• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.179-197
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• 1980

A survey was made from March 1978 through Feb. 1979 to know infection rate of parasites and incidence of diseases in 1968 cattle of 240 rearing and fattening cattle herds (1746 Korean native cattle, 186 Holstein, 34 Charolais and 2 Hereford) raising in 28 cities and counties of Gyeongbug district. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The rate of nematoda infection was about 49.0% in the examined cattle. These nematodes were identified as Mecistocirrus sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Bunostomum sp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides sp. and other 3 species. Infection rate of nematoda in fattening and breeding cattle was higher than that in rearing calves, 44.3% of the positive cattle were infected with 2 to 5 species, and incidence of mixed infection was high in fattening cattle. 2. The rate of coccidal infection was 10.9%. Eimeria $z{\ddot{u}}rni$, Eimeria bovis and Eimeria bukidnonensis were mainly found in the examined cattle. The infection rates of cocidia in Holstein, breeding Korean cows, rearing Korean calves and fattening Korean cattle were 27.3%, 15.8%, 11.2% and 9.1%, respectively. 3. The rate of trematoda was 14.6% with Fasciola spp. (11.2%), Eurytrema spp. (2.0%), and Paramphistomum spp. infections (1.4%). Breeding Korean cows, fattening Korean cattle, Holstein and rearing Korean calves indicated 47.4%, 26.4%, 18.2% and 6.3% incidence of trematoda infections, respectively. of trematoda positive cattle, 76.6% were infected with Fasciola spp., 4. The rate of Theileria and Babesia infection was 62.7% in the examined cattle. Of these positive cattle 5.4% were infected with both parasites, 57.3% with Theileria, and 1.3% of rearing Korean calves and 22.6% of Holstein were found to have parasitized erythrocytes over 1.0%. 5. The incidence of diseases in 1968 cattle of 240 herds was 564 cattle (28.7%) of 154 herds (64.2%). of the diseases observed of skin occurred in 354 cattle (18.0%) of 61 herds (25.4%), diseases of respiratory system in 121 cattle (6.1%) of 34 herds (14.2%), diseases of digestive system in 38 cattle (1.9%) of 22 herds (9.2%), diseases of eye in 21 cattle (1.1%) of 13 herds (5.4%), diseases of urogenital system in 8 cattle (0.4%) of 8 herds (3.3%) and the other diseases in 24 cattle (1.2%) of 22 herds (9.2%). 6. Diseases of skin in 1968 cattle of 240 herds werds were observed in the highest incidence. Ringworm was observed in 13.3% of the examined herds, rearing Korean calves and Holstein showed high incidence. Scabies caused by Chorioptes bovis and alopecia localis along with infestation of lice (Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli) were observed in fattening Korean cattlein winter. 7. Diseases of respiratory system occurred frequently in rearing Korean cattle and Holstein. In the diseases of digestive system acute indigestion occurred in fattening Korean cittle, enteritis in rearing Korean calves and Holstein, and coccidiosis in rearing Korean calves maninly. 8. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis occurred in a fattening Korean cattle herd, sterility (2.0%) in breeding Korean cows, and theileriosis in Holstein calves were also occurred. In addition, poisoning and heat stroke were observed in several cattle.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1983

The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate a revolving plate type biofilter system for mass culture of eel(Anguilla japonica) based on the experimental rearing for 120 days (Oct. 1982-Feb. 1983). Water quality changes, growth efficiency of fish and fish disease treatment were critically evaluated. A revolving plate type biofilter system was designed(Fig. 1). The system consisted of a glass tank (150 l), a revolving plate biofilter and a settling tank(150 l). The biofilter consisted of 60 submerged quadriangular plates ($28{\times}37$ cm) and 30 revolving plates (32 cm diameter) for a total of 19.0 $m^2$ of surface area. The revolving plates were made to rotate 10 time per minute, The total water volume of the rearing system were 300 l, and everyday 1/3 of the total water volume were changed with freshly prepared water. In the rearing system a total of 2 kg of eel (1,500 individuals, mean weight:1.3 g) were reared fed on the pellet feed and the dough feed. The growth efficiency were much better for the pellet feed (FC: 1.79) compared to the dough feed (FC: 3.56). During the experimental rearing water quality control was satisfactory. Total ammonia concentrations were 0.38-0.59 ppm and nitrite concentration were 0.83-1.19 ppm. On the other hand alkalinity decreased from 176ppm just after the water change to 17ppm just before the water change. The low alkaline condition was compensated by the regular change of water. Epidemics of parasitic gill-flocks (Pseudodactvlogylus sp.) was observed, and they were easily eliminated by the treatment of DDVP (1.0 ppm). Trichodina sp. and Costia sp. were observed, and they were also controlled by the treatment of potassium permanganate (4.0 ppm).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2007

The suitability of a flexible fiber filter for removing suspended solid (SS) in a recirculating aquaculture system was evaluated. This study focused on variation in the performance with a change in filtering time, influent water quality, and filtering mode duration. The particle distribution diagram of the filter effluent showed that the number of particles bigger than $5-8{\mu}m$ decreased dramatically, and the removal efficiency exceeded 80%. Although the removal efficiencies of SS and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were dependent on the quality of the influent, the SS and COD concentrations of the effluent were not affected by the influent concentrations. This was despite the deterioration if water quality after feeding in the rearing tank. The performance of the filter was not affected by the filtering mode duration, feeding conditions, or filtering time. The SS concentration and turbidity of the recirculating-type rearing tank were 30% and 50% lower, respectively, than of the a non-recirculating-type rearing tank under the same operating conditions. The flexible fiber filter was applicable to a recirculating aquaculture system that uses plenty of seawater, based on its low filtering resistance $(2kg_f/cm^2)$, high flux $(330m^3/m^2/hr)$, and high fine particle removal efficiency (80%, $5-8{\mu}m$).

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

One major constraint in the development and implementation of a successful and cost-effective area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme with a SIT component for Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the ability to produce a large number of high quality mass-reared individuals. The aim of this study was to develop a more efficient and practical egg collection system in an attempt to improve the mass-rearing of this species. The following basic parameters were examined: egg production per female, egg hatch, pupal recovery, pupal weight, adult emergence and percentage of fliers. Three different strains (Israel wild-type, France wild-type, and Greece laboratory) were tested and each strain was evaluated for six generations. Female flies of the Israel strain produced significantly more eggs per female than the other two strains, but egg hatch was significantly lower. Egg hatch of the France wild type and the Greece laboratory strain was similar. For all other parameters, there was no significant difference between strains; however, there was a significant generational effect for all parameters observed. As a result of this study, a protocol was developed for the mass-rearing of this species that included the use of large adult holding cages that could house up to 96,000 flies per cage. The newly developed method of egg collection using a flat wax panel as one of the sides of an adult holding cage proved to be cost-effective, efficient, making colony growth easier for industrial mass-rearing.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.455-464
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate meat quality traits, proximate composition, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of pork produced under free-range and semi-intensive pig rearing systems. Longissimus dorsi muscles from pork carcasses were taken just after the slaughtering of finishing pigs reared under semi-intensive and free-range systems to test the meat quality parameters (pH, color, water holding capacity, and cooking loss), proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and fatty acid profile. Furthermore, the organoleptic properties were evaluated using 30 untrained panelists. The results revealed that the system of rearing did not affect (p > 0.05) the proximate composition, water holding capacity, color, pH and cooking loss of pork along with the fatty acid composition except for vaccenic acid (p < 0.05). The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was affected (p < 0.05) by the rearing system while no effects were observed on the unsaturated fatty acid: saturated fatty acid ratio and omega-six to omega-three fatty acids ratios (p > 0.05). No difference was observed (p > 0.05) concerning the sensory attributes although pork obtained from the free-range system had the highest scores. In conclusion, the system of rearing did not show a significant effect on the meat quality parameters, composition and sensory attributes of pork obtained from cross-bred pigs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.444-452
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and two rearing systems (cage and floor), on blood parameters and digestive and reproductive organ development of brown laying hens. Methods: A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of CP (140, 150, 160, and 180 g/kg), in a total of eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each with initial body weight of 1,877 g (laying hen in cage) and 1,866 g (laying hens in floor). The parameters evaluated were plasma total protein, albumin, uric acid, total cholesterol, relative weights of oviduct, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, crest and dewlap, length of small intestine and oviduct. Results: The blood parameters were similar in birds reared in cage and floor systems. The birds reared on the floor showed greater small intestine and oviduct weight (%) and lower liver and pancreas weight (%). A significant interaction was observed between factors for the relative gizzard, crest and dewlap weight, serum protein, uric acid, and total cholesterol (p<0.05). The diets with 140 g/kg CP resulted in lower serum protein and lower cholesterol in birds reared in floor system, while birds reared in cage system showed no effect of CP on both parameters. Birds reared in cage and fed with 140 and 150 g/kg CP presented lower uric acid. The group of birds reared in floor system fed 180 g/kg had greater uric acid. Conclusion: The dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g/kg for Hisex Brown hens (30 to 45 weeks of age) without an important effect on metabolic profile and organ development in both rearing systems.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effect of separate-sex and straight-run rearing system on the productivity of Korean native chickens. A total of 1,140 GSP-Hanhyup^® Korean native chickens were divided into male, female, and straight-run rearing groups, and the survival rate, body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were investigated from birth to 12 weeks of age. The average survival rate was 97.9%, and there were no significant differences among the groups. Body weight was significantly different among the groups at all weeks of age (P<0.01). After 4 weeks of age, the male group had the highest weight, followed by the straight-run group, and finally the female group. At 10 weeks, the most uniform body weight was shown in the female group (78%), while the lowest was in straight-run group (44%). Comparing the separate-sex and straight-run groups, male chickens were found to have higher body weights in the separate rearing group than in the straight-run group; however, there was little difference in those of female chickens. Feed intake was the highest in the male group, followed by the straight-run group, and lastly, the female group, while the feed conversion ratio had an opposite trend. Although there is little difference in the production performance of chickens between separate-sex rearing and straight-run rearing system, we concluded that the separate-sex rearing system is much more advantageous than the straight-run rearing system in terms of productivity due to group uniformity.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-192
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• 2010

This review was performed to investigate the current researches on the welfare of rearing environments system in farming chicken, including stocking density, perch, housing system and research trend. The investigation indicated that most of the developed countries took much efforts into making appropriate regulations to improve the welfare of rearing environment about broilers and laying hens, particularly more parts in laying hens. Recently the regulations have varied a lot, to be more detailed than before. Moreover, some regulations give valuable suggestions to improve well-being of poultry industry such as additional facilities. Until now it has been known, the quality of the products will improve and the income of producers will increase along with the improvement of welfare. Therefore the relevant agencies and organizations can strengthen the belief of consumers especially the competition is so fierce today. In conclusion, improvement of poultry welfare should be carried out in the real situation and international trends to create the appropriate rules such as professional consulting and training.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the reasonable rearing technique of Japanese oak silkworm under the different rearing condition as environment, feeding materials and rearing methods. The results are summerized as follows. The optimum temperature for the indoor rearing of Japanese oak silkworm was 25~26$^{\circ}C$ a in young silkworm and 22~23$^{\circ}C$ in grown silkworm, and generally in the condition of variable day/night temperature the growth of silkworm was faster than in that of constant temperature. The optimum relative humidity for it's growth was 80~90% at young silkworm stage and 60~70% at grown silkworm stage. The photoperiod was not affected to the growth of Japanese oak silkworm. The earlier brushing, the shorter the young silkworm stage, and the cocoon quality improved compared to the later brushing time. As a feeding materials aok (Auercus acutissima Crruthers) leaves were better than those of chestnut tree (Castanea Crenata Siebold & Zuccarini) and feeding value of cultivated oak tree leaves was better than that of natural oak tree leaves. The moving time when revealed the better cocoon production of Japanese oak silkworm from indoor condition to outdoor was 15 days after hatched, and the cocoon production was decreased by the earlier moving to outdoor.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.252-264
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• 2018

Purpose: To understand the essentials of rearing conflict experience by three shift nurses in advanced general hospitals. Methods: The design was a qualitative research of phenomenology. Participants were 7 shift nurses working in advanced general hospitals who were rearing young children. Data were collected individually through in-depth interview on their life experiences. Data were analyzed by Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. Results: Eighteen themes were drawn from 256 meaningful experiences and these themes were integrated to six theme clusters. The most influencing themes were 'Regret that I cannot satisfy even the slightest wish', 'Fail to care for kids', and 'Mutual feeling to care giver between appreciation and inconvenience'. Other themes were as follows: 'Body and mind are broken', 'The need for a three-shift system to support nurses who are rearing children', 'Doing my best for work and child rearing'. Conclusion: The nature of three-shift nurses working in advanced hospital and caring kids is explained as 'lives with conflict' between work and home. This study suggests it is necessary to establish a 24-hour care center for 3-shift nurses to keep working while rearing their children.