• 제목/요약/키워드: Reaction bonding

검색결과 386건 처리시간 0.036초

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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글루코스산화효소와 금나노로드 입자의 다층막으로 구성된 촉매를 이용하여 측정한 글루코스 센싱에 대한 연구 (A Study on Glucose Sensing Measured by Catalyst Containing Multiple Layers of Glucose Oxidase and Gold Nano Rod)

  • 정용진;현규환;한상원;민지홍;천승규;고원건;권용재
    • 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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    • 제26권2호
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    • pp.179-183
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    • 2015
  • In this study, we propose a catalyst structure including enzyme and metal nano rod for glucose sensing. In the catalyst structure, glucose oxidase (GOx) and gold nano rod (GNR) are alternatingly immobilized on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT), while poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is inserted in between the GOx and GNR to fortify their bonding and give them opposite polarization ($[GOx/GNR]_nPEI/CNT$). To investigate the impact of $[GOx/GNR]_nPEI/CNT$ on glucose sensing, some electrochemical measurements are carried out. Initially, their optimal layer is determined by using cyclic voltammogram and as a result of that, it is proved that $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_2/CNT$ is the best layer. Its glucose sensitivity is $13.315{\mu}AmM^{-1}cm^{-2}$. When it comes to the redox reaction mechanism of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) within $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_2/CNT$, (i) oxygen plays a mediator role in moving electrons and protons generated by glucose oxidation reaction to those for the reduction reaction of FAD and (ii) glucose does not affect the redox reaction of FAD. It is also recognized that the $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_3/CNT$ is limited to the surface reaction and the reaction is quasi-reversible.

고상반응법에 의한 아커마나이트 분말의 합성 및 생체활성도 평가 (Synthesis of akermanite bioceramics by solid-state reaction and evaluation of its bioactivity)

  • 고재은;이종국
    • 한국결정성장학회지
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    • 제32권5호
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    • pp.191-198
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    • 2022
  • 치과용 임플란트 재료로 주로 사용되는 지르코니아 및 티타늄 합금은 생체불활성 특징으로 인하여 골유착 및 골형성 능력이 떨어진다. 이러한 문제를 쉽고 간단하게 해결하기 위한 방법으로는 생체활성 물질을 표면에 코팅하여 생체 활성을 높이는 방법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 우수한 골결합 능력을 가진 실리케이트계 세라믹인 아커마나이트(Ca2MgSi2O7)를 고상반응법으로 합성하고, SBF 용액 내 침적실험을 통하여 합성 아커마나이트 분말의 생체활성을 분석하였다. 고상반응 출발원료로는 탄산칼슘(CaCO3), 탄산마그네슘(MgCO3), 이산화규소(SiO2) 분말을 사용하였다. 분말을 혼합 및 건조한 후, 가압 성형하여 디스크 형태로 만든 후, 고상반응 온도를 변화시키며 아커마나이트 상의 합성을 유도하였다. 합성된 아커마나이트 펠릿의 용해 및 생체활성 분석을 위하여 SBF 용액 내 침적 시키고, 침적시간에 따라 아커마나이트의 표면 용해 및 하이드록시아파타이트 석출을 분석하였다. 합성반응 온도가 높아질수록 아커마나이트 상이 뚜렷하게 나타난 반면에, SBF 용액 내 용해는 천천히 진행되었다. 합성된 아커마나이트 분말의 생체활성도는 대체적으로 우수하였으나, 그 중에서도 1100℃에서 고상반응 하여 합성한 분말에서 적절한 용해 및 하이드록시아파타이트 입자의 석출이 잘 일어나는 것으로 분석되었다.

카르보닐탄소원자의 친핵성 치환반응 (제9보). 이성분 혼합용매에서 2-염화테노일 및 2-염화퓨로일의 가용매분해반응 (Nucleophilic Substitution at a Carbonyl Carbon Atom (IX). Solvolysis of 2-Furoyl Chloride and 2-Thenoyl Chloride in Binary Mixtures)

  • 손진언;윤상기;이익춘
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.339-348
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    • 1979
  • 물-메탄올, 물-에탄올, 물-아세트니틜, 물-아세톤 및 아세트니트릴-메탄올의 2성분 혼합용매에서 2-염화테노일 및 2-염화퓨로일의 가용매분해 반응을 속도론적으로 연구하였다. 반응 속도는 반양성자성 용매에서 보다 양성자성 용매에서 더 빨랐으며 이것은 양성자성용매의 수소결합능력이 이탈기의 결합의 파괴를 돕기 때문이다. 그러나 아세트니트릴-메탄올 혼합용매에서는 특수용매화가 일어나며, 메탄올 몰분율 0.8부근에서 최대속도를 나타낸다. 또한 이 반응은 염화벤조일보다 느리며 그 속도 순서는 염화벤조일 > 2-염화테노일 > 2-염화퓨로일이며 이 중에서 퓨란고리의 전자흡인성이 제일 강함으로 전이상태에서 결합의 파괴가 어려워져서 반응속도가 늦어지는 것이다. 반응메카니즘은 전이상태에서 결합의 파괴가 결합의 형성보다 많이 진행된 dissociative $S_N2$ 반응이기는 하나 2-염화테노일은 물 함량이 많은 부분에서는 $S_N1$ 성겨기 꽤 크고 $S_N2$ 성격이 약화된다.

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지방족 탄화수소의 할로겐 유도체 수용액의 광촉매-광분해 (Photodegradation of Halogen Derivatives of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon in Aqueous Photocatalytic Suspensions)

  • 전진;정학진;김해진;김삼혁
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.75-88
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    • 1997
  • The rates of photodegradation, reactivities, and mechanisms of photooxidation for the aqueous solution containing with halogen derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons have been discussed with respect to the kinds of photocatalysts, concentration of photocatalytlc suspensions, strength of radiant power, time of illumination, changes of pH of substrate solution, wavelength of radiation, and pressure of oxygen gas saturated In the solution. These aqueous solutions suspended with 0.5 $gL^{-1}$ $TiO_2$ powder have been photodecomposed in the range of 100 and 93.8% per 1 hour if it is illuminated with wavelength (λ $\geq$ 300nm) produced from Xe-lamp(450W). The photocatalytic abilities have been increased In the order of $Fe_2O_3$ < CdS < $CeO_2$ < Y_2O_3$ <$TiO_2$, and rates of photodegradation for the solution have maldmum values in the condition of pH 6 ~ 8 and 3 psi-$O_2$ gL^{-1}$. These rates for the Photoolddation Per 1 hour were dependent on the size of molecular weight and chemical bonding for organic halogen compounds and the rates of photodegadation were increased in the order of $C_2H_5Br$ < CH_2Br_2$ < C_5H_11Cl C_2H_4Cl_2$ < tracts-$C_2H_2Cl_2$ < cis-C_2H_2Cl_2$ The T_{1/2}$ and t99% for these solutions were 5~21 and 40~90 minutes. respectively, and these values were coincided with Initial reaction kinetics(ro). It was found that reaction of photodegradation has the pseudo first-order kinetics controlled by the amount of $h^+_{VB}$ diffused from a surface of photocatalysts.

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카올린으로부터 Si-Al 탄화물의 합성 및 Si$_3$N$_4$ 결합 소결 특성 (Synthesis of Si-Al Carbonates from Kaolin and Sintering Characteristics by Reaction Bonding Si3N4)

  • 백용혁;김영구;한창;권양호
    • 한국세라믹학회지
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    • 제28권9호
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    • pp.667-674
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    • 1991
  • In this study, Kaolin was carbonized at 1300~175$0^{\circ}C$ and its constituent mineral change was investigated. Carbonized kaolin at 1$650^{\circ}C$ was mixed with metallic silicon, formed and nitrified at 135$0^{\circ}C$ in N2-NH3 atmosphere. Properties of this product such as porosity, bulk density, MOR, nitrization rate and oxidation resistence were measured, and its mineralogical changes were investigated by XRD. The results were as follows; 1) $\beta$-SiC was initially synthesized at 150$0^{\circ}C$, and its amount was continuously increased with reaction temperature to 1$700^{\circ}C$. 2) At 1$600^{\circ}C$, mullite was rapidly decomposed and the amounts of $\beta$-SiC and $\alpha$-Al2O3 were increased simultaneously. 3) By adding alkali to kaolin, the decomposition temperature of mullite was dropped approximately 10$0^{\circ}C$, but the amount of $\alpha$-SiC was increased. 4) The highest values of their nitrization rate and MOR were obtained at the specimen of 35 wt% metallic silicon in nitrization reaction. 5) It seems that increment of $\alpha$-Si3N4 and $\alpha$-Al2O3 phase during nitrization was due to the decomposition of Al4SiC4 existed in carbonized kaolin. 6) Si3N4 bonded SiC-Al2O3 composite were fabricated from kaolin at relatively low temperature (135$0^{\circ}C$).

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비양성자성 용매속에서 Pd(Ⅱ)와 Pt(Ⅱ) 알킬슬폭사이드 착물에 대한 전자적 성질과 산화 · 환원반응에 관한 연구 [Ⅱ] (A Study on the Electronic Properties and Redox Reaction of Palladium(Ⅱ) and Platinum(Ⅱ) Alkylsulfoxide Complexes in Aprotic Solvent [Ⅱ])

  • 최칠남;손효율;김세봉
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제40권10호
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    • pp.649-655
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    • 1996
  • 유기 리간드 tetramethylenesulfoxide(TMSO)을 Pd(II)와 Pt(II)의 착물들에 대한 거동을 UV-vis 분광학적, 자기적, 그리고 전기화학적 방법에 의해 조사하였다. 이들 착물들의 스펙트라에서 두 개의 에너지 흡수 띠가 관찰되었다. 결정장 갈라짐 에너지와 스핀 짝지움 에너지 그리고 결합 세기는 착물들의 스펙트라로부터 얻었다. 착물들의 전자적 성질은 비편재화이고, 낮은 스핀 상태임을 알았다. 리간드와 금속들은 강한 결합세기 였다. 이들 착물들은 반자기성 이었다. 착물들의 산화${\cdot}$환원 반응과정은 비수용매 속에서 순환${\cdot}$전압 전류법에 의해 조사하였다. 착물들의 산화${\cdot}$환원 과정은 일전자 일단계 반응이었으며, 확산과 반응 지배적 이었다.

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Surface energy change and hydrophilic formation of PE, PS and PTFE films modification by hydrogen ion assisted reaction

  • Jung Cho;Ki Hyun;Koh, Seok-Keun
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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    • pp.202-202
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    • 1999
  • The Polyethylene (PE), Polystyrene (PS) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface modification was investigated by hydrogen io assisted reaction (H-IAR) in oxygen environment. The IAR is a kind of surface modification techniques using ion beam irradiation in reactive gas environment. The energy of hydrogen ion beam was fixed at 1keV, io dose was varied from 5$\times$1014 to 1$\times$1017 ions/$\textrm{cm}^2$, and amount of oxygen blowing gas was fixed 4ml/min. Wettability was measured by water contact angles measurement, and the surface functionality was analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The contact angle of water on PE modified by argon ion beam only decrease from 95$^{\circ}$ to 52$^{\circ}$, and surface energy was not changed significantly. But, the contact angle using hydrogen ion beam with flowing 4ml/min oxygen stiffly decreased to 8$^{\circ}$ and surface energy to 65 ergs/cm. In case of PS, the contact angle and surface energy changes were similar results of PE, but the contact angle of PTEE samples decreased with ion dose up to 1$\times$1015 ions/$\textrm{cm}^2$, increased at higher dose, and finally increased to the extent that no wetting was appeared at 1$\times$1017 ions/$\textrm{cm}^2$. These results must be due to the hydrogen ion beam that cleans the surface removing the impurities on polymer surfaces, then hydrogen ion beam was activated with C-H bonding to make some functional groups in order to react with the oxygen gases. Finally, unstable polymer surface can be changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic formation such as C-O and C=O that were confirmed by the XPS analysis, conclusionally, the ion assisted reaction is very effective tools to attach reactive ion species to form functional groups on C-C bond chains of PE, PS and PTFE.

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Mo를 첨가한 Ni/Al2O3 촉매의 수증기 개질반응에서의 내구성 증진 특성연구 (Study on Effects of Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts Added with Mo on Durability Improvement in Steam Reforming Reactions)

  • 원종민;박기우;이진우;홍성창
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제54권4호
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    • pp.560-567
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구에서는 $Ni/Al_2O_3$ 촉매의 수증기 개질반응 및 표면 특성을 조사하였다. 조촉매로써 선정된 Mo를 담지하여 제조한 Ni-Mo계 촉매를 Ni계 촉매와 반응활성 비교결과 효율증진 인자를 확인할 수 있다. $H_2$-TPR 및 XPS 분석을 통하여 효율이 저하되는 특성을 확인하였다. 수증기 개질반응 long run 실험 후 촉매표면에 침적된 carbon의 침적특성 및 결합구조, 기화특성을 확인하기 위하여 $O_2$-TPO 분석을 수행하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 수증기 개질반응에서 Ni과 강한 상호작용으로 결합하여 촉매의 반응활성 저하를 일으키는 graphitic carbon 종 형성을 억제함으로 Ni-Mo계 촉매에서 내구성이 증진됨을 확인할 수 있다.

2-메타크릴로일옥시에틸 이소시아네이트에 의한 삼나무재의 화학처리 (Chemical Modification of Japanese Cedar with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Isocyanate)

  • 한규성;세토야마 코우이치
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.36-41
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    • 2000
  • 목재는 2-메타크릴로일옥시에틸 이소시아네이트(MOI)와 $50-60^{\circ}C$에서 촉매존재하에서 매우 쉽게 반응하였다. 적외선 분광분석을 통하여, 목재가 MOI와 우레탄결합($1715cm^{-1}$)를 형성하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 올레핀구조의 탄소간 이중결합 ($1635cm^{-1}$)이 존재하고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 도입된 메타크릴산기는 다른 비닐모노머와의 그래프트공중합시 반응시점으로 작용할 것이다. 또한 MOI처리목재는, MOI와의 반응에 의해 친수성이던 목재의 표면이 소수화되어 접촉각이 증대되는 결과를 낳았다. X선광전자분광분석(XPS)의 결과, 목재의 표면부위의 대부분은 MOI에 의해 개질되었음을 밝혀졌다.

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