• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.525-532
• /
• 2020

This work numerically investigates the effects of Reynolds number Re_D (= 100 - 150), cross-sectional aspect ratio AR = ( 0.25 -1.0), and attack angle α (= 0° - 90°) on the forces, Strouhal number, and wake of an elliptical cylinder, where Re_D is based on the freestream velocity and cylinder cross-section height normal to the freestream flow, AR is the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the elliptical cylinder, and α is the angle between the cylinder major axis and the incoming flow. At Re_D = 100, two distinct wake structures are identified, namely 'Steady wake' (pattern I) and 'Karman wake followed by a steady wake (pattern II)' when AR and α are varied in the ranges specified. When Re_D is increased to 150, an additional wake pattern, 'Karman wake followed by secondary wake (pattern III)' materializes. Pattern I is characterized by two steady bubbles forming behind the cylinder. Pattern II features Karman vortex street immediately behind the cylinder, with the vortex street transmuting to two steady shear layers downstream. Inflection angle α_i = 32°, 37.5° and 45° are identified for AR = 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, where the wake asymmetry is the greatest. The α_i effectively distinguishes the dependence on α and AR of force and vortex shedding frequency at either Re_D. In Pattern III, the Karman street forming behind the cylinder is modified to a secondary vortex street. At a given AR and α, Re_D = 150 renders higher fluctuating lift and Strouhal number than Re_D = 100.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.201-206
• /
• 2012

Objectives: The purpose was to investigate the preference and usage technique of NiTi rotary instruments and to retrieve data on the frequency of re-use and the estimated incidence of file separation in the clinical practice among general dentists. Materials and Methods: A survey was disseminated via e-mail and on-site to 673 general dentists. The correlation between the operator's experience or preferred technique and frequency of re-use or incidence of file fracture was assessed. Results: A total of 348 dentists (51.7%) responded. The most frequently used NiTi instruments was ProFile (39.8%) followed by ProTaper. The most preferred preparation technique was crown-down (44.6%). 54.3% of the respondents re-used NiTi files more than 10 times. There was a significant correlation between experience with NiTi files and the number of re-uses (p = 0.0025). 54.6% of the respondents estimated experiencing file separation less than 5 times per year. The frequency of separation was significantly correlated with the instrumentation technique (p = 0.0003). Conclusions: A large number of general dentists in Korea prefer to re-use NiTi rotary files. As their experience with NiTi files increased, the number of re-uses increased, while the frequency of breakage decreased. Operators who adopt the hybrid technique showed less tendency of separation even with the increased number of re-use.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.53 no.5
• /
• pp.609-613
• /
• 2015

The onset of instability induced by impulsive spin-down of the rigid-body flow placed in the gap between two coaxial cylinders is analyzed by using the energy method. In the present stability analysis the growth rate of the kinetic energy of the base state and also that of disturbances are taken into consideration. In the present system the primary flow is a transient, laminar one. But for the Reynolds number equal or larger than a certain one, i.e. $Re{\geq}Re_G$ secondary motion sets in, starting at a certain time. For $Re{\geq}Re_G$ the dimensionless critical time to mark the onset of vortex instabilities, ${\tau}_c$, is here presented as a function of the Reynolds number Re and the radius ratio ${\eta}$. For the wide gap case of small ${\eta}$, the transient instability is possible in the range of $Re_G{\leq}Re{\leq}Re_S$. It is found that the predicted ${\tau}_c$-value is much smaller than experimental detection time of first observable secondary motion. It seems evident that small disturbances initiated at ${\tau}_c$ require some growth period until they are detected experimentally.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 2013

Proxy re-encryption scheme has advantage where plaintext does not get exposed during re-encryption process. This scheme is popular for sharing server-saved data in case of cloud computing or mobile office that uses server to save data. Since previous proxy re-encryption schemes can use re-encryption key over and over again, it may abuse re-encryption. To solve this problem, conditional proxy re-encryption scheme was proposed. But, it is computationally expensive generate the same number of re-encryption key with the number of condition values. In this paper, we propose an efficient conditional proxy re-encryption scheme in terms of re-encryption key generation. The proposed scheme uses only encryption and decryption process. Therefore it has advantage to generate one re-encryption key for one person. The proposed scheme is secure against chosen-ciphertext attack.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.11b
• /
• pp.545-550
• /
• 2001

A two-dimensional laminar flow through a channel, on which a couple of symmetric vertical fins are attached, is investigated. The stokes flow for this channel flow is investigated analytically and laminar flow numerically. For analytic solution, the method of eigen function expansion and collocation method are employed. For numerical solution, finite difference method(FDM) is used to obtain vorticity and stream function. From the results, streamline patterns are shown and the pressure drop due to the attached fins is calculated, which depends on the length of fins and Reynolds number. While $Re, streamline pattern is symmetric, a pair of additional asymmetric solutions appear for $Re>Re_c$, where the critical Reynolds number $Re_c$ depends on the length of the fin.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2008.11b
• /
• pp.2589-2593
• /
• 2008

In a fuel cell vehicle using polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC), hydrogen is over-supplied to gain higher stack efficiency. So it is needed considering fuel efficiency to re-circulate hydrogen which is not reacted in stack. And to re-circulate hydrogen, a blower or an ejector is used. Ejector re-circulation system has several merits compared with blower system, for example no parasite energy, simple structure and no lubrication system. But the secondary flow of an ejector in fuel cell vehicle, has high humidity because of crossover problem in stack. Therefore in this paper, ejector is designed by 1-D modeling and CFD with the primary and secondary flow of hydrogen. And the ejector which has the primary and secondary flow of air, is designed to have the same Reynolds number and Mach number at the nozzle exit as the hydrogen ejector's. And this air ejector is tested while the humidity of the secondary flow is varied.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.36-42
• /
• 2015

TMixed convective flow in a bottom heated and top cooled rectangular channel can be significantly affected by the channel aspect ratio, Prandtl number, Reynolds number, Rayleigh number and angle of inclination. In such a mixed convection, the flow pattern plays an important role in various technological processes. In this study, a numerical investigation is carried out to explore mixed convection in a three-dimensional rectangular channel with bottom heated and top cooled uniformly. The three-dimensional governing equations are discretized using the finite volume method. In the range of low Reynolds number($0{\leq}Re{\leq}9.6{\times}10^{-2}$), the effects of the aspect ratio($2{\leq}AR{\leq}12$) and Gr/Re are presented and discussed. The longitudinal roll number in the channel is increased with increasing aspect ratio, and the roll number induced, regardless of the aspect ratio number, is even in the range of aspect ratios between 2 and 12, New vortex flow structure containing inclined longitudinal rolls is found, which is affected by aspect ratio and Reynolds number. The ratio Gr/Re is used to check the relative magnitudes of forced and natural convection in the mixed convective flow of high viscous fluid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 1991

This study is to investigate the royal wedding garments found out in Gn-Rs-Do-Gam-Eui-Gue during Yi Dynasty. The results are as follows: 1. The wedding garments for kings and princes, as well as for queens and princesses, had a tendency to increase in their kinds and number 2. The number of' Sang-bok (상복)' for queens and princesses was decreased about $50\%$ after the publication of Jeong-Re (정리). 3. Casual wears for queens and princesses were decreased to the halves in kind, and its number was decreased about $60\%$ .4. Clothings for court ladies showed changes in kind. 5. Documents about clothings for parents of queen's in wedding ceremony cannot be found in the literatures, such as Guk-Hon-Jeong-ke(국혼정예), Sang-Bang-Jeong-Re(상방정예). and Eui-Cue published in the 35th and 38th year of King Yeongjo's reign, respectively. 6. The number of ornamental bars including wigs was decreased about $50\%$ after the publication of Guk -Hon -Jeong- Re.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.12 no.9
• /
• pp.1323-1332
• /
• 2009

In this paper, we analyze security weakness of 4-Way Handshake in IEEE 802.11i and propose fast and secure 2-Way Handshake mechanism. Compute PTK(Pairwise Transient Key) using sequence number instead of random numbers in order to protect Replay attack and DoS attack. Also, proposed 2-Way Handshake mechanism can mutual authenticate between mobile station and access point and derive PTK using modified Re-association Request and Re-association Response frames. And, compare with others which are fast and secure Handoff mechanisms.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.76-83
• /
• 2010

The Characteristics of the flow field through cylinders with in-line and staggered arrangements were calculated by vortex method. Vortex distributions and velocity profiles around the cylinders with in-line and staggered arrangements were simulated at the pitch ratio of Pt/D=1.25~2.0 and Reynolds number of Re=$4.0{\times}10^1{\sim}4.0{\times}10^4$. As the results the vortices of clockwise at the upper separation point cylinder and the vortices of anticlockwise at the lower separation point of each cylinder were generated at both in-line and staggered arrangements. The generation of the reverse flow in the rear region of the cylinders was caused by the pitch ratio and Reynolds number, the boundary region was at the pitch ratio of Pt/D=1.5 and Reynolds number of Re=$4.0{\times}10^2{\sim}4.0{\times}10^3$ in case of in-line arrangement and was at the pitch ratio of Pt/D=1.4 and Reynolds number of Re=$4.0{\times}10^1{\sim}4.0{\times}10^2$ in case of staggered arrangement.