References
- Andrews, S. M., H. M. Omed, and C. J. C. Phillips. 1997. The effect of a single or repeated period of high stocking density on the behavior and response to stimuli in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 76:1655-1660. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.12.1655
- Appleby, M. C., S. F. Smith, and B. O. Hughes. 1993. Nesting, dustbathing and perching by laying hens in cages-ffects of design on behavior and welfare. Br. Poult. Sci. 34:835-847. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669308417644
- Appleby, M. C. 1998. Modification of laying hens cages to improve behavior. Poult. Sci. 77:1828-1832. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.12.1828
- Bartussek, H. 1997. Mehr Tierschutz in der Nutztierhaltung. Okologie & Landbau, 25. JG.
- Beaumont, C., E. Lebihan-Duval., S. Mignon- Grasteau and C. Leterrier. 2010. The European experience in poultry welfare. Poultry Science 89:825-831. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00359
- Bolton, W., R. Thompson, R. M. Jones, and W. A. Dewar. 1972. Effect of stocking density on performance of broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 13:157-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667208415929
- Braastad, B. O. 1990. Effects on behavior and plumage of a keystimuli floor and a perch in trip cages for laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 27:127-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90012-3
- Buijs, S., L. Keeling, S. Rettenbacher, E. Van Poucke, and F. A. M. Tuyttens. 2009. Stocking density effects on broiler welfare: Identifying sensitive ranges for different indicators. Poultry Science 88:1536-1543. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00007
- Cordiner, L. S., and C. J. Savory. 2000. Use of perches and nestboxes by laying hens in relation to social status, based on examination of consistency of ranking orders and frequency of interaction. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71:305-317.
- Cravener, T. L., W. B. Roush, and M. M. Mashaly. 1992. Broiler production under varying population-densities. Poult. Sci. 71:427-433. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710427
- Cunningham, D. L., and J. M. Mauldin. 1996. Cage housing, beak trimming, and induced molting of layers: A review of welfare and production issues. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 5:63-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/5.1.63
- Dawkins, M. S., C. A. Donnelly, and T. A. Jones. 2004. Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density. Nature 427:342-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02226
- Dozier, W. A., III, J. P. Thaxton, S. L. Branton, G. W. Morgan, D. M. Miles, W. B. Roush, B. D. Lott, and Y. Vizzier- Thaxton. 2005. Stocking density effects on growth performance and processing yields of heavy broilers. Poult. Sci. 84: 1332-1338. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.8.1332
- Duncan, I. J. H. and D. G. M. Wood- Gush. 1972. Thwarting of feeding behaviour in the domestic fowl. Anim. Behav. 20: 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80007-1
- Ekstrand, C. 1993. Effects of stocking density on the health, behaviour and productivity of broilers, a literature review. Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci., Skara.
- Ekstrand, C., B. Algers, and J. Svedberg. 1997. Rearing conditions and foot-pad dermatitis in Swedish broiler chickens. Prev. Vet. Med. 31:167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01145-2
- Elston, J. J., M. M. Beck, S. D. Kachman, and S. E. Scheideler. 2000. Laying hen behavior. 1. Effects of cage type and startle stimuli. Poult. Sci. 79:471-476. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.4.471
- Febrer, K., T. A. Jones, C. A. Donnelly, and M. S. Dawkins. 2006. Forced to crowd or choosing to cluster Spatial distribution indicates social attraction in broiler chickens. Anim. Behav. 72:1291-1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.03.019
- Garner, J. P., C. Falcone, P. Wakenell, M. Martin, and J. A. Mench. 2002. Reliability and validity of a modified gait scoring system and its use in assessing tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 43:355-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120103620
- Hall, A. L. 2001. The effect of stocking density on the welfare and behaviour of broiler chickens reared commercially. Anim. Welf. 10:23-40.
- Hansen, I. 1994. Behaviour expression of laying hens in aviaries and cages: Frequences, time budgets and facility utilization. Br. Poult. Sci. 35:491-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669408417715
- Heckert, R. A., I. Estevez, E. Russek-Cohen, and R. Pettit-Riley. 2002. Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poult. Sci. 81:451-457. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.4.451
- Hester, P. Y. 2005. Impact of science and management on the welfare of egg laying atrains of hens. Poult. Sci. 84:687-696. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.5.687
- Huber-Eicher, B., Audige', L. 1999. Analysis of risk factors for the occurrence of feather pecking in laying hen growers. Br. Poult. Sci. 40, 599-604. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669986963
- Hughes BO and Elson HA. 1977. The use of perches by broilers in floor pens. British Poult. Sci. 18:715-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667708416426
- Johnson, P. F., K. S. Vestergaard, and G. Norgaard-Nielsen. 1998. Influence of early rearing conditions on the development of feather pecking and cannibalism in domestic fowl. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 60:25-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00149-X
- Kanji Matsui, Ashraf M. Khalil and Ken-ichi Takeda. 2004. Effect of perches on behavior, heart rate, body temperature and locomoter activity of caged hens. Jour. Poult. Sci. 41:120-130. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.41.120
- Kestin, S. C., T. G. Knowles, A. F. Tinch, and N. G. Gregory. 1992. The prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and its relationship with genotype. Vet. Rec. 131:190-194. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.131.9.190
- Lewis, N. J., and J. F. Hurnik. 1990. Locomotion of broilerchickens in floor pens. Poult. Sci. 69:1087-1093. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0691087
- Lindberg, A. C., and C. J. Nicol. 1997. Dustbathing in modified battery cages: Is sham dustbathing an adequate substitute? Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 55:113-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00030-0
- Mertens, K., F. Bamelis, K. Mertens, F. Bamelis, B. Kemps, B. Kamers, E. Verhoelst, B. De Ketelaere, M. Bain, E. Decuypere, and J. De Baerdemaeker. 2006. Monitoring of eggshell breakage and eggshell strength in different production chains of consumption eggs. Poult. Sci. 85:1670-1677. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.9.1670
- Newberry, R. C. 1999. Exploratory behaviour of young domestic fowl. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 63:311-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00016-7
- Newberry, R. C., Estevez, I., Keeling, L.J., 2001. Group size and perching behaviour in young domestic fowl. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 73, 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00135-6
- NEWMAN, S. and S. LEESON. 1998. Effect of Housing Birds in Cages or an Aviary System on Bone Characteristics. Poultry Science 77:1492-1496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.10.1492
- Nicol, C. J., S. N. Brown, E. Glen., S. J. Pope., F. J. Short., P. D. Warriss., P. H. Zimmerman and L. J. Wilkins. 2006. Effect of stocking density, flock size and management on the welfare of laying hens in single-tier aviaries. British Poultry Sci. 47(2):135-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660600610609
- Olsson, I. A. S., Keeling, L. J. 2000. Night-time roosting in laying hens ant the effect of thwarting access to perches. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 68, 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00097-6
- Patrick H., Zimmerman., A. Cecilia Lindberg, Stuart J. Pope, Elizabeth Glen, J. Elizabeth Bolhuis and Christine, J. Nicol. 2006. The effect pf stocking density, flock size and modified management on laying hen behaviour and welfare in a non-cage system. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 101, 111- 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.01.005
- Pohle, K. and H. W. Cheng. 2009a. Furnished cage system and hen well-being: Comparative effects of furnished cages and battery cages on behavioral exhibitions in White Leghorn chickens. Poultry Science 88:1559-1564. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00045
- Pohle, K. and H. W. Cheng. 2009b. Comparative effects of furnished and battery cages on egg production and physiological parameters in White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 88:2042-2051. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00171
- Rice, J. E. and H. E. Botsford. 1925. Practical Poultry Management. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
- Sanotra, G. S., L. G. Lawson, and K. S. Vestergaard. 2001a. Influence of stocking density on tonic immobility, lameness, and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 4:71-87. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0401_4
- Sanotra, G. S., J. D. Lund, A. K. Ersboll, J. S. Petersen, and K. S. Vestergaard. 2001b. Monitoring leg problems in broilers: A survey of commercial broiler production in Denmark. World Poult. Sci. J. 57:55-69. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20010006
- Sanotra, G. S., J. D. Lund, and K. S. Vestergaard. 2002. Influence of light-dark schedules and stocking density on behaviour, risk of leg problems and occurrence of chronic fear in broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 43:344-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/000716601201036023611
- SCAHAW. 2000. The welfare of chickens kept for meat production(broilers). Page 149 in European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scah/out39_en.pdf Accessed Nov. 14, 2006.
- Singh, R., F. G. Silversides and K. M. Cheng. 2008. Production and behaviour of four strains of laying hens in cages and free run housing. XXIII world's poultry congress.
- Tauson, R. 1998. Health and production in improved cage designs. Poult. Sci. 77:1820-1827. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.12.1820
- Tauson, R. 2004. Management and housing systems for layers-effects on welfare and production. World's Poult. Sci. J. 61:477-487.
- Vanhonacker, F., W. Verbeke, E. Van Poucke, S. Buijs, and F. A. M. Tuyttens. 2008. Societal concern related to stocking density, pen size and group size in farm animal production. Livest. Sci. 123:16-22.
- Veissier, I., A. Butterworth, B. Bock, and E. Roe. 2008. European approaches to ensure good animal welfare. Farm animal welfare since the Brambell Report. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 113:279-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.008
- Wang, G., C. Ekstrand, and J. Svedberg. 1998. Wet litter and perches as risk factors for the development of foot pad dermatitis in floor-housed hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 39:191-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669889114
- Wong-Valle, J., G. R. Mcdaniel, D. L. Kuhlers, and J. E. Bartels. 1993. Correlated responses to selection for high or low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Poult. Sci. 72:1621-1629. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0721621
- Zhang, X., G. R. Mcdaniel, Z. S. Yalcin, and D. L. Kuhlers. 1995. Genetic correlations of tibial dyschondroplasia incidence with carcass traits in broilers. Poult. Sci. 74: 910-915. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0740910
- 유덕기. 2007. 유기축산을 위한 농장동물복지의 과제와 평가. 한국유기농업학회지 15(3):237-256.
- 조광호. 동물복지축산:동향과 우리의 대응. 2005. 한국농어촌사회연구소 제81차 월례연구발표회.
- 조광호, 서종석, 김병하, 박민수, 송금찬. 2006. 한국형 동물복지농장 모형 설정. 농림부.
- 최희철. 2008. 외국의 동물복지형 산란계 사육시스템의 변화와 우리의 과제. 한국가금학회 춘계 심포지움.