• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1193-1200
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• 2010

The cDNA cloning and developmental profiles of the mRNA for A. pernyi arylphorin was determined. The complete A. pernyi arylphorin cDNA sequence comprised 2,234 bp (without the poly $A^+$ tail), including an open reading frame of 2,112 bp beginning with a methionine ATG at bp34. The A. pernyi arylphorin contained 704 amino acids which are highly enriched in aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine. The calculated molecular mass of the A. pernyi arylphorin from the ORF was 83,439 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of A. pernyi arylphorin showed 78, 71, 62 and 64% identity with those of H. cecropia, M. sexta $\alpha$ subunit, M. sexta $\beta$ subunit and B. mori storage protein. In Northern blot analysis, the A. pernyi arylphorin mRNA only in the fat body of the 5th instar larvae was responsible for gene expression of the protein, and the synthetic activity of the mRNA was detected strongly in the early larvae, but not in the middle or late-stage larvae. In addition, a very weak signal in mRNA activity was detected in pupal stages, but this was considered to be inactive mRNA after reviewing the results of the labeling experiment of this protein.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to obtain normative nasalance scores for adult subjects speaking the Korean language and to determine whether significantly different scores exist for female and male speakers. Mean nasalance scores were obtained for normal speaking Korean adults while they are reading vowels, consonants, no nasal sentence, mild nasal sentence, and high nasal sentence. Thirty adults who had lived in Seoul area with normal articulation, resonance, and voice were included. Among the subjects 15 were male aged 24-38 years and 15 were female aged 19-33. Nasometer data were collected and analyzed using the Kay Nasometer 6400. Nasalance scores were evaluated to investigate the effect of gender by using statistical tests. Nasalance data showed that nasalance values varied accroding to speech stimuli, and there was no significant difference in nasalance scores between male and female speakers in most of the language samples.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.632-643
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was two-fold. First was to evaluate whether the molecular sieving model was appropriate for ionic dissociation experiment. Second was to compare the dissociation of calcium and hydroxyl ions from five types of calcium hydroxide pastes (Pure calcium hydroxide paste, DT temporary $dressing^{\circledR},{\;}Metapaste^{\circledR},{\;}Chidopex^{\circledR},{\;}Metapex^{\circledR}$) in three vehicles (aqueous, viscous and oily) and the antibacterial effect. Each calcium hydroxide pastes was placed into 0.65ml tube with cap and then 15% polyacrylamide gel was placed onto calcium hydroxide pastes. After the gel was hardened, the tubes were filled with tridistilled water (pH 7.14) and closed with cap. The tubes were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ 100% incubator The pH reading and the concentration of calcium ions were taken at 1, 4, 7. 10, and 14 days. The brain heart infusion agar plates with S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans were used far antibacterial activity test. Middle of agar plate was filled with the calcium hydroxide pastes. The plates were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ and observations were made to detect the zones of inhibition. These data were evaluated statistically by use of the analysis of variance and duncan test. The results were as follows. 1. In fresh mixing state, the pH of five types of calcium hydroxide pastes were measured between 12.5 and 12.8. 2. The pH was increased in all five types of calcium hydroxide pastes compared with control group. In 14 days, Pure calcium hydroxide paste (11.45) and DT temporary $dressing^{\circledR}$ (11.33) showed highest pH, followed by $Metapaste^{\circledR}$ (9.49), $Chidopex^{\circledR}$ (8.37) and $Metapex^{\circledR}$ (7.59) 3. Calcium was higher in all five types of calcium hydroxide pastes compared with control group. In 14 days, Pure calcium hydroxide paste (137.29 mg%) and DT temporary $dressing^{\circledR}$ (124.6 mg%) showed highest value, followed by $Metapaste^{\circledR}$ (116.74 mg%), $Chidopex^{\circledR}$ (111.84 mg%) and $Metapex^{\circledR}$ (60.22 mg%). 4. The zones of bacterial inhibition were seen around all five types of calcium hydroxide pastes. $Chidopex^{\circledR}{\;}and{\;}Metapex^{\circledR}$ groups which include iodoform were observed significantly larger zone of inhibition in A. actinomycetemcomitans compared with the other calcium hydroxide groups (p<0.05) However, $Metapex^{\circledR}$ showed the least antibacterial effect on S. mutans compared with other groups (p<0.05). The molecular sieving model was found to be acceptable in dissociation experiment of hydroxyl and calcium ions when compared with the previous tooth model study. But this model was not appropriate for the antibacterial test.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.322-331
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify health literacy levels of elementary school students. Methods: Participants were 331 fifth and sixth graders in nine elementary schools located in Gyeongsangnam-do. Instruments were 42 health-related words derived from fifth-grade textbook 'Health in Daily Life' for linguistic health literacy, modified Korean Health Literacy Assessment Tool (KHLAT) for numeracy section of functional health literacy, items from a snack box and newspaper article for reading comprehension section of functional health literacy. Data were collected from July 15 to August 15, 2013. Results: The mean score for linguistic health literacy was $24.02{\pm}7.16$ of 42 (57.2% were correct answers). The mean score for functional health literacy was $9.27{\pm}2.30$ of 12 (77.3% were correct answers). There were significant differences in health literacy by grade and academic performance. Conclusion: This study results show that both linguistic and functional health literacy among elementary school students were not high enough to use health-related information and make appropriate health-related decisions. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies aimed at increasing health literacy levels, especially focused on underperforming students. It is also necessary that studies be done on the factors affecting the health literacy of elementary-school students.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.55-73
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate Korean version of Deaf Acculturation Scales(DAS). Pilot items were made a faithful translation of the Acculturation Scales of Maxwell-McCaw and Zea (2011) and were modified for Korean Deaf people. The Scale involves two dimensions, in order to measure the acculturation of Deaf people; Deaf acculturation and hearing acculturation. Using factor analysis, we developed a Korean version of DAS consisted of twenty-five items for Deaf acculturation dimension and twenty-five items for hearing acculturation dimension. These analysis supported the four factors of Deaf acculturation dimension and the five factors of hearing acculturation dimension. Reliability, assessed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, was .93 for Deaf acculturation and .93 for hearing acculturation, respectively, which confirm the Koran version of DAS. Construct validity was demonstrated through correlation with Deaf acculturation-related variables: age, age of Deafness, Degree of hearing loss, American Sign Language ability, and lip-reading ability. Criterion validity was supported by correlation with Collective Self-Esteem Scale. Limitation and implication of this study and direction for future research were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.80-90
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• 1982

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of a chronic disease on body image, and to show that body image is directly related to one's self concept. Body image is the concept of one's own body based on present and past perception, and is elated to one's self concept. Body image is a dynamic concept constantly changing throughout the life cycle but it changes greatly in illness, surgery, and accident. The child with a chronic disease experiences pain and immobilization due to illness and he/she experiences a strange environment in the hospital. illness often brings feeling of frustration and loss of self-esteem. Therefore this study was done to compare the body image of a child with a chronic disease（Asthma), with that of a normal healthy child, and to determine the relationship between the body image and self concept. The subjects in this study were 36 children being treated for asthma at the allergy clinic of Y University Hospital in Seoul (patient group) and 44 children attending elementary school in Kwanak Ku Seoul (normal healthy group). For the measurement of the body image, the researcher used Secord & Jourard's Body Cathexis Scale, and another scale which was constructed after reading about Osgood's Semantic Differential Method. For the measurement of the self concept, the researcher used Jacox & Stewart's Health Self Concept. The period for data collection was from October 7th to October 27th, 1982. The analysis of data was done by use of Percentage, t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA, The results of the study were as follows: 1. The first hypothesis,“That the chronically ill (Asthma) child will have a more negative body image than the normal healthy child.”was supported. 2. The second hypothesis,“The more negative the body image, the lower the self concept.”was also supported. 3. The researcher failed to obtain statistically significant results in the analysis of the general characteristics which affect the body image except in the case of the older child as compare to the younger Child having a mole positive body image (r=.2751, r=.2481, p<.05). However it was found that, 1) Boy's have a more positive body image than girls (Mean=〔37.81, 141.09〕,〔37.00, 126.54〕), 2) The child who has been hospitalized has a more negative body image than the child who has never been hospitalized (Mean=〔33.25, 122.45〕,〔35.68, 129.93〕). 3) The younger the child when the disease is discovered and diagnosed, the more negative the body image (Onset of illness: Mean=〔31.44, 117.33〕,〔34.00, 103.50〕, 〔35.75, 140.38〕,〔36.33, 130.00〕, Time of Diagnosis: Mean=〔29.00, 117.33〕,〔33.89, 115.00〕,〔33.36, 124.93〕,〔37.10, 139. 20〕). In conclusion the chronically ill(.Asthma) child has a more negative body image than the normal healthy child, and the more negative the body image the lower the self concept. Therefore the concept of body image is useful in understanding the influences of chronic disease on body' image and self concept.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 1971

This Study was undertaken to evaluate the present health status and fatigue of the workers in T. Industrial Company in Pusan in Jan. 1971. The results were based on a question are from 354 working girls. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The largest portion of the workers, 20.2% of the questioned employees, were observed to lie at age 20. 2. Regarding their formal education, 76.0% of them had completed middle school. while only 7. 1% had graduated from high school, . 3. 63.0% receive 7-8 hrs. of sleep a day while 18.4% receive S-6 hrs. of sleep a day. 4. 36.4% spend leisure time reading: while 15.5% spend it resting and thinking. 5. 53.8% of them live in the company′s dormitory and 31.6% live at home. 6. Time spent in travel to work: 32.8% spent 40-49 min., 23.6% spent 10-29 min. 7. The shift times were reported as: 44.1% wonting from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. and 33.9% working from 6. A.M. to 2. P.M. which is what they are doing now. 8. Regarding symptoms of fatigue: 1) Physical symptoms were: 48.3% complained of "feeling bean in the legs, ", and 39.3% complained of "general exhaustion. " 2) Psychological symptoms were: 37.6% said that "it is boring to talk"and 26.3% said" they had a desire to be alone". 3) Nitrogenic symptoms were 49.7% complained of "asthenopia"and 37.0% complained of"vertigo and "staggering legs". 9. When asked about the most fatiguing time during work, the following information was reported: 25.2% felt the first hour in the morning was most fatiguing while 22.9% felt the sixth hour in the evening, and 22.8% eelt the fifth hour at night was. 10. 38.4% complained of sleepiness at 3 A.M. and 35.0% at 4 A.M. during night work. 11. 38.1% found Sunday the most fatiguing work day and 20.% found Monday. 12. The results of the effects of their work on certain diseases: 51.1% showed those with anemia as most effected by work. 13. In their Response to the question, "do you eat breakfast\ulcorner"57.0%, the largest portion, answered, " none at all ": 36.3%, enough. 14. Regarding the accident rate relating to the length of time employed at the company 28.5% was the highest accident rate from 5year to 6 year. As a result of this study, it could be concluded that the employer should consider the following points: 1. employ according to the worker′s vocational aptitude. 2. adjust the shifts. 3. offer rest time and off days, and establish recreational facilities. In the end we can contribute to the promotion of the workers of the workers and to the prevention of accidents due to industrial fatigue.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.275-291
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• 2014

The focus of this study was to investigate the relationships of blog's reliability, perceived benefit, perceived risk and words of mouth by online readers. Data were collected by a total of 228 persons reading actively gourmet blogs. The survey was carried out from August 1 to 15, 2014. Total 228 questionnaires were used for final analysis. Frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted through SPSS 18.0 for final analysis, and regression analysis was conducted through AMOS 18.0 for verification of hypothesis. The hypothesized relationships among the models were tested simultaneously by using a structure equation model(SEM). The study results are like below. First, The reliability of the Gourmet blog could be confirmed again very important variable in the fields of food industry like the previous studies. Second, The reliability of the Gourmet blogs affected on the positive (+)relationship to the perceived benefits, and the negative (-)relationship to the perceived risk. Third, Reliability and perceived benefits in relation to the impact on the online word-of-mouth was positive(+). However, perceived risk was found not to affect on it. Finally, perceived benefits for the reliability of the blog have been identified as the key parameters on the online word-of-mouth. The theoretical contributions of this study and the practical implications are discussed and future research directions are detailed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.433-443
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• 1997

Cardiac catheterization is a diagnostic procedure which is intrusive and anxiety provoking. Patient education and information offer have been suggested as effective nursing interventions to reduce patients' anxiety and stress. Main objectives of this study are : 1) to develop concrete objective information for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization : 2) to analyze the types of information included in the newly developed concrete objective information. The subjects of this study are 11 patients who were admitted to the CCU of a general hospital in Seoul. The subjects were provided with preparatory information about cardiac catheterization by using interview and a booklet. After the procedure, the subjects were asked to describe additional information which they suggest to be added into the booklet and the physical sensations felt during the procedure. The results of the study are summarized as follows : Most subjects were satisfied with the preparatory information that was provided by interview and the booklet before the procedure. But patients suggested several problems related to the content of the booklet. First, they reported difficulty to differentiate the terms -coronary angio gram and cardiac catheterization. Also, some patients expressed that they feared after reading the information about the incision of inguinal area. Subjects responded that the information about the direct process of the test did not reduce their anxiety and the information was not detail enough. Next, most subjects would want to know about the monitor and the sound from monitor. They said that they could not hear instructions from doctor or nurse during the procedure due to tension. Considering above response results, the need for more effective way to provide information, like visual and auditory information through video tape for giving information is suggested. Sensations related to the procedure were the smell coming from sterilization of inguinal area, stinging pain in groin when the doctor inserts a needle into artery, and the sensation of pressure and moving of vessels surrounding neck when the catheter was inserted and visualized on fluoroscopy. Besides, subject reported hot sensation and burning feeling in face and chest area, and nausea when dye is injected by hand. In the analysis of information content, there was 79% agreement on the actual units of analysis that were coded. In the analysis of type of information, procedural information was 60.4%. Concrete objective information was 28.1%. and other information was 11.5%. Agreement of the coders in categorizing the units of information was determined by using Cohen's kappa which corrects for chance agreement. Cohen's kappa was .84.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.sup2
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• pp.317-324
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• 2008

Purpose: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was associated with localized aggressive periodontitis, endocarditis, meningitis, and osteomyelitis. The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) of A. actinomycetemcomitans was considered as a key factor of these diseases is composed of five open reading frames (ORFs). Among of them, An enzymatic subunit of the CDT, CdtB has been known to be internalized into the host cell in order to induce its genotoxic effect. However, CdtB can not be localized in host cytoplasm without the help of a heterodimeric complex consisting of CdtA and CdtC. So, some studies suggested that CdtC functions as a ligand to interact with GM3 ganglioside of host cell surface. The precise role of the CdtC protein in the mechanism of action of the holotoxin is unknown at the present time. The aim of this study was to generate recombinant CdtC proteins expression from A. actinomycetemcomitans, through gene cloning and protein used to investigate the function of Cdt C protein in the bacterial pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 (ATCC29522) was isolated using the genomic DNA extraction kit and used as template to yield cdtC genes by PCR. The amplifed cdtC genes were cloned into T-vector and cloned cdt C gene was then subcloned to pET28a expression vector. The pET28a-cdtC plasmid expressed in BL21 (DE3) Escherichia coli system. Diverse conditons were tested to opitimize the expression and purification of functional CdtC protein in E. coli. Results: In this study we reconstructed CdtC subunit of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 and comfirmed the recombinant CdtC expression by SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting. The expression level of the recombinant CdtC was about 2% of total bacterial proteins. Conclusion: The lab condition of procedure for the purification of functionally active recombinant CdtC protein is established. The active recombinant CdtC protein will serve to examine the role of CdtC proteins in the host recognition and enzyme activity of CDT and investigate the pathological process of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal disease.