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Effect of Korea red ginseng on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an association of gut microbiota with liver function

  • Hong, Ji Taek;Lee, Min-Jung;Yoon, Sang Jun;Shin, Seok Pyo;Bang, Chang Seok;Baik, Gwang Ho;Kim, Dong Joon;Youn, Gi Soo;Shin, Min Jea;Ham, Young Lim;Suk, Ki Tae;Kim, Bong-Soo
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.316-324
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    • 2021
  • Background: Korea Red Ginseng (KRG) has been used as remedies with hepato-protective effects in liver-related condition. Microbiota related gut-liver axis plays key roles in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. We evaluated the effect of KRG on gut-liver axis in patients with nonalcoholic statohepatitis by the modulation of gut-microbiota. Methods: A total of 94 patients (KRG: 45 and placebo: 49) were prospectively randomized to receive KRG (2,000 mg/day, ginsenoside Rg1+Rb1+Rg3 4.5mg/g) or placebo during 30 days. Liver function test, cytokeraton 18, and fatigue score were measured. Gut microbiota was analyzed by MiSeq systems based on 16S rRNA genes. Results: In KRG group, the mean levels (before vs. after) of aspartate aminotransferase (53 ± 19 vs. 45 ± 23 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (75 ± 40 vs. 64 ± 39 IU/L) and fatigue score (33 ± 13 vs. 26 ± 13) were improved (p < 0.05). In placebo group, only fatigue score (34 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 15) was ameliorated (p < 0.05). The changes of phyla were not statistically significant on both groups. In KRG group, increased abundance of Lactobacillus was related with improved alanine aminotransferase level and increased abundance of Clostridium and Intestinibacter was associated with no improvement after KRG supplementation. In placebo group, increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae could be related with aggravation of liver enzyme (p < 0.05). Conclusion: KRG effectively improved liver enzymes and fatigue score by modulating gut-microbiota in patients with fatty liver disease. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of improvement of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ClnicalTrials.gov: NCT03945123 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov).

A novel protocol for batch-separating gintonin-enriched, polysaccharide-enriched, and crude ginsenoside-containing fractions from Panax ginseng

  • Rami Lee;Han-Sung Cho;Ji-Hun Kim;Hee-Jung Cho;Sun-Hye Choi;Sung-Hee Hwang;Hyewon Rhim;Ik-Hyun Cho;Man-Hee Rhee;Do-Geun Kim;Hyoung-Chun Kim;Seung-Yeol Nah
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.47 no.3
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    • pp.366-375
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    • 2023
  • Background: Ginseng contains three active components: ginsenosides, gintonin, and polysaccharides. After the separation of 1 of the 3 ingredient fractions, other fractions are usually discarded as waste. In this study, we developed a simple and effective method, called the ginpolin protocol, to separate gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GPF), and crude ginseng saponin fraction (cGSF). Methods: Dried ginseng (1 kg) was extracted using 70% ethanol (EtOH). The extract was water fractionated to obtain a water-insoluble precipitate (GEF). The upper layer after GEF separation was precipitated with 80% EtOH for GPF preparation, and the remaining upper layer was vacuum dried to obtain cGSF. Results: The yields of GEF, GPF, and cGSF were 14.8, 54.2, and 185.3 g, respectively, from 333 g EtOH extract. We quantified the active ingredients of 3 fractions: L-arginine, galacturonic acid, ginsenosides, glucuronic acid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phosphatidic acid (PA), and polyphenols. The order of the LPA, PA, and polyphenol content was GEF > cGSF > GPF. The order of L-arginine and galacturonic acid was GPF >> GEF = cGSF. Interestingly, GEF contained a high amount of ginsenoside Rb1, whereas cGSF contained more ginsenoside Rg1. GEF and cGSF, but not GPF, induced intracellular [Ca2+]i transient with antiplatelet activity. The order of antioxidant activity was GPF > GEF = cGSF. Immunological activities (related to nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, and IL-6 and TNF-α release) were, in order, GPF > GEF = cGSF. The neuroprotective ability (against reactive oxygen species) order was GEF > cGSP > GPF. Conclusion: We developed a novel ginpolin protocol to isolate 3 fractions in batches and determined that each fraction has distinct biological effects.

Experimental Studies on the Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 Mixtures in an Isolated Rat Heart after Ischemic Arrest and Reperfusion (흰 쥐 적출 심장에서 비작업성 관류 회로를 이용한 인삼 성분 Ginsenoside Rg1 Mixtures의 심근 보호 효과에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • 김동원;신원선;이재영;김범식;조규석;유세영
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.567-575
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    • 1998
  • Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer has been known for hundreds of years as the most valuable drug having mysterious effects among all the herbal medicines and plants in Korea. Also, many experimental studies have been performed recently that the various effects were identified and applied clinically. So we attempted an experimental study on the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures in an isolated rat heart with the use of the Langendorff model. The objective of this study was to determine whether this ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures would protect the myocardial injury after ischemic arrest and reperfusion. Isolated rat hearts were allowed to equilibrate for 20 minutes and were then subjected to 15 minutes of normothermic ischemia. After this ischemic period, isolated rat hearts were allowed to reperfusion for 10 minutes(Ischemic Group). In other group , isolated rat hearts were perfused for 60 minutes continuously with normothermia( Normothermic Group). Hemodynamic and biochemical parameters such as heart rate, left ventricular pressure, +dp/dt max, coronary blood flow and cardiac enzymes were measured during initial perfusion, ischemia, reperfusion period (Ischemic group) and 20, 40 and 60 minutes after continuous perfusion(Normothermic group). After completion of the experiment, this data was evaluated and the following results were obtained. 1. Heart rates showed an increase in both ischemic and normothermic experimental groups, but statistically significant differences were not identified. 2. LVP(Left Ventricular Pressure) showed statistically significant differences in both ischemic and normothermic experimental groups(p<0.005, p<0.01). 3. +dp/dt max showed statistically significant differences in both ischemic and normothermic experimental groups(p<0.01, p<0.01). 4. There were no statistically significant differences in coronary blood flow and cardiac cenzymes in all groups, but experimental groups seemed to have better protection and recovery. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures has a protective effect on the myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion.

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Inductive Effects of Ginseng Saponins on the Rat LDH A-gene and the Synthetic rate of Hepatocyte DNA in Regenerating Rat Liver Cells (인삼사포닌의 흰쥐 LDH-A 유전자와 흰쥐 간세포 재생시 DNA 합성률에 미치는 유도효과)

  • 유계진;이광율;이성기
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.200-206
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    • 1990
  • The effects of ginseng saponins, SRbl and G-Rc on the rat liver LDH A-gene transcriptional activity was investigated during prereplicative phase of rat liver after partial hepatectomy. Changes in LDH A-mRNA levels in regenerating rat liver after intraperitoneal administrations of G-Rbl or 'G-Rc were tested by slot blot hybridization methods. The results showed that G-Rbl (1 mg/100g B.W) and G-Rc (1 mg/100g B.W) caused marked increases of LDH A-mRNA contents by respectively 1.9- and 1.5-fold in rat liver at 5-hours after partial hepatectomy Dose dependent elect of G-Rbl and G-Rc (1-25 mg/ 100g B.W) on the LDH A-mRNA levels on regenerating rat liver were also analyzed. The maximal increases of liver LDH A-mRNA levels were observed with the doses of 1 mg for G-Rbl and 5 mg for G-Rc. However, when the administration doses of G-Rbl and G-Rc were increased to 20 mg, G-Rbl caused a marked decrease of LDH A-mRNA level to 61% of those in sham-operated rat liver. In contrast, G-Rc slightly decreased the liver LDH A-mRNA contents by 30% as compared to those of the maximum value but still maintained 22% higher LDH A-mRNA levels then those of sham-operated rate liver. On the basis of these experimental results, we conclude that ginseng saponin, G-Rbl and G-Rc have stimulatory effect at the lower concentration (1 mg/ 100g B.W) and inhibitory effect at the higher concentration (20 mg/ 100g B.W) on the LDH A-gene transcription during regeneration of rat liver. Additionally we also investigated the stimulatory effects of ginsenosides on the protein and DNA sinthetic activities in hepatocyte primary cell cultures isolated from regenerating rat liver. Both of G-Rc and -Re increased the synthetic rates of hepatocytes proteins and DNA at the administration doses of 50 us and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/3 ml/dish respectively representing 1.3-1.6 fold increases. From these results we postulate that G-Rc and -Re may have a mitogen ehincer activity for the hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration period.

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Size Distributions of Trace Elements in Airborn Particulates Collected using Drum impactor at Gosan, Jeju Island : Measurements in Springtime 2002 (DRUM impactor를 이용한 대기 입자상 물질 중 원소성분의 입경분포 특성 : 제주도 고산지역의 2002년 봄철 (3.29-5.30) 측정 연구)

  • 한진석;문광주;류성윤;안준영;공부주;홍유덕;김영준
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.555-569
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    • 2004
  • Size -segregated measurements of aerosol composition using 8-stage DRUM impactor are used to determine the transport of natural and anthropogenic aerosols at Gosan site from 29 March to 30 May in 2002. Separation of ambient aerosols by DRUM impactor offers many Advantages over other standard filtration techniques. Some of the most important advantages are the ability to segregate into details by particle tire, to better preserve chemical integrity since the air stream doesn't pars through the deposit, to collect samples as a function of time, and to have a wide variety of impaction surfaces available to match analytical needs. Although the transport of Yellow sand is a well-known phenomenon in springtime, the result of measurement shows that not only soil dust but also anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfur, enriched trace metals such as Pb, Ni, Zn. Cu, Cr, As, Se, Br, are transported to Gosan in springtime. This study combines the size- and time-resolved aerosol composition measurements with isentropic, backward air-mass trajectories in order to identify some potential source regions of anthropogenic aerosols. As a result, during the NYS period, the average concentration of PM$_{10}$ was 46$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, Si, Al. S, Fe, Cl, K, Ca were higher than 1,000 ng/㎥ and Ti was about 100 ng/㎥. The concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu. Pb, Br, Rb, V, Cr, Ni. At, Se ranged between 1 and 70 ng/㎥. More than 50% typical soil elements, tuck as Al, Si, Fe, Cd. Ti, Cr, Cu, Br. were distributed in a coarse particle range(5.0-12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). In other hand, anthropogenic pollutants, luck as S, N, Vi, were mainly distributed in a fine particle range (0.09-0.56${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). During the YS period, PM$_{10}$ increased about 8 times than NYS period, and main soil elements, such as Al, Si, S, K, V, Mn, Fe also doubled in coarse particle range (1.15-12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). But Zn, As, Pb, Cu and Se, which distributed in the time aerosols (0.09-0.56${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), were on the same level with or decreased than NYS period. Finally. except the YS Period, coarse particles (2.5-12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) are inferred to be influenced by soil, coal combustion, waste incineration, ferrous and nonferrous sources through similar pathways with Yellow Sand. But fine particles have different sources, such as coal combustion, gasoline vehicle, biomass burning, oil or coal combustion, nonferrous and ferrous metal sources, which are transported from China, Korea peninsula and local sources.ces.

Metabolomes and transcriptomes revealed the saponin distribution in root tissues of Panax quinquefolius and Panax notoginseng

  • Wei, Guangfei;Yang, Feng;Wei, Fugang;Zhang, Lianjuan;Gao, Ying;Qian, Jun;Chen, Zhongjian;Jia, Zhengwei;Wang, Yong;Su, He;Dong, Linlin;Xu, Jiang;Chen, Shilin
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.757-769
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    • 2020
  • Background: Panax quinquefolius and Panax notoginseng are widely used and well known for their pharmacological effects. As main pharmacological components, saponins have different distribution patterns in the root tissues of Panax plants. Methods: In this study, the representative ginsenosides were detected and quantified by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis to demonstrate saponin distribution in the root tissues of P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng, and saponin metabolite profiles were analyzed by metabolomes to obtain the biomarkers of different root tissues. Finally, the transcriptome analysis was performed to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms of saponin distribution by gene profiles. Results: There was saponin distribution in the root tissues differed between P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. Eight-eight and 24 potential biomarkers were detected by metabolome analysis, and a total of 340 and 122 transcripts involved in saponin synthesis that were positively correlated with the saponin contents (R > 0.6, P < 0.05) in the root tissues of P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng, respectively. Among them, GDPS1, CYP51, CYP64, and UGT11 were significantly correlated with the contents of Rg1, Re, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in P. quinquefolius. UGT255 was markedly related to the content of R1; CYP74, CYP89, CYP100, CYP103, CYP109, and UGT190 were markedly correlated with the Rd content in P. notoginseng.

Steaming and Ultrasonic extraction conditions for enhancing the ginsenoside contents and anti-aging efficacy of the Ginseng sprout leaf/stem (새싹삼 잎 줄기의 진세노사이드 함량 및 항노화 효능 증진을 위한 증숙 및 추출조건)

  • Lee, Jong Sub;Kim, Ji Young;Han, Bok Nam;Kim, Ki-Seok;Cho, Hang-Eui;Cha, Young-Kwon;Choung, Eui Su
    • Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2018.10a
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    • pp.118-118
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    • 2018
  • 인삼은 우리나라에서 오랜 역사동안 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔으며, 현재는 다양한 방법으로 홍삼과 흑삼으로 만들어 식품, 화장품, 의약품 등 다양한 방면으로 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서 시중에서 구매한 새싹삼(인삼새싹) 잎/줄기에 함유된 진세노사이드(Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1) 함량을 높이기 위하여 증숙과 초음파 추출조건에 관한 연구를 수행하여 우수한 항노화 소재를 개발하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험은 새싹삼 잎/줄기를 증숙 온도와 시간의 조건에서 진세노사이드 함량이 가장 높은 조건을 선정하였으며, 선정된 조건의 새싹삼 잎/줄기에 파장과 출력에 대한 조건으로 초음파 추출을 진행하여 진세노사이드가 가장 높은 함량을 보이는 조건을 선정하였다. 그 결과 새싹삼 잎/줄기추출물(GSE; Ginseng Sprout Extract)의 진세노사이드 함량은 4.8 mg/g으로 확인되었으나 증숙공정을 통해 8.82 mg/g으로 함량이 증가되었으며, 상기 증숙된 새싹삼 잎/줄기에 초음파공정을 적용하여 추출한 새싹삼 잎/줄기초음파추출물(SU-GSE; Steaming & dry Ultrasonication-Ginseng Sprout Extract)에서는 최대 10.65 mg/g으로 함량이 증가되었다. 반면, 새싹삼 뿌리의 진세노사이드는 2.30 mg/g으로 확인되었으나 증숙공정을 통해 4.95 mg/g으로 함량이 증가되었으며, 초음파추출공정을 통해 최대 5.82 mg/g으로 함량이 증가된 것을 확인할 수 있었으나, 새싹삼 잎/줄기에 비해 진세노사이드 함량이 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 항노화 소재로의 활용가능성을 평가하기 위하여 새싹삼 잎/줄기추출물 GSE와 SU-GSE에 대한 세포생존률, 항산화 및 항노화에 대한 효능평가를 진행하였으며 GSE의 경우 $100{\mu}g/ml$에서 세포생존률이 82.4%를 보인 반면 SU-GSE에서는 $1,000{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 101.8%의 세포 생존률을 보였다. 항산화 활성의 경우 GSE와 SU-GSE $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 각각 52%와 81%의 항산화 활성을 나타냄으로써 SU-GES의 조건에서 항산화 활성이 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 항노화 활성에 대한 실험결과 MMP-1 유전자 발현에 대한 억제율을 비교한 결과 GSE와 SU-GES $100{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 각각 18%와 29%의 억제율을 보임에 항노화 소재로의 활용가능성을 확인하였다.

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Effect of Stuffing of TiN on the Diffusion Barrier Property(I) : Al/TiN/Si Structure (TiN의 충진처리가 확산방지막 특성에 미치는 영향(I) : Al/TiN/Si 구조)

  • Park, Gi-Cheol;Kim, Gi-Beom
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.87-95
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    • 1995
  • The effect of stuffing of TiN on the diffusion barrier property between A1 and Si was investigated. The stuffing of TiN was performed by annealing in a Nz ambient at $450^{\circ}C$ for 30min. By TEM analysis, it is identified that there are solid-free or open spaces of a b u t 10-20$\AA$ between the grains of asdeposited TiN. In the case of stuffed TiN, the width of solid-free or open spaces has been reduced to about 10$\AA$ or below. The combination of RBS and AES analyses showed that the asdeposited TiN had about 7at.% of oxygen, and that the stuffed TiN had about 10-15at.% of oxygen. The diffusion barrier test result shows that after annealing at $650^{\circ}C$ for lhour, the asdeposited TiN fails due to the formation of A1 spikes and Si pits in the Si substrate. However, in the case of stuffed TiN, there is no indication of Al spikes and Si pits at the same annealing condition. Thus, it is concluded that this stuffing of TiN significantly improves the diffusion barrier property of TiN between A1 and Si. It is considered that the stuffing effect results from the reduced diffusion through grain boundaries due to the reduced spacing of grain boundaries.

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Size-resolved Source Apportionment of Ambient Particles by Positive Matrix Factorization at Gosan, Jeju Island during ACE-Asia (PMF 분석을 이용한 ACE-Asia 측정기간 중 제주 고산지역 입자상 물질의 입경별 발생원 추정)

  • Moon K.J.;Han, J.S.;Kong, B.J.;Jung, I.R.;Cliff Steven S.;Cahill Thomas A.;Perry Kelvin D.
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.590-603
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    • 2006
  • Size-and time-resolved aerosol samples were collected using an eight-stage Davis rotating unit for monitoring (DRUM) sampler from 23 March to 29 April 2001 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the super sites of Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment(ACE-Asia). These samples were analyzed using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for 3-hr average concentrations of 19 elements including Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, and Pb. The size-resolved data sets were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) technique to identify possible sources and estimate their contributions to particulate matter mass. PMF analysis uses the uncertainty of the measured data to provide an optimal weighting. Twelve sources were resolved in eight size ranges($0.09{\sim}12{\mu}m$) and included continental soil, local soil, sea salt, biomass/biofuel burning, coal combustion, oil combustion, municipal incineration, nonferrous metal source, ferrous metal source, gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, and volcanic emission. The PMF result of size-resolved source contributions showed that natural sources represented by local soil, sea salt, continental soil, and volcanic emission contributed about 79% to the predicted primary particulate matter(PM) mass in the coarse size range ($1.15{\sim}12{\mu}m$) while anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion and biomass/biofuel burning contributed about 58% in the fine size range($0.56{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$). The diesel vehicle source contributed mostly in ultra-fine size range($0.09{\sim}0.56{\mu}m$) and was responsible for about 56% of the primary PM mass.

Magmatism and Metamorphism of the Proterozoic in the Northeastern Part of Korea : Petrogenetic and Geochemical Characteristics of the Okbang Amphibolites (한국(韓國) 북동부지역(北東部地域) 원생대(原生代)의 화성활동(火成活動)과 변성작용(變成作用) : 옥방(玉房) 앰피볼라이트의 암석성인(岩石成因)과 지구화학적(地球化學的) 특징(特徵))

  • Chang, Ho-Wan;Lee, Dong-Hwa;Park, Kye-Hun
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.489-498
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    • 1993
  • The Okbang amphibolites occurring as sill-shaped bodies within the Precambrian Wonnam Group have been studied in terms of geochemical characteristics for their tectonomagmatic environments. The amphibolites fall in the ortho-amphibolite fields in Ni and Cr versus Cu diagrams. They belong to subalkaline and tholeiitic series in total alkali versus silica and ternary AFM diagrams, respectively. They show the compositional variation corresponding to the differentiation trend of tholeiitic suites. In discrimination diagrams using high-field-strength elements such as Ti, Zr, Nb and Y, the amphibolites show geochemical affinities to both of volcanic-arc tholeiites and normal (depleted) mid-oceanic ridge tholeiites. The REE patterns of the amphibolites are nearly flat and extremely similar to those of back-arc tholeiites. $(La/Yb)_{CN}$ ratios vary from 0.89 to 2.02 with an average value of 1.23. Such low light-REE abundances in the amphibolites suggest that they were derived from the upper mantle source depleted in these elements. In view of geochemical characteristics showing strong enrichments of incompatible elements such as K and Rb, distinctive negative Nb anomalies, depletions of light-REE observed also in normal (depleted) mid-oceanic ridge tholeiites, and unfractionated immobile elements such as Y and Yb, the tholeiitic magmas, from which the parent rocks of the amphibolites were formed, would be generated from a depleted upper mantle source and contaminated by continental crustal materials en route to surface. Tectonomagmatic environment for the amphibolites can be assumed to be continental back-arc basin.

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