• Architectural research
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

The 'one-day-shopping' concept that we experience today in a modern mega mall changed the propensity to consume compared to the past. The idea of a mega mall originated in the U.S. and the first suburban shopping malls as we know them today were built in the 1950s. The convenience of these malls had a great impact not only on consumers but also on the retail industry in general and the new mega mall idea has since spread around the world, with the largest ones located in China and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, Korea had the fastest-growing economy during the last three decades and with that boom the compositional structure of domestic retail facilities became extremely diverse. Today, there are 36 new mega mall development plans to be completed before 2016, which represent a rapid and dynamic change in consumerism lifestyle in Korea. In this regard, this study will re-evaluate the first mega mall in Korea, the COEX Mall, and identify initial errors regarding its circulation plan and provide an ideal design strategy for future commercial mega malls based on literature review and comparison analysis.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.109-128
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• 2014

디지털도서관을 단순한 정보유통 구조의 한 부분으로 정의하지 않고 디지털도서관 그 자체를 자원의 생산, 유통 그리고 재생산을 위한 무형의 가치창출 행위로 인식하였으며 디지털자원의 속성을 해석함으로써 디지털도서관을 설계하였다. 즉, DRM(Digital Resources Management)의 가치를 디지털도서관으로 보았으며 그것을 전통적 도서관의 진화로 인식하였다. 이미 대학도서관들의 오픈액세스 자원생산이 이루어지고 있으며 클라우드 컴퓨팅 환경에서의 도서관 디지털장서 관리와 공유가 가능함을 보여줌으로써 출판이 가미된 디지털도서관의 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

This study aims to identify participating resident awareness of the improvements to forest carbon cycle villages created by the Korea Forest Service by introducing a system for district heating basedon forest biomass in mountainous areas. Hwacheon Forest Carbon Circulation village was established in Paroho-neureup village in Yuchon-ri, Hwacheon-gun between 2011 and 2013. However, its operation has not been smooth due to the increasing number of households rapidly leaving the district heating system. This study surveyed 76 households that participated in the district heating system using forest biomass in the early stages of the project. This includes households participating in the district heating system(participating households) and households not currently participating in the district heating system(withdrawal households) from September 2019. Surveys focused on the process of participating in forest carbon cycle village projects, and satisfaction in local heating and policy requirements. Of the 67 households, excepting those not allowed to participate in the survey due to death or having moved elsewhere, 36 households participated and 31 households the were in the process of leaving the village were also included. As a result, there was a significant difference between participating and exiting households in the motivation and satisfaction level of district heating. The results of this study are expects to reflect the importance of awareness of residents in the operation of the forest carbon cycle village. This will be utilized as an important dataset for improvement as a means to promote the re-entry if outgoing households. It will also help set the direction of the forest town revitalization project, utilizing forest biomass in the future.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2003

Backgrounds: The present study in angulated coronary stenosis was to evaluate the influence of velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) on coronary atherosclerosis, the changes of hemodynamic indices following coronary stenting, as well as their effect of evolving in-stent restenosis using human in vivo hemodynamic parameters and computed simulation quantitatively and qualitatively. Methods: Initial and follow-up coronary angiographies in the patients with angulated coronary stenosis were performed (n=80). Optimal coronary stenting in angulated coronary stenosis had two models: < 50 % angle changed(model 1, n=43), > 50% angle changed group (model 2, n=37) according to percent change of vascular angle between pre- and post-intracoronary stenting. Flow-velocity wave obtained from in vivo intracoronary Doppler study data was used for in vitro numerical simulation. Spatial and temporal patterns of velocity vector and recirculation area were drawn throughout the selected segment of coronary models. WSS of pre/post-intracoronary stenting were calculated from three-dimensional computer simulation. Results: Follow-up coronary angiogram demonstrated significant difference in the percent of diameter stenosis between two groups (group 1: $40.3{\pm}30.2$ vs. group 2: $25.5{\pm}22.5%$, p<0.05). Negative WSS area on 3D simulation, which is consistent with re-circulation area of velocity vector, was noted on the inner wall of post-stenotic area before stenting. The negative WSS was disappeared after stenting. High spatial and temporal WSS before stenting fell into within physiologic WSS after stenting. This finding was prominent in Model 2 (p<0.01) Conclusions: The present study suggests that hemodynamic forces exerted by pulsatile coronary circulation termed as WSS might affect on the evolution of atherosclerosis within the angulated vascular curvature. Moreover, geometric change, such as angular difference between pre / post-intracoronary stenting might give proper information of optimal hemodynamic charateristics for vascular repair after stenting.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.346-355
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• 1980

It has been proposed that wide individual variation in response to heparin be not considered in the conventional set protocol for the control of heparin and protamine during extracorporeal circulation. In this paper, two protocol of heparin and protamine therapy were compared to assess the role of the Activated Clotting Time [ACT] in relation to heparin, protamine, and postoperative blood loss and transfusion. The study groups consisted of the 31 patients [adults 15 and children 16] anticoagulated with the conventional heparin protocol and the 31 patients [adults 15 and children 16] anticoagulated with ACT protocol during extracorporeal circulation. In the conventional heparin protocol, two mg of heparin per kg was administered initially with an additional 0.75 mg of heparin per kg every 30 minutes of extracorporeal circulation, and reversal was accomplished with protamine in a dose of 1.5 times the total milligram of heparin. In the ACT protocol, two mg of heparin per kg was administered initially with an additional dose of heparin enough to reach an ACT of 480 seconds [within safe zone 300 to 600 seconds] from the patient`s dose response curve every 1 hour of extracorporeal circulation, and reversal was done with protamine in a dose of 1.3 times the milligram of the residual heparin. The results were summarized as follows. After a dose of 2 mg per kg of heparin, the patient`s ACT varied from 240 to 600 seconds in adults and from 240 t~ 660 seconds in children. In the ACT group the total amount of heparin administered was markedly reduced when compared to the conventional group, and less protamine was required to neutralize heparin. The dose of heparin administered decreased from 7.07 [SE 0.42] mg/kg of the conventional group to 4.92 [SE 0.32] mg/k8 of the ACT group in adults and from 10.17 [SE 1.15] mg/kg to 5.23 [SE 0.24] mg/kg in children, which represent 30.4% and 48.6% decrease respectively. The dose of protamine administered for reversal decreased from 10.6 [SE 0.63] mg/kg of the conventional group to 3.35 [SE 0.35] mg/kg of the ACT group in adults and from 15.7 [SE 1.70] mg/kg to 3.26 [SE 0.27] mg/kg in children, which represent 68.4% and 79.2% respectively. The ratio of protamine to heparin administered in the conventional group was 1.50:1 in adults and 1.54:1 in children, but in the ACT group 0.68:1 in adults and 0.62:1 in children. Postoperative blood loss and transfusion revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although six patients in the conventional group and one in the ACT group needed re-exploration for continuous hemorrhage, no case of generalized oozing was encountered, and in each case a definite bleeding site was identified. Author would like emphasizing the value of the ACT protocol in controlling heparin and protamine administration during extracorporeal circulation.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

Background: Coronary atherosclerosis artery disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) which utilizes the saphenous vein graft, has helped in alleviating the suffering of these patients. Newer techniques are being developed to improve upon the techniques. Still there is significant number of failures, leading to re-grafting or re-vascularization. Some studies have helped in identifying the high and low shear stress regions. Further studies based on their realistic models are required. Material, methods and results: we developed the realistic model of fully blocked right coronary with bypass graft placed at angle of $5^0$ with curvature similar to that of artery. Pulsatile flow of birefringent solution through this model by polarized light was visualized. The images of complete flow field in the model were recorded and analyzed. Regions of high flow disturbances which are prone to further changes are identified. Existence of recirculation in the blocked coronary may initiate new blood-tissue interactions deleterious to bypass graft. Conclusion: Our study shows that by selecting the procedure to place bypass graft at minimum angle with curvature similar to that of artery and smooth sutures may improve the life span of the graft. This study also identified that coronary blocked regions contributing by recirculation flow at the proximal and distal regions of bypass which may require further studies.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate useful manual therapy techniques for peripheral facial nerve palsy and to propose guidelines to be applied for current manual therapy techniques. Several databases were searched to find manual therapies for facial palsy. These therapies included cervical, and temporomandibular joint chuna manual therapy, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, neuromuscular re-education, facial exercise, and mime therapy. Both cervical, and temporomandibular joint chuna manual therapy release nerve compression, helping blood circulation and nerve conduction. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation uses irradiation, bilateral activation, and eccentric facilitation to improve muscle power and symmetry. Neuromuscular re-education, as a retraining tool for facial movement patterns, enhances neuromuscular feedback. Facial exercise helps the patient continuously move and massage facial muscle themselves. Mime therapy aims to develop a conscious connection between the use of certain muscles and facial expressions. The use of facial chuna manual therapy for peripheral facial nerve palsy can stimulate the proprioceptive neuromuscular receptors in the face. Peripheral facial nerve palsy has 4 phases; progress phase, plateau phase, recovery phase, and sequelae phase. Each phase needs different treatments which include relaxation, assistance, resistance, origin-insertion extension, and nerve pathway expansion.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2023

동해는 전 세계적으로 가장 빠른 수준의 온난화를 경험하는 해역 중 하나로서, 기후변화에 민감하게 반응할 뿐 아니라 대양에 비해 월등히 짧은 순환 주기를 가지고 있기 때문에 미래의 대양 환경 변화에도 중요한 시사점을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 동해 심층 해수의 특성과 순환의 변화 과정에 대한 연구는 동해 전역의 심층을 정밀하게 조사하기 위한 국제협력 프로그램이 자리잡고, 측정 장비의 분해능을 포함하는 관측기술과 수치모델 모의 능력이 크게 향상된 최근(1990년대 이후)에서야 본격화되고 있다. 여기서는 동해 심층 해수의 물리적 특성과 순환의 변화 과정에 대한 그간의 연구 결과를 요약하고, 향후 남은 과제를 제시하고자 한다. 동해는 내부에서 자체적으로 심층 해수가 생성되며 대양과 분리된 독특한 심층 순환 구조를 가진다. 동해의 수백 m 수심 아래에는 수온이 낮고(<1℃) 염분이 거의 일정(34.0-34.1)한 해수가 분포하기 때문에 오랜 기간 이 해수를 일본해고유수(동해고유수)로 명명된 단일 해수로 여겨 왔다. 그러나 1990년대 이후 정밀한 관측이 이루어지며, 동해 심층을 채우고 있는 해수가 적어도 3개의 서로 다른 물리적 특성을 가진 해수(중앙수, 심층수, 저층수)로 구성됨이 밝혀졌다. 이들 3개 해수의 물리적 특성과 해수 사이의 경계 수심은 항상 일정한 것이 아니라, 지난 수십 년 동안 유의한 수준의 변화를 겪어왔다. 동해 북부 해역의 대마난류 재순환, 해양-대기 열과 담수의 교환량, 해빙 형성에 영향을 받는 대류(심층사면대류 및 심층외양대류) 과정에 따라 심층 해수 생성에 뚜렷한 차이가 발생했기 때문이다. 생성된 심층 해수는 수심이 얕은 곳을 오른쪽에 두고 일본 분지에서부터 반시계 방향으로 울릉 분지, 야마토 분지를 차례로 거쳐 다시 일본 분지로 수송되며, 이 수평적인 심층 순환도 변화를 겪어 왔다. 수평적인 심층 순환은 동시에 남북 및 연직 방향의 순환(자오면 순환) 경로와 강도의 변화를 동반한다. 동해는 수천 년 규모의 순환 주기를 가지는 대양에 비해 훨씬 짧은 수백 년 혹은 그 이내의 순환 시간 규모를 가지기 때문에 동해 심층 해수의 물리적 특성과 자오면 순환의 급격한 변화를 더 뚜렷하게 볼 수 있을 것으로 기대 가능하다. 심층 및 자오면 순환 사이의 연계성, 대양과 동해의 유출입 해수 수송을 포함하는 동해 상층 순환과 심층 순환 사이의 연계성은 아직까지 잘 밝혀지지 않았다. 동해 심층 해수 수송의 경로와 강도를 지배하는 다양한 과정들에 대한 후속 연구들이 요구된다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.461-466
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• 2005

Despite the major advances in the microvascular surgery with success rates of up to 98%, failure and vascular complications still remain even in the experienced hands. Failure of blood to flow across an anastomosis is usually caused by three factors: (1) Technical errors; (2) Undetected damage more proximally or via vasospasm; or (3) A clot or a thrombus. The success of a microvascular surgery depends on the severity of the vascular injury and, proper debridement of an injured vessel, and the failure rate of microvascular anastomosis in cases of trauma is higher as the thrombogenic possibility is increased by the endothelial damage. From January to November in 2003, 460 patients were underwent microvascular surgery(270 replantations and 190 free flap transfers) and re-operations were performed in 15 cases. Cases were reviewed by clinical and operative records. In these cases, causes of post-operative circulation insufficiency were identified as 9 vascular spasms and 6 thromboses at the previous anastomotic site. The average of re-operative success rate was 73%(60% in replantations and 100% in free flaps). In conclusion, through precise postoperative monitoring and assessment, immediate surgical re-exploration could be performed when a vascular complication is suspicious, the success rate of microvascular surgery would be increased more.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.493-499
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• 2015

The aerodynamic performance of blunt trailing edge airfoils was investigated. The flow fields around the modified NACA64-418, which consists of the tip blade of the wind turbine and Mexico model of IEA wind, were analyzed. To imitate the repaired airfoil, the original NACA64-418 airfoil, a cambered airfoil, is modified by the adding thickness method, which is accomplished by adding the thickness symmetrically to both sides of the camber line. The thickness ratio of the blunt trailing edge of the modified airfoil, $t_{TE}/t_{max}$, is newly defined to analyze the effects of the blunt trailing edge. The shape functions describing the upper and lower surfaces of the modified NACA64-418 with blunt trailing edge are obtained from the curve fitting of the least square method. To verify the accuracy of the present numerical analysis, the results are first compared with the experimental data of NACA64-418 with high Reynolds number, $Re=6{\times}10^6$, measured in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel. Then, the aerodynamic performance of the modified NACA64-418 is analyzed. The numerical results show that the drag increases, but the lift increases insignificantly, as the trailing edge of the airfoil is thickened. Re-circulation bubbles also develop and increase gradually in size as the thickness ratio of the trailing edge is increased. These re-circulations result in an increase in the drag of the airfoil. The pressure distributions around the modified NACA64-418 are similar, regardless of the thickness ratio of the blunt trailing edge.