• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2009

Purpose : To evaluate the number and severity of adverse reactions after Japanese Encephalitis (JE) vaccination in children using different vaccines (inactivated vaccine or live attenuated vaccine) and to determine the ability and safety of the vaccines to provide effective immunization for JE. Methods : From August 2006 to February 2007, we conducted a prospective cohort study of the adverse reactions associated with JE immunization in Korea. We investigated common adverse reactions during the 4 days following immunization using telephone collaborations with four public health centers and nine pediatric clinics. Results : The mean age of children receiving the inactivated vaccines and live attenuated vaccines, respectively, were 1.4 y (range: 1 to 8.5) and 1.7 y (range: 1 to 8.3). The number of children that received the inactivated vaccines was 425 (64.6%). A total of 233 (35.4%) received the live attenuated vaccines. Fourteen children (3.3%) had more than one localized adverse event with the inactivated vaccine, and six (2.6%) had more than one event with the live attenuated vaccine (P =0.607). Systemic adverse reactions occurred in 5.2% vs. 8.2%, respectively, of these groups (P =0.131). Fever was more common in the live attenuated vaccine group than in the inactivated vaccine group on the day of vaccination (P =0.026). Conclusions : The rate of adverse events in our study was even lower than that previously reported. No significant difference in outcomes between inactivated vaccine and live attenuated vaccine was found in JE-immunized children. Fever was more common in the live attenuated vaccine group than in the inactivated vaccine group on the day of vaccination.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2004

Purpose : Children with nephrotic syndrome(NS) are under high risk for metabolic bone disease(MBD) as a complication of long-term glucocorticoid therapy. We prospectively evaluated the effect of oral bisphosphonate(alendronate) therapy in children with NS, which has proven efficacy in adult patients with glucocorticoid induced MBD. Methods : Among 58 children with NS, aged 5 to 8 years and haying a disease duration of more than 2 years, 30(51.7%) were enrolled to meet the selection criteria, less than -1.0 Z-scores of lumbar spine bone mineral density(BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). These 30 children were divided into three groups and each were assigned to receive alendronate, calcitriol, and no-medication, respectively for one year. Lumbar spine BMD was followed up every 6 months and the biochemical indexes were measured before and 1 year after the treatment. There were no significant difference among groups with respect to the average age, the initial BMD, and the cumulative steroid doses. Analysis of the treatment efficacy was done by the % change of BMD and by the changes in Z-scores of lumbar spine BMD. Results : Mean age and disease duration of patients at the initial lumbar spine BMD evaluation was $7.4{\pm}1.7$ years and $2.2{\pm}1.2$ years, respectively. Twenty-three of 30 children(76%) had osteopenia, and seven(23%) had osteoporosis. There was no difference in the biochemical values among the groups, before and 1 year after the treatment(P<0.05). Twenty two children(73.3%) with frequent relapsing or steroid dependant NS had more frequent MBD, compared to the 8 children(26.6%) with infrequent relapsing NS. The one year % changes of BMD were 8.56 in alendronate group, 5.79 in calcitriol group, and 1.9 in no-medication group. The changes in Z-score of lumbar spine BMD increased in the alendronate group and the calcitriol group, but not in the no-medication group. One year % changes of BMD were different among groups(P=0.0002). Significant differences were found between the alendronate and the no-medication group, and between the calcitriol and the no-medication group(P<0.05). There was no difference between the alendronate and the calcitriol group. No serious adverse effect was observed in the alendronate group. Conclusion : Children with NS receiving high dose steroids are under the high risk of BMD and should undergo regular BMD evaluation. Z-score of lumbar spine BMD was a useful parameter in diagnosing low bone mass in children. Alendronate weekly oral therapy was effective and relatively safe in increasing the lumbar spine BMD in children with NS having steroid induced MBD.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.111-125
• /
• 2009

Pitamin is a component of pine bark extract that exhibits antimicrobial activity and a variety of physiological effects. This study was earned out to investigate the effects of dietary pitamin as an organic livestock feed additive in broiler chickens. A 35 day trial was conducted to determine the influence of dietary premix containing 5% pitamin; investigated parameters included blood lipids, growth performance, quality characteristics of carcasses, and changes of caecal microbials in broiler chickens. Chickens were randomly divided into groups that were untreated (control), treated conventionally with antibiotics in the absence of premix, received 0.1 % or 0.2% premix containing 5% pitamin. Plasma lipids were lower in groups fed diets with pitamin premix (p<0.05). The body weight gain from broiler chickens fed with the diet containing 0.1% pitamin premix and antibiotics was similar, and was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The weight of breast muscle and thigh meat of carcasses was similar, and was higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). Abdominal fat and thymus index from chickens receiving either pitamin-supplemented premix was significantly lower and increased, respectively, that of the antibiotic and control groups (both p<0.05). The chickens on the pitamin premix-supplemented diets evidenced significantly higher caecal levels of Bifidobacterium species as compared with the chickens on the control diet (p<0.05). These results suggest that feeding a diet supplemented with a 0.1% premix containing 5.0% pitamin for 35 days maintains the production of broiler chickens at a level comparable to that obtained from the use of antibiotics.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 2008

Background: Thoracoscopic R3 sympathicotomy can effectively treat palmar hyperhidrosis. Here, we evaluated post-operative outcomes of patients receiving a thoracoscopic R3 sympathicotomy due to palmar hyperhidrosis. Material and Method: From January 2001 to December 2006, 225 patients were treated with a R3 sympathicotomy, and follow up was completed for 200 patients, with an average follow up period of 51.7 ($11{\sim}80$) months. We measured postoperative hand sweating according to four grades; dry (grade 1), proper (grade 2), light sweating (grade 3), heavy sweating (grade 4) and evaluated patient satisfaction using 4 grades: very good (grade 0), good (grade1), regular (grade 2), and deficient (grade 3). Result: There were no differences in clinical parameters between the compensatory sweating group and the non-compensatory sweating group. There was a 83.5% compensatory sweating rate. The degree of compensatory sweating related to the patient's body mass index and was influenced by the season, environmental temperature, and emotional stress. Conclusion: The satisfaction rate was 61.5%, and the degree of satisfaction related to the development of compensatory sweating. Therefore, reducing compensatory sweating would increase patient satisfaction with R3 sympathicotomies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.40 no.3 s.272
• /
• pp.209-214
• /
• 2007

Background: Failed percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is occasionally required for emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of patients receiving emergency CABG after failed PTCA. Material and Method: Between May 1988 and May 2005, 5712 patients underwent PTCA, where 84 (1.4%) failed. 27 patients underwent emergency CABG after failed PTCA. The mean age was $63.7{\pm}8.9\;(46{\sim}80)$ years, with 14 male patients (51.9%). Result: All patients underwent emergent surgical revascularization within 6 hours. 22 patients underwent conventional CABG and 5 underwent off-pump CABG. The causes of PTCA failure were coronary obstruction due to new thrombi formation during the procedure (n=4), coronary dissection (n=17), coronary artery rupture (n=3) and 3 due to other causes. The rate of in-hospital operative mortality after emergent operation was 18.5% (5/27). A univariate analysis revealed that patients who died more often had left anterior descending artery disease, a preprocedural shock status, postoperative use of multiple isotropics and postoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pump. The mean follow up duration was $53.6{\pm}63.4$ months. Conclusion: Although PTCA is known to be life saving, there is still a high risk for morbidity and mortality following emergency CABG after failed PTCA, despite the advancement in PTCA techniques. This result will help identify and more effectively treat patients selected for PTCA when emergency CABG is required.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2008

Background: Circulating levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) provide prognostic information for patients with heart failure. The aim of our study was to investigate whether preoperative and postoperative BNP levels could predict postoperative complications and outcomes in patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Material and Method: Data was collected prospectively on 30 patients (M/F=19/11, age $60.0{\pm}9.6$ years) undergoing conventional CABG during a 1-year period beginning on January 1, 2005. Patients underwent off-pump CABG, and combined surgery was excluded. The BNP assay was performed preoperatively, immediate postoperatively at the intensive care unit (ICU), and 1, 3, 5, and 7days postoperatively. Result: Preoperative BNP levels significantly correlated with preoperative echocardiographic ejection fraction and an ICU stay of 5 days or more (r=-0.4, p=0.028; r=0.39, p=0.031, respectively). A preoperative BNP cut-off value above 263 pg/mL demonstrated high specificity (90.5%) for predicting postoperative complications using the receiver operating characteristics curves. Preoperative and postoperative (7 days) BNP levels were different depending on the abscence (mean BNP=$99{\pm}23\;pg/mL$ vs. $296{\pm}74\;pg/mL$, p<0.05) and presence (mean BNP=$212{\pm}29\;pg/mL$ vs. $408{\pm}23\;pg/mL$, p<0.01). Conclusion: Preoperative BNP levels >263 pg/mL predict postoperative complications in patients receiving CABG.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.285-296
• /
• 1995

Anatomical studies of sink tissues are required for better understanding the biological plant growth system and energy metabolism. Kinematics of root growth zones of two genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) receiving 50 or 200 ppm N were determined. Longitudinal anatomy and cell dynamics of root growth zones were studied and calculated. The root growth zone is organized similarly to the leaf growth zone which has cell division, elongation, and maturation zones, but the root growth zone is only about 3.0 mm long compared to 25 to 30 mm for the leaf growth zone. The root cap extends about 0.4 to 0.5 mm from the apical initial, while the cell elongation zone for both cortical and metaxylem cells extends about 3.3 mm from the apical initial for both genotypes and N levels. Root cap cells elongate from an initial length of about 5$\mu{m}$ long to a final length of about 40$\mu{m}$ before being sloughed. Initial lengths of cortical and metaxylem cells were about 8.5 $\mu{m}$ and 13.0 $\mu{m}$, respectively. Elongation of cortex and metaxylem cell showed sigmoidal curves with final lengths of about 120 $\mu{m}$ for cortex cells and 650 $\mu{m}$ for metaxylem cells. Initial size and final size for both types were not affected by N level, but cell fluxes and cell elongation rates of cortical and metaxylem cells were about double in low N. Cell production rates were about 5 to 6 times higher in cortical cells than in metaxylem cells. Differences in N caused a larger change in cell production rate, duration of cell elongation, and relative cell elongation rate than did the genotypes. These data indicate that N application affects root growth longitudinally by changing cell production rate and elongation rate.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.176-182
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of fattening Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae). Six male goats with average initial body weight (BW) of $31.78{\pm}4.54kg$ and an average age of 8 months were used in this study. The experiment had a replicated duplicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design for balancing carryover effects. In the course of the experiment, each of Black goats were fed three diets that were formulated to contain T1 (13%), T2 (16%) and T3 (19%) levels of crude protein (CP). A 14-day diet adjustment period was followed by a 5-day collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) of groups fed diets with T2 was 966.67g/d which was higher than group fed diets with T1 and T3 were 925.14g/d and 936.08g/d each. Average daily gains (ADG) of black goats were the highest in T2(167.13g/d) But, there was no significant difference. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in CP intake among treatments and goats receiving T3, T2, and T1 recorded 181.23, 154.57, and 128.78g CP/d, respectively. This was excepted because CP intake is proportional to CP content of diet, which from highest to lowest was as follows: T3 (19%) > T2 (16%) > T1 (13%). Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance indicated that maintenance CP requirement was 1.63g/BW0.75.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.18 no.4 s.42
• /
• pp.173-192
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for developing nutrition education program focusing on the health-oriented food choice and purchase which affect the adolescents' health. The data was collected by means of questionnaire from the total of 273 students who were living in cities and myun district and final 253 questionnaires were analyzed by using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows. First, the major source of information on food was mass media, especially advertisement and students spent $20{\sim}30%$ of allowance on food purchase. The students purchased cookies or ice cream mainly, once every 2-3 days at the store near house, after school, for appeasing hunger or thirst. The influence of gender, mother's education level, economic status of family, the amount of allowance, the period of receiving allowance, the details of allowance recording, school location on food purchasing behavior were significant(p<.05). Second, the price and taste were the most important factors when the students purchase food. Nutrition and food sanitation/safety were considered less important by the students. The factors considered when the students purchase food were significantly different between Sender, father and mother's education level, and the amount of allowance(p<.05). Third, middle school students' food purchase behavior were influenced by advertizement, friends, parents. The influence of advertisement, friends, parents when the students purchase food were significantly different between gender, mother's career, economic status of family, and the amount of allowance(p.<05). From tile result of this study, the middle school students consider price and taste more than the other factors related nutrition and health in purchasing foods. Therefore, it will be necessary to develope and enforce nutrition education program focusing on how to choose and purchase safe, nutritious, delicious and cheap foot for adolescents.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.221-229
• /
• 2009

This study develops the optimized operation program which enables effective and economic operation between individual and connected branch offices by analyzing the current status and influential indicators of district heating companies' capital branch offices. Accordingly, the study examines the efficiency of optimized operation program. In doing so, this study has diagnosed and analyzed various factors, such as boilers, pumps, and relevant tags (temperature, pressure, fuel amount) through investigation of individual branch offices, and finally succeeded in developing wide-ranging data base by factor covering one-year time period. Additionally, after running the optimized operation program, different branch offices, optimum preference has turned out "incinerator receiving heat from KEPCO>CHP >PLBs>PLBw." Meantime, except the connected offices, there has been no big difference between actual and optimum operation program in branch offices. Meanwhile, the integrated optimum operation program has made it possible the most optimal result only via the connecting supply and demand heat without changing received Heat from KEPCO which is the same as total productive heat. The result has showed that the reduction percentage per day is 2.45~6.80%, and the reduction cost per day is 22,727~60,077 thousand won given the randomly selected sample days. In particular, winter time shows the highest demand with the largest reduction cost whereas summer time illustrates the lowest demand with the smallest reduction cost. Given this result, reduction cost per year compared to actual heat production cost for one year theoretically would be 84 hundred million won. Also, the economic effect showed that the reduction cost percentage per year is more than 2.74% on heat production cost per year for all capital branch offices.