• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.8.1-8.13
• /
• 2023

CD8⁺ T cells are activated by TCRs that recognize specific cognate Ags, while NK-cell activation is regulated by a balance between signals from germline-encoded activating and inhibitory NK receptors. Through these different processes of Ag recognition, CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells play distinct roles as adaptive and innate immune cells, respectively. However, some human CD8⁺ T cells have been found to express activating or inhibitory NK receptors. CD8⁺ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors straddle the innate-adaptive boundary with their innate-like features. Recent breakthrough technical advances in multi-omics analysis have enabled elucidation of the unique immunologic characteristics of these populations. However, studies have not yet fully clarified the heterogeneity and immunological characteristics of each CD8⁺ T-cell population expressing NK receptors. Here we aimed to review the current knowledge of various CD8⁺ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors, and to pave the way for delineating the landscape and identifying the various roles of these T-cell populations.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.145-151
• /
• 2002

Medical concept of the skin disease is a symptom like itchs. It outbreakes by immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms. The most common case is hypersensitive reaction intermediated by IgE. Other case of immunologic mechanism includes activation of the complement system. Autoimmune antibodies for histamine-secreting mast cell IgE receptors are found in some patients suffer from chronic skin paroxysm. Most common causes of acute skin paroxysm are foods, viruses, parasite infections and drugs. Causes of chronic skin paroxysm are undiscovered. Air pollution, simplification of eating habits, habitual eating of convenience food; drug abuse in present days made skin disease more common. Now many methods of acupunctural treatments are being used clinically. So this report presents some views about acupunctural treatments for the Skin disease.

• 한양메디칼리뷰
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2013

Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite intense efforts in developing innovative treatments. Current approaches in cancer therapy are mainly directed to a selective targeting of cancer cells to avoid potential side effects associated with conventional therapy. In this respect, Natural killer (NK) cells have gained growing attention and are now being considered as promising therapeutic tools for cancer therapy owing to their intrinsic ability to rapidly recognize and kill cancer cells, while sparing normal healthy cells. NK cells play a key role in the first line of defense against transformed and virus-infected cells. NK cells sense their target through a whole array of receptors, both activating and inhibitory. Functional outcome of NK cell against target cells is determined by the balance of signals transmitted from diverse activating and inhibiting receptors. Despite significant progress made in the role of NK cells attack as a pivotal sentinel in tumor surveillance, the molecular has been that regulate NK cell responses remain unclear, which restricts the use of NK cells as a therapeutic measure. Accordingly, current efforts for NK cell-based cancer therapy have largely relied on the strategies that are based on the manipulation of inhibitory receptor function. However, if we better understand the mechanisms governing NK cell activation, including those mediated by diverse activating receptors, this knowledge can be applied to the development of optimal design for cancer immunotherapy by targeting NK cells.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2001

태아가 모체의 면역 거부 반응으로부터 회피될 수 있는 기전에 관한 연구는 반세기를 지내왔지만 아직까지 규명되지 못하고 있다. 태아모체간 계면에서의 면역학적 기전이상은 자연 유산 및 습관성 유산, 태아발육제한, 임신성 고혈압 질환, 보조 생식술 후 착상실패, 태아 사망 등 각종 임신 합병증들의 병인으로 작용하므로 이 기전 규명은 매우 중요하다. 본 종설에서는 현재까지 이 면역학적 기전에 관해 밝혀진 내용들이 그 중요성의 정도순으로 기술되었다. 그 기전 이해에 관해서는 1) 융모외 세포영양모세포(extravillous cytotrophoblasts)가 표현하는 인백혈구 항원(HLA-C, E, G)과 자연살세포 수용체(NK cell receptor)들과 상호 관계가 그 핵심으로 2) 면역 조정(immunomodulation)과 3) 선천면역(innate immunity)이 주된 기전이고 4) 보체(complement) 등 인백혈구 항원계(HLA system)이외의 인자들이 관여함 등으로 요약될 수 있고 이러한 무수한 기전들의 종합적인 면역 조정 결과가 해당 임신의 예후를 결정하게 될 것이다. 향후, 각 기전에 대한 연구들, 특히 융모외 세포영양모세포(extravillous cytotrophoblasts)의 인백혈구 항원(HLA antigens)과 그 수용체(receptor)들의 조절기전, 사이토카인(cytokine), 보체(complement) 등의 역할에 관한 더욱 많은 연구가 진척되어야할 것이다.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.174-181
• /
• 1999

The palatine tonsils(tonsils) and pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids) are situated at the entrance of the respiratory and alimentary tracts and represent the first site of contact with a variety of microorganisms and other antigens present in food and inhaled air. They are known as lymphoid organs carrying out the function of cellular and humoral immunity, and so they form a local protective barrier. And the expression of the vascular endothelial adhesion molecules is known to play an important role for the inflammatory reaction in tonsils and adenoids as well as in other inflammatory tissues, by binding with the receptors on the surface of leukocytes. But although several scientific hypotheses on the role of these lympoid tissues have been suggested, their complete functions have remained unknown. The purpose of this study is to present an basic data of the knowledge on the immunologic physiology of the tonsils and adenoids and their role as active immunologic organs that reinforce the mucosal immunity of the entire upper aerodigestive tract. We examined 16 human tonsils and adenoids and the expression of three endothelial adhesion molecules, vascular endothelial adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and E-selection, in tissue sections using immunohistochemistry. We used the inferior turbinate mucosa obtained from 9 patients getting septal surgery as a control group. The expressions of vascular endothelial adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were significantly higher in the tonsils and adenoids. But respectively, there were no significant differences between the tonsils and adenoids. The expression of E-selection was significant higher in the tonsils, but not in the adenoids. We observed that tonsils and adenoids showed significantly higher expressions of vascular endothelial adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and E-selection (in the case of E-selection, only in the tonsils). We propose that these adhesion molecules play an important role for the immunologic reaction by the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and binding with the receptors on the surface of leukocytes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제53권12호
• /
• pp.985-988
• /
• 2010

The innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial infections. Innate immunity is made up of the surface barrier, cellular immunity and humoral immunity. In newborn, immunologic function and demands are different to adults. Neonatal innate immunity specifically suppresses Th1-type immune responses, and not Th2-type immune responses, which are enhanced. And the impaired response of macrophages is associated with the defective innate immunity in newborn period. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key roles in the detection of invading pathogens and in the induction of innate immune responses. In newborn, the expression of TLRs is age dependent, so preterm has low expression of TLRs. Also, there are defects in signaling pathways downstream of TLRs. As a consequence, the defects of TLRs activity cause the susceptibility to infection in the neonatal period.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.20.1-20.15
• /
• 2020

Memory CD8+ T cells in the immune system are responsible for the removal of external Ags for a long period of time to protect against re-infection. Naïve to memory CD8+ T cell differentiation and memory CD8+ T cell maintenance require many different factors including local environmental factors. Thus, it has been suggested that the migration of memory CD8+ T cells into specific microenvironments alters their longevity and functions. In this review, we have summarized the subsets of memory CD8+ T cells based on their migratory capacities and described the niche hypothesis for their survival. In addition, the basic roles of CCR7 in conjunction with the migration of memory CD8+ T cells and recent understandings of their survival niches have been introduced. Finally, the applications of altering CCR7 signaling have been discussed.