• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.695-700
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• 2014

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) can generate hydrogen and oxygen from water by electrolysis. But the electrode and polymer electrolyte membrane degrade rapidly during PEM water electrolysis because of high operation voltage over 1.7V. In order to reduce the rate of anode electrode degradation, unsupported $IrO_2$ catalyst was used generally. In this study, Pt/C catalyst for PEMFC was used as a water electrolysis catalyst, and then the degradation of catalyst and membrane were analysed. After water electrolysis reaction in the voltage range from 1.8V to 2.0V, I-V curves, impedance spectra, cyclic voltammograms and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were measured at PEMFC operation condition. The degradation rate of electrode and membrane increased as the voltage of water electrolysis increased. The hydrogen yield was 88 % during water electrolysis for 1 min at 2.0V, the performance at 0.6V decreased to 49% due to degradation of membrane and electrode assembly.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2020

Edible films containing antimicrobial agents can be used as safe alternatives to preserve food products. Essential oils are well-recognized antimicrobials. However, their low water solubility, volatility and high sensitivity to oxygen and light limit their application in food preservation. These limitations could be overcome by embedding these essential oils in complexed product matrices exploiting the encapsulation efficiency of β-cyclodextrin. This study focused on the maximization of β-cyclodextrin production using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) and the evaluation of its encapsulation efficacy to fabricate edible antimicrobial films. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize CGTase production by Brevibacillus brevis AMI-2 isolated from mangrove sediments. This enzyme was partially purified using a starch adsorption method and entrapped in calcium alginate. Cyclodextrin produced by the immobilized enzyme was then confirmed using high performance thin layer chromatography, and its encapsulation efficiency was investigated. The clove oil/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were prepared using the coprecipitation method, and incorporated into chitosan films, and subjected to antimicrobial testing. Results revealed that β-cyclodextrin was produced as a major product of the enzymatic reaction. In addition, the incorporation of clove oil/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes significantly increased the antimicrobial activity of chitosan films against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. In conclusion, B. brevis AMI-2 is a promising source for CGTase to synthesize β-cyclodextrin with considerable encapsulation efficiency. Further, the obtained results suggest that chitosan films containing clove oils encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin could serve as edible antimicrobial food-packaging materials to combat microbial contamination.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.326-333
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• 1996

Dehydrogenation of 4-vinylcyclohexene(4-VCH) to ethylbenzene is elucidated via catalytic transfer hydrogenation with the heterogeneous catalyst of Pd/C. Hydrogen-donor solvent is ethanol or water. Oxidizers of the catalytic dehydrogenation reaction are mono- or dinitro compounds, $H_2O_2$, NaClOn (n=1~4), or oxygen at $70{\sim}110^{\circ}C$. The ratio of 4-VCH/Nitro compounds is 1:0.02 to 1:0.5 and 4-VCH vs. $H_2O_2$ or NaClOn (n=1~4) is 1:0.1 to 1:3.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.749-755
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• 1997

Molybdenum phosphate(P/Mo = 0.6) has been synthesized with ammonium molybdate and phosphoric acid under aqueous solution. The kinetics of the ammoxidation of methylpyrazine over molybdenum phosphate catalyst was investigated with the variation of reaction temperature and partial pressure of methylpyrazine, oxygen and ammonia, respectively at atmospheric pressure. The catalytic activity was constant for 300hrs operation under our experimental conditions. Under the steady-state condition, the rate equation of methylpyrazine was shown as $-r=kP_{MP}P_{NH3}{^0}P_{O2}{^{\gamma}}({\gamma}=2.2;1.3{\leq}P_{O2}(kPa){\leq}4)$. The apparent activation energy was 29.6kcal/mol below 623K. The main product obtained in the ammoxidation of methylpyrazine is cyanopyrazine whose selectively was kept always over 90% regardless of conversion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.104-104
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• 2015

Due to the demand of the cold neutron flux in the neutron science and beam utilization technology, the cold neutron source (CNS) has been constructed and operating in the nuclear research reactor all over the world. The majority of the heat load removal scheme in the CNS is two-phase thermosiphon using the liquid hydrogen as a moderator. The CNS moderates thermal neutrons through a cryogenic moderator, liquid hydrogen, into cold neutrons with the generation of the nuclear heat load. The liquid hydrogen in a moderator cell is evaporated for the removal of the generated heat load from the neutron moderation and flows upward into a heat exchanger, where the hydrogen gas is liquefied by the cryogenic helium gas supplied from a helium refrigeration system. The liquefied hydrogen flows down to the moderator cell. To keep the required liquid hydrogen stable in the moderator cell, the CNS consists of an in-pool assembly (IPA) connected with the hydrogen system to handle the required hydrogen gas, the vacuum system to create the thermal insulation, and the helium refrigeration system to provide the cooling capacity. If one of systems is running out of order, the operating research reactor shall be tripped because the integrity of the CNS-IPA is not secured under the full power operation of the reactor. To prevent unscheduled reactor shutdown during a long time because the research reactor has been operating with the multi-purposes, the introduction of the standby cooling system (STS) can be a solution. In this presentation, the design considerations are considered how to design the STS satisfied with the following objectives: (a) to keep the moderator cell less than 350 K during the full power operation of the reactor under loss of the vacuum, loss of the cooling power, loss of common electrical power, or loss of instrument air cases; (b) to circulate smoothly helium gas in the STS circulation loop; (c) to re-start-up the reactor within 1 hour after its trip to avoid the Xenon build-up because more than certain concentration of Xenon makes that the reactor cannot start-up again; (d) to minimize the possibility of the hydrogen-oxygen reaction in the hydrogen boundary.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 1999

$Li_{4/3}Mn_{5/3}O_4$ having a defect structure was prepared by sol-gel process using lithium acetate and manganese acetate as starting materials, and their electrode characteristics in the lithium secondary battery was investigated. The reaction mole ratio was determined as $AA/Mn(OAc)_2$ of 0.2 and $NH_4OH/Mn(OAc)_2$ to $H_2O/Mn(OAc)_2$ of 0.4. The product was obtained through heat treatment at $350^{\circ}C$ for 12hrs after 1'st heat treatment at $150^{\circ}C$ of xerogel under oxygen atmosphere. When the charge and discharge cycles were performed between 2.0 V and 3.2 V, $Li/Li_{4/3}Mn_{5/3}O_4$ cell showed the dicharge capacity of 84.23 mAh/g and the good cycleability was obtained in the plateau region.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2001

Changes in concentrations of dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, pH, Fe and Mn were monitored from the laboratory incubation of an benthic chamber. The extent of sedimentary organic carbon and nitrogen decomposition was quantified by applying the concentration data to the chemical reaction equations of early diagenesis. The patterns of the concentration changes, observed during the 237 hr long incubation experiment, made it possible to divide the entire experiment period into four characteristic sub-periods (0-9 hr, 9-45 hr, 45-141hr, 141-237 hr). C/N ratio, estimated for each sub-period, was 6.63, 1.49, 0.81 and 0.02, respectively. This sequential decrease in C/N ratio suggests that during the incubation experiment dissolved nitrogen species diffuse more out of the sediment than dissolved carbon species. Greater diffusion of nitrogen indicates the preferential decomposition of organic nitrogen during early diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter. Comparison of the concentration data (sedimentary organic carbon and nitrogen, porewater organic carbon and ammonia)between the sediment pre and post incubation also indicates the preferential decomposition of nitrogen during early diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.840-843
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• 2002

The dry pulverizing/Mixing device is used to deal with the spent fuels for the safe disposal. The separated pellets from hulls by a slitting device are put and oxidized from UO$_2$ solid pellet to U$_3$O$\_$8/ powder in the device. The device have been developed based on a voloxidation method which is one of several dry de-cladding methods. We have benchmarked dry de-cladding methods, analyzed applicability to the advanced spent fuel management process, integrated and compared several configuration, and finally derived detailed specifications proper to requirements for the device. Also, thermal characteristics of the device such as thermal stress and strain have been analyzed by the commercial software, 1-DEAS, and the reliability of the results have been verified by the KOLAS(Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme). The UO$_2$ solid pellets are put in the device which has a capacity of 20 kgHM per a batch, heated up about 600$^{\circ}C$ in the air environment. Then, the UO$_2$ solid pellets are oxidized into the U$_3$O$\_$8/ powder, and the powder is collected in a special vessel. The device has been designed and developed as fellows: the multi-staged fine hole meshes are used to reduce the size of the powder gradually, heat and air(oxygen) are supplied continuously to reduce the reaction time, and slight vibration effect are applied to collect powder cling to the device.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.27.1-27.1
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• 2011

The recent extensive research of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs) has been the driving force to fabricate new kinds of nanoscale devices in electronics, optics and bioengineering. We attempt to produce silicon oxide nanowires (SiOxNWs) in a simple way without complicate deposition process, gaseous Si containing precursors, or starting material of $SiO_2$. Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) were applied on Si wafer and thermally treated in a furnace. The temperature in the furnace was kept in the ranges between 900 and $1,100^{\circ}C$ and a mixture of nitrogen ($N_2$) and hydrogen ($H_2$) flowed through the furnace. The SiOxNWs had widths ranging from 100 to 200 nm with length extending up to ~10 ${\mu}m$ and their structure was amorphous. Ni NPs were acted as catalysts. Since there were no other Si materials introduced into the furnace, the Si wafer was the only Si sources for the growth of SiOxNWs. When the Si wafer with deposition of Ni NPs was heated, the liquid Ni-Si alloy droplets were formed. The droplets as the nucleation sites induce an initiation of the growth of SiOxNWs and absorb oxygen easily. As the droplets became supersaturated, the SiOxNWs were grown, by the reaction between Si and O and continuously dissolving Si and O onto NPs. Photoluminescence (PL) showed that blue emission spectrum was centered at the wavelength of 450 nm (2.76 eV). The details of growth mechanism of SiOxNWs and the effect of Ni NPs on the formation of SiOxNWs will be presented.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and mixed diboride of (Zr0.7Ta0.3)B2 containing 30 vol.% silicon carbide (SiC) composites were prepared by hot-pressing at $1800^{\circ}C$. XRD analysis identified the high crystalline metal diboride-SiC composites at $1800^{\circ}C$. The TaB2 addition to ZrB2-SiC showed a slight peak shift to a higher angle of 2-theta of ZrB2, which confirmed the presence of a homogeneous solid solution. Elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness were slightly increased by addition of TaB2. A volatility diagram was calculated to understand the oxidation behavior. Oxidation behavior was investigated at $1500^{\circ}C$ under ambient and low oxygen partial pressure (pO2~10-8 Pa). In an ambient environment, the TaB2 addition to the ZrB2-SiC improved the oxidation resistance over entire range of evaluated temperatures by formation of a less porous oxide layer beneath the surface SiO2. Exposure of metal boride-SiC at low pO2 resulted in active oxidation of SiC due to the high vapor pressure of SiO (g), and, as a result, it produced a porous surface layer. The depth variations of the oxidized layer were measured by SEM. In the ZrB2-SiC composite, the thickness of the reaction layer linearly increased as a function of time and showed active oxidation kinetics. The TaB2 addition to the ZrB2-SiC composite showed improved oxidation resistance with slight deviation from the linearity in depth variation.