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Re-emerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea

  • Chai, Jong-Yil
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제37권3호
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    • pp.129-143
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    • 1999
  • Plasmodium vivax malaria, which was highly prevalent in the Republic of Korea, disappeared rapidly since 1970s. However, malaria re-emerged with the first occurrence of a patient in 1993 near the demilitarizd zone (DMZ), the border between South Korea and North Korea. Thereafter, the number of cases increased exponentially year after year, totaling 6,142 cases (6,249 if United States Army personnels were included) by the end of 1998. Interestingly enough, the majority of cases (3,743; 61%) was soldiers aged 20-25, camping around the northern parts of Kyonggi-do or Gangwon-do (Province) just facing the DMZ. Among 2.399 civilian cases, 1,144(47.%) were those who Provinces. The re-emerging malaria characteristically revealed a combination type of short and long incubation periods with predominance of the long type. The course of illness was relatively mild, and the treatment was successful in most patients. Vector mosquitoes are Anopheles sinensis and possibly A. yatsushiroensis. Wide-scale preventive and control measures should be operated to eradicate this re-emerging disease. It has been suggested by many authors that the initial source of the re-emerging malaria was infected mosquitoes which had flown from the northern part of the DMZ.

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Positional uncertainties of cervical and upper thoracic spine in stereotactic body radiotherapy with thermoplastic mask immobilization

  • Jeon, Seung Hyuck;Kim, Jin Ho
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.122-128
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: To investigate positional uncertainty and its correlation with clinical parameters in spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using thermoplastic mask (TM) immobilization. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients who underwent spine SBRT for cervical or upper thoracic spinal lesions were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with image guidance using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 4 degrees-of-freedom (DoF) positional correction. Initial, pre-treatment, and post-treatment CBCTs were analyzed. Setup error (SE), pre-treatment residual error (preRE), post-treatment residual error (postRE), intrafraction motion before treatment (IM1), and intrafraction motion during treatment (IM2) were determined from 6 DoF manual rigid registration. Results: The three-dimensional (3D) magnitudes of translational uncertainties (mean ${\pm}$ 2 standard deviation) were $3.7{\pm}3.5mm$ (SE), $0.9{\pm}0.9mm$ (preRE), $1.2{\pm}1.5mm$ (postRE), $1.4{\pm}2.4mm$ (IM1), and $0.9{\pm}1.0mm$ (IM2), and average angular differences were $1.1^{\circ}{\pm}1.2^{\circ}$ (SE), $0.9^{\circ}{\pm}1.1^{\circ}$ (preRE), $0.9^{\circ}{\pm}1.1^{\circ}$ (postRE), $0.6^{\circ}{\pm}0.9^{\circ}$ (IM1), and $0.5^{\circ}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}$ (IM2). The 3D magnitude of SE, preRE, postRE, IM1, and IM2 exceeded 2 mm in 18, 0, 3, 3, and 1 patients, respectively. No association were found between all positional uncertainties and body mass index, pain score, and treatment location (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). There was a tendency of intrafraction motion to increase with overall treatment time; however, the correlation was not statistically significant (p > 0.05, Spearman rank correlation test). Conclusion: In spine SBRT using TM immobilization, CBCT and 4 DoF alignment correction, a minimum residual translational uncertainty was 2 mm. Shortening overall treatment time and 6 DoF positional correction may further reduce positional uncertainties.

가공 및 외식식품 중 면류 및 제빵류의 레티놀 및 베타카로틴 함량 조사 (Determination of β-Carotene and Retinol in Korean Noodles and Bread Products)

  • 신정아;천지연;이준수;신기용;이순규;이기택
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제42권12호
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    • pp.1949-1957
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구에서는 6개의 지역(강원도, 경기도, 경상도, 서울, 전라도, 충청도)에서 채취한 가공 및 외식식품 38종에 함유되어 있는 ${\beta}$-carotene 및 retinol의 함량을 조사하였다. 이들 지용성 비타민들은 알칼리를 이용한 직접 검화법과 용매추출법을 병행하여 수행하였다. 면류 식품 14종 중에서 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량은 비빔국수와 쫄면에서 각각 평균 442.43 ${\mu}g/100g$과 301.39 ${\mu}g/100g$이 검출되며 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$) 함량은 비빔국수와 회냉면, 쫄면, 비빔냉면이 각각 77.5 RE와 61.3 RE, 56.4 RE, 53.2 RE이었다. 만두류 식품 4종에서는 김치만두에서 ${\beta}$-carotene 197.64 ${\mu}g/100g$으로 가장 높게 검출되었으며, 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$) 함량은 33.3 RE이었다. 떡류 제품 12종에서는 매운 떡볶이와 모듬찰떡에서 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량이 각각 평균 205.11 ${\mu}g/100g$과 41.33 ${\mu}g/100g$으로 검출되었으며, retinol은 매운 떡볶이(1.65~10.45 ${\mu}g/100g$)에서만 검출되었다. 매운 떡볶이와 모듬찰떡의 경우, 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$)의 함량은 각각 39.67 RE와 6.89 RE로 환산하였다. 이는 하루 필요한 비타민 A(700 ${\mu}gRE$)의 1~6%에 해당하는 함량이다. 제빵류 8종에서는 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량이 야채고로케(110.43~192.29 ${\mu}g/100g$), 햄&치즈샌드위치(33.07~116.57 ${\mu}g/100g$), 페이스트리빵(33.69~104.87 ${\mu}g/100g$), 마늘빵(빵집, 33.88~81.21 ${\mu}g/100g$), 버터크림빵(빵집, 31.61~85.84 ${\mu}g/100g$)에서 높게 검출되었다. 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$)의 함량은 제빵류 중에서 페이스트리빵과 버터크림빵(빵집), 모닝빵들이 각각 77.3 RE와 51.2 RE, 41.4 RE를 나타내며 가장 높은 함량을 보였다.

순번을 이용한 고속의 안전한 무선 랜 2-Way 핸드쉐이크 기법 (Fast and Secure 2-Way Handshake Mechanism using Sequence Number in Wireless LAN)

  • 임정미
    • 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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    • 제12권9호
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    • pp.1323-1332
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    • 2009
  • 본 논문은 IEEE 802.11i의 4-Way 핸드쉐이크의 취약점을 분석하고, 고속의 안전한 2-Way 핸드쉐이크 방식을 제안한다. PTK 생성에서 난수 대신에 순번(Sequence Number)을 사용하여, 재생공격, DoS 공격을 방지한다. 또한 Re-association Request 프레임과 Re-association Response 프레임을 변형하여 MS(Mobile Station)과 AP(Access Point) 사이의 상호 인증과, PTK(Pairwise Transient Key)의 도출을 가능하게 하여, 전송되는 메시지의 개수를 감소시켜, 4-Way 핸드쉐이크보다 고속의 핸드오프 방식을 제안한다. 그리고 고속의 안전한 핸드오프를 제안하는 기존의 기법들과 비교 분석한다.

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유도전동기 병렬 제어형 고속전철 추진시스템의 혼합형 재점착 제어기법 (Hybrid Re-Adhesion Control Method for Traction System of High-Speed Railways with Parallel Induction Motor Control)

  • 황돈하;김문섭;류홍제;박도영;김종수
    • 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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    • 제51권1호
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    • pp.40-47
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    • 2002
  • This paper describes a re-adhesion control method for the Korean High-Speed Train (KHST) with parallel induction motor drive. To keep a traction efficiency and to improve vehicle maintenance, the adhesion characteristics between wheel and rail are analyzed. Also the re-adhesion controller is designed as the subsystem of induction motor vector control. In order to verify performance of the proposed control techniques, the simulation is executed by train model and a downscaled re-adhesion control simulator is utilized. Both simulation and running test results show that good re-adhesion characteristics are obtained.

레미콘 슬러지 혼입률에 따른 콘크리트 내구성 및 역학적 특성 (Durability and Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Blending Ratio of Re-mi -con Sludge)

  • 김강래;조규제;김명유;박진호;양은익
    • 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
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    • pp.493-496
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    • 2005
  • The Re-mi-con sludge water has been investigated because of environmental pollution and disposal cost. So, sludge water is partially reused as mixing water. However, if sludge water is reused too much that would influence the quality of concrete. KS specification limits the amount of sludge content up to 3$\%$ of cement weight. In this study, the effect of re-mi-con sludge on the characteristics of concrete is compared to raise the reuse ratio of re-mi-con sludge. From the test results, as blending ratio of re-mi-con sludge increases, workability is decreases. However, the re-mi-con sludge water have a minor effect on the strength development, the drying shrinkage and the resistance of freeze and thawing. Also, the existing model codes of drying shrinkage do not coincide with the test results of this study.

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Furan Foundry Sand 유동층에서 열 전달 특성에 관한 연구 (An Experimental Study on Heat Transfer in the Furan Foundry Sand Fluidized Bed)

  • 박종순;백고길;김은영;전성택;이덕봉
    • 태양에너지
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.105-117
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    • 1995
  • 본 연구소에서는 Furan foundry sand 유동층내에 Spiral coil tube를 설치하여 유동입자, 유동층내 온도, 유동율, 전열 관의 Pitch와 직경 비(p/Do) 및 전열 관의 Pitch와 유동입자의 크기의 비(p/dp) 등이 전열 관 표면 열 전달계수(ho)에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 연구하고, 또한 최대 $Nu_{max}$수를 여러 변수들의 관계로 나타내었다. 전열 관 표면 열 전달계수는 유동층내 온도가 높아 질 수록, 유동율이 커질수록 증가한다. 그러나 유동입자의 크기가 커지면 열 전달계수는 감소한다. 전열 관의 Pitch와 직경 비(p/Do)와의 관계에서 p/Do=4.75일 때 가장 높은 열 전달계수를 얻었으며, 유동층내 온도가 상승하고, Re 수가 증가할 수록 p/Do=1.58일 때보다 p/Do=4.75일때가 Nu수의 증가율은 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 p/dp의 비가 클 경우 낮은 온도($75^{\circ}C$)에서, p/dp의 비가 작을 경우는 높은 온도($550^{\circ}C$)에서 열 전달 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험범위에서 최대 $Nu_{max}$ 수와 Re 수, Prg 수, p/dp 및 p/Do의 관계를 무차원 식으로 다음과 같이 나타낼 수 있었다. $$Nu_{max}=1.01\;Re^{0.48}Prg^{0.4}(p/dp)^{0.28}(p/Do)^{0.05}$$.

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