves as the premise of these popularity-based recommendations, popularity-based news recommendations would be considered highly important because stories that have been read and shared by many people are presumably more likely to be better than those preferred by only a few people. However, these recommendations may reflect a popularity bias because stories judged likely to be more popular have been placed where they will be most noticeable. As a result, such stories are more likely to be continuously exposed and included in popularity-based recommended news lists. Popular news stories cannot be said to be necessarily those that are most important to readers. Given that many people use popularity-based recommended news and that the popularity-based recommendation approach greatly affects patterns of news use, a review of whether popularity-based news recommendations actually reflect important news can be said to be an indispensable procedure. Therefore, in this study, popularity-based news recommendations of an Internet news portal was compared with top placements of news in printed newspapers, and news users' judgments of which stories were personally and socially important were analyzed. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, content analyses were used to compare the content of the popularity-based news recommendations of an Internet news site with those of the expert-based news recommendations of printed newspapers. Five days of news stories were collected. "most-viewed list" of the Naver portal site were used as the popularity-based recommendations; the expert-based recommendations were represented by the top pieces of news from five major daily newspapers-the Chosun Ilbo, the JoongAng Ilbo, the Dong-A Daily News, the Hankyoreh Shinmun, and the Kyunghyang Shinmun. In the second stage, along with the news stories collected in the first stage, some Internet news stories and some news stories from printed newspapers that the Internet and the newspapers did not have in common were randomly extracted and used in online questionnaire surveys that asked the importance of these selected news stories. According to our analysis, only 10.81% of the popularity-based news recommendations were similar in content with the expert-based news judgments. Therefore, the content of popularity-based news recommendations appears to be quite different from the content of expert-based recommendations. The differences in importance between these two groups of news stories were analyzed, and the results indicated that whereas the two groups did not differ significantly in their recommendations of stories of personal importance, the expert-based recommendations ranked higher in social importance. This study has importance for theory in its examination of popularity-based news recommendations from the two theoretical viewpoints of collective intelligence and popularity bias and by its use of both qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative methods (questionnaires). It also sheds light on the differences in the role of media channels that fulfill an agenda-setting function and Internet news sites that treat news from the viewpoint of markets.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2006

A recommender system for E-commerce site receives information from customers about which products they are interested in, and recommends products that are likely to fit their needs. In this paper, we investigate several methods for large-scale product purchase data for the purpose of producing useful recommendations to customers. We apply the traditional data mining techniques of cluster analysis and collaborative filtering(CF), and CF with reduction of product-dimensionality by use of latent semantic indexing(LSI). If reduced product-dimensionality obtained from LSI shows a similar latent trend of customers for buying products to that based on original customer-product purchase data, we expect less computational effort for obtaining the nearest-neighbor for target customer may improve the efficiency of recommendation performance. From simulation experiments on synthetic customer-product purchase data, CF-based method with reduction of product-dimensionality presents a better performance than the traditional CF methods with respect to the recall, precision and F1 measure. In general, the recommendation quality increases as the size of the neighborhood increases. However, our simulation results shows that, after a certain point, the improvement gain diminish. Also we find, as a number of products of recommendation increases, the precision becomes worse, but the improvement gain of recall is relatively small after a certain point. We consider these informations may be useful in applying recommender system.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.131-145
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• 2010

Until now, popular paradigms to provide e-catalog documents that are adapted to users' needs are keyword search or collaborative filtering based recommendation. Since users' queries are too short to represent what users want, it is hard to provide the users with e-catalog documents that are adapted to their needs(i.e., queries and preferences). Although various techniques have beenproposed to overcome this problem, they are based on index term matching. A conventional Bayesian belief network-based approach represents the users' needs and e-catalog documents with their corresponding concepts. However, since the concepts are the index terms that are extracted from the e-catalog documents, it is hard to represent relationships between concepts. In our work, we extend the conventional Bayesian belief network based approach to represent users' needs and e-catalog documents with a concept network which is derived from the Web directory. By exploiting the concept network, it is possible to search conceptually relevant e-catalog documents although they do not contain the index terms of queries. Furthermore, by computing the conceptual similarity between users, we can exploit a semantic collaborative filtering technique for recommending e-catalog documents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.3-6
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• 2012

Due to recent rapid growth of mobile market, the modern people increasing make use of mobile contents as a means to obtain the desired information quickly by overcoming various restraints of a computer. The wide range of recommended contents, however, takes much time in selection of contents. To resolve such issues, a system that predicts the contents desired by the user and makes an accurate recommendation is necessary. In this paper, in order to provide the desired contents in line with the user demands, a method to increase select the number of recommendation using cooperative filtering is proposed. In the first step, the categories are formulated with super-classes and the similarity between the target customer and users is found, and the nearest-neighbors are constituted to find the preference predictions between super-classes, and the super-class with the highest resulting value is recommended to the target customer. In the second step, the preference predictions between sub-classes are found and the sub-class with the highest value is recommended to the target customer. In the experiment, mobile contents are recommended through super-class-based cooperative filtering, and then the mobile contents are recommended through sub-class-based cooperative filtering, and sub-class collaborative filtering method to select a high number of verification.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.56-66
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• 2022

Due to the recent increase in information encountered on social media, algorithm-based recommendation formats selectively provide information based on user information, which often causes a filter bubble effect by an Echo Chamber. Eco-chamber refers to a phenomenon in which beliefs are amplified or strengthened by communication only in an enclosed system, and filter bubbles refer to a phenomenon in which information providers provide customized information according to users' interests, and users encounter only filtered information. The purpose of this study is to propose a method of efficiently selecting information as a way to improve the filter bubble phenomenon by such an echo chamber. The research progress method analyzed recommended algorithms used on YouTube, Facebook and Amazon. In this study, humanities solutions such as training critical thinking skills of social media users and strengthening objective ethical standards according to self-preservation laws, and technical solutions of model-based cooperative filtering or cross-recommendation methods were presented. As a result, recommended algorithms should continue to supplement technology and develop new techniques, and humanities should make efforts to overcome cognitive dissonance and prevent users from falling into confirmation bias through critical thinking training and political communication education.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.39-54
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• 2013

Recent explosive increase of electronic commerce provides many advantageous purchase opportunities to customers. In this situation, customers who do not have enough knowledge about their purchases, may accept product recommendations. Product recommender systems automatically reflect user's preference and provide recommendation list to the users. Thus, product recommender system in online shopping store has been known as one of the most popular tools for one-to-one marketing. However, recommender systems which do not properly reflect user's preference cause user's disappointment and waste of time. In this study, we propose a novel recommender system which uses data mining and multi-model ensemble techniques to enhance the recommendation performance through reflecting the precise user's preference. The research data is collected from the real-world online shopping store, which deals products from famous art galleries and museums in Korea. The data initially contain 5759 transaction data, but finally remain 3167 transaction data after deletion of null data. In this study, we transform the categorical variables into dummy variables and exclude outlier data. The proposed model consists of two steps. The first step predicts customers who have high likelihood to purchase products in the online shopping store. In this step, we first use logistic regression, decision trees, and artificial neural networks to predict customers who have high likelihood to purchase products in each product group. We perform above data mining techniques using SAS E-Miner software. In this study, we partition datasets into two sets as modeling and validation sets for the logistic regression and decision trees. We also partition datasets into three sets as training, test, and validation sets for the artificial neural network model. The validation dataset is equal for the all experiments. Then we composite the results of each predictor using the multi-model ensemble techniques such as bagging and bumping. Bagging is the abbreviation of "Bootstrap Aggregation" and it composite outputs from several machine learning techniques for raising the performance and stability of prediction or classification. This technique is special form of the averaging method. Bumping is the abbreviation of "Bootstrap Umbrella of Model Parameter," and it only considers the model which has the lowest error value. The results show that bumping outperforms bagging and the other predictors except for "Poster" product group. For the "Poster" product group, artificial neural network model performs better than the other models. In the second step, we use the market basket analysis to extract association rules for co-purchased products. We can extract thirty one association rules according to values of Lift, Support, and Confidence measure. We set the minimum transaction frequency to support associations as 5%, maximum number of items in an association as 4, and minimum confidence for rule generation as 10%. This study also excludes the extracted association rules below 1 of lift value. We finally get fifteen association rules by excluding duplicate rules. Among the fifteen association rules, eleven rules contain association between products in "Office Supplies" product group, one rules include the association between "Office Supplies" and "Fashion" product groups, and other three rules contain association between "Office Supplies" and "Home Decoration" product groups. Finally, the proposed product recommender systems provides list of recommendations to the proper customers. We test the usability of the proposed system by using prototype and real-world transaction and profile data. For this end, we construct the prototype system by using the ASP, Java Script and Microsoft Access. In addition, we survey about user satisfaction for the recommended product list from the proposed system and the randomly selected product lists. The participants for the survey are 173 persons who use MSN Messenger, Daum Caf$\acute{e}$, and P2P services. We evaluate the user satisfaction using five-scale Likert measure. This study also performs "Paired Sample T-test" for the results of the survey. The results show that the proposed model outperforms the random selection model with 1% statistical significance level. It means that the users satisfied the recommended product list significantly. The results also show that the proposed system may be useful in real-world online shopping store.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.159-185
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• 2016

Planning a multi-day trip is a complex, yet time-consuming task. It usually starts with selecting a list of points of interest (POIs) worth visiting and then arranging them into an itinerary, taking into consideration various constraints and preferences. When choosing POIs to visit, one might ask friends to suggest them, search for information on the Web, or seek advice from travel agents; however, those options have their limitations. First, the knowledge of friends is limited to the places they have visited. Second, the tourism information on the internet may be vast, but at the same time, might cause one to invest a lot of time reading and filtering the information. Lastly, travel agents might be biased towards providers of certain travel products when suggesting itineraries. In recent years, many researchers have tried to deal with the huge amount of tourism information available on the internet. They explored the wisdom of the crowd through overwhelming images shared by people on social media sites. Furthermore, trip planning problems are usually formulated as 'Tourist Trip Design Problems', and are solved using various search algorithms with heuristics. Various recommendation systems with various techniques have been set up to cope with the overwhelming tourism information available on the internet. Prediction models of recommendation systems are typically built using a large dataset. However, sometimes such a dataset is not always available. For other models, especially those that require input from people, human computation has emerged as a powerful and inexpensive approach. This study proposes CYTRIP (Crowdsource Your TRIP), a multi-day trip itinerary planning system that draws on the collective intelligence of contributors in recommending POIs. In order to enable the crowd to collaboratively recommend POIs to users, CYTRIP provides a shared workspace. In the shared workspace, the crowd can recommend as many POIs to as many requesters as they can, and they can also vote on the POIs recommended by other people when they find them interesting. In CYTRIP, anyone can make a contribution by recommending POIs to requesters based on requesters' specified preferences. CYTRIP takes input on the recommended POIs to build a multi-day trip itinerary taking into account the user's preferences, the various time constraints, and the locations. The input then becomes a multi-day trip planning problem that is formulated in Planning Domain Definition Language 3 (PDDL3). A sequence of actions formulated in a domain file is used to achieve the goals in the planning problem, which are the recommended POIs to be visited. The multi-day trip planning problem is a highly constrained problem. Sometimes, it is not feasible to visit all the recommended POIs with the limited resources available, such as the time the user can spend. In order to cope with an unachievable goal that can result in no solution for the other goals, CYTRIP selects a set of feasible POIs prior to the planning process. The planning problem is created for the selected POIs and fed into the planner. The solution returned by the planner is then parsed into a multi-day trip itinerary and displayed to the user on a map. The proposed system is implemented as a web-based application built using PHP on a CodeIgniter Web Framework. In order to evaluate the proposed system, an online experiment was conducted. From the online experiment, results show that with the help of the contributors, CYTRIP can plan and generate a multi-day trip itinerary that is tailored to the users' preferences and bound by their constraints, such as location or time constraints. The contributors also find that CYTRIP is a useful tool for collecting POIs from the crowd and planning a multi-day trip.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 2020

Traditional companies with offline stores were unable to secure large display space due to the problems of cost. This limitation inevitably allowed limited kinds of products to be displayed on the shelves, which resulted in consumers being deprived of the opportunity to experience various items. Taking advantage of the virtual space called the Internet, online shopping goes beyond the limits of limitations in physical space of offline shopping and is now able to display numerous products on web pages that can satisfy consumers with a variety of needs. Paradoxically, however, this can also cause consumers to experience the difficulty of comparing and evaluating too many alternatives in their purchase decision-making process. As an effort to address this side effect, various kinds of consumer's purchase decision support systems have been studied, such as keyword-based item search service and recommender systems. These systems can reduce search time for items, prevent consumer from leaving while browsing, and contribute to the seller's increased sales. Among those systems, recommender systems based on association rule mining techniques can effectively detect interrelated products from transaction data such as orders. The association between products obtained by statistical analysis provides clues to predicting how interested consumers will be in another product. However, since its algorithm is based on the number of transactions, products not sold enough so far in the early days of launch may not be included in the list of recommendations even though they are highly likely to be sold. Such missing items may not have sufficient opportunities to be exposed to consumers to record sufficient sales, and then fall into a vicious cycle of a vicious cycle of declining sales and omission in the recommendation list. This situation is an inevitable outcome in situations in which recommendations are made based on past transaction histories, rather than on determining potential future sales possibilities. This study started with the idea that reflecting the means by which this potential possibility can be identified indirectly would help to select highly recommended products. In the light of the fact that the attributes of a product affect the consumer's purchasing decisions, this study was conducted to reflect them in the recommender systems. In other words, consumers who visit a product page have shown interest in the attributes of the product and would be also interested in other products with the same attributes. On such assumption, based on these attributes, the recommender system can select recommended products that can show a higher acceptance rate. Given that a category is one of the main attributes of a product, it can be a good indicator of not only direct associations between two items but also potential associations that have yet to be revealed. Based on this idea, the study devised a recommender system that reflects not only associations between products but also categories. Through regression analysis, two kinds of associations were combined to form a model that could predict the hit rate of recommendation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, another regression model was also developed based only on associations between products. Comparative experiments were designed to be similar to the environment in which products are actually recommended in online shopping malls. First, the association rules for all possible combinations of antecedent and consequent items were generated from the order data. Then, hit rates for each of the associated rules were predicted from the support and confidence that are calculated by each of the models. The comparative experiments using order data collected from an online shopping mall show that the recommendation accuracy can be improved by further reflecting not only the association between products but also categories in the recommendation of related products. The proposed model showed a 2 to 3 percent improvement in hit rates compared to the existing model. From a practical point of view, it is expected to have a positive effect on improving consumers' purchasing satisfaction and increasing sellers' sales.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.149-159
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• 2001

There have been lots of researches for providing a personalized service to a customer using one-to-one marketing and collaborative filtering techniques in E-Commerce. However, there are technical difficulties for providing the recommendation of products far users, which often involve high complexity of computation. In this paper, we have presented an integrated method of classification problem solving method and constraint based configuration techniques. This method can reduce a complexity of computation by classifying a solution domain space that has a higher complexity of composition. Thereafter, we have modeled customers constraints and the components of products to configure a complete system by passing it to constraint processing module in Constraint Satisfaction Problems. Constraint-based configuration uses the constraint propagation using the constraints of buyers and the constraints among PC components to configure a proper product for a customer. We have transformed and applied vector space modeling method in the field of information retrieval to consider a customer satisfaction in addition to the CSP. Finally, we have applied our system to test data fur evaluating a customers satisfaction and performance of the proposed system.