• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권7호
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• pp.2348-2356
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• 2021

As a relatively new radiation imaging method, the cosmic-ray muon scattering imaging technology can be used to prevent nuclear smuggling and is of considerable significance to nuclear safety. Proposed in this paper is a new reconstruction algorithm based on density clustering, aiming to improve inspection quality with better performance. Firstly, this new algorithm is introduced in detail. Then in order to eliminate the inequity of the density threshold caused by the heterogeneity of the muon flux in different positions, a new flux correction method is proposed. Finally, three groups of simulation experiments are carried out with the help of Geant4 toolkit to optimize the algorithm parameters, verify the correction method and test the inspection quality under shielded condition, and compare this algorithm with another common inspection algorithm under different conditions. The results show that this algorithm can effectively identify and locate nuclear material with low misjudging and missing rates even when there is shielding and momentum precision is low, and the threshold correcting method is universally effective for density clustering algorithms.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2006

X선은 강한 투과성과 직진성으로 인하여 비파괴 검사법으로써 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고건축물과 같은 목조 건축물에 사용되고 있는 구조부재의 열화를 현장에서 탐지할 수 있는 비파괴 검사법을 개발할 목적으로 X선 CT시스템의 적용가능성을 검토하였다. 먼저 이전 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 CT영상을 구성하는 체계를 확립하고, 얻어진 CT영상을 실제 부재의 단면 형태와 비교함으로써 개발된 시스템의 적용가능성을 확인하였다. 개발된 X선 CT시스템의 적용을 통해 결함의 형태와 크기, 위치뿐만 아니라 결함에서의 밀도 또한 비교적 정확하게 탐지할 수 있음이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 건축물에서 사용되고 있는 목재 부재에 열화가 발생하였을 경우에, 열화 발생의 원인을 파악하고 그에 따른 효과적인 대처방안을 수립하는데 있어서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 그러나 현재의 시스템은 개발 초기단계로 측정에 따른 소요시간이나 측정회수, 측정 정밀도에 있어서 여러 제약을 받는다. 따라서 이러한 제약을 극복하기 위한 추가적인 연구가 요구된다.

• 세라미스트
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.402-416
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• 2019

The development of next-generation secondary batteries, including lithium-ion batteries (LIB), requires performance enhancements such as high energy/high power density, low cost, long life, and excellent safety. The discovery of new materials with such requirements is a challenging and time-consuming process with great difficulty. To pursue this challenging endeavor, it is pivotal to understand the structure and interface of electrode materials in a multiscale level at the atomic, molecular, macro-scale during charging / discharging. In this regard, various advanced material characterization tools, including the first-principle calculation, high-resolution electron microscopy, and synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, have been actively employed to understand the charge storage- and degradation-mechanisms of various electrode materials. In this article, we introduce and review recent advances in in-situ synchrotron-based x-ray techniques to study electrode materials for LIBs during thermal degradation and charging/discharging. We show that the fundamental understanding of the structure and interface of the battery materials gained through these advanced in-situ investigations provides valuable insight into designing next-generation electrode materials with significantly improved performance in terms of high energy/high power density, low cost, long life, and excellent safety.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 1980

To compare three-phase 12-pulse full-wave X-ray generators with single-phase full-wave X-ray generators on their performance of outputs, authors studied the generating X-ray by means of exposure dose and radiographic density. The results were as follows; 1. The exposure doses of three-phase full-wave X-ray generators showed a 30%-60% increase as compared against of single-phase full-wave generators. 2. The transmitted doses of three-phase full-wave generators were more increased than single-phase full-wave X-ray generators. 3. To obtain the same density, 60kVp in three-phase full-wave generators were equivalent to $60{\sim}65kVp$ in single-phase full-wave generators, and 100kVp in those generators were equivalent to $100{\sim}125kVp$ in these generators.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2002년도 제3회 최신 분말제품 응용기술 Workshop
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• pp.25-37
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• 2002

The most important industrial application of gamma radiation in characterizing green compacts is the determination of the density. Examples are given where this method is applied in manufacturing technical components in powder metallurgy. The requirements imposed by modern quality management systems and operation by the workforce in industrial production are described. The accuracy of measurement achieved with this method is demonstrated and a comparison is given with other test methods to measure the density. The advantages and limitations of gamma ray densitometry are outlined. The gamma ray densitometer measures the attenuation of gamma radiation penetrating the test parts (Fig. 1). As the capability of compacts to absorb this type of radiation depends on their density, the attenuation of gamma radiation can serve as a measure of the density. The volume of the part being tested is defined by the size of the aperture screeniing out the radiation. It is a channel with the cross section of the aperture whose length is the height of the test part. The intensity of the radiation identified by the detector is the quantity used to determine the material density. Gamma ray densitometry can equally be performed on green compacts as well as on sintered components. Neither special preparation of test parts nor skilled personnel is required to perform the measurement; neither liquids nor other harmful substances are involved. When parts are exhibiting local density variations, which is normally the case in powder compaction, sectional densities can be determined in different parts of the sample without cutting it into pieces. The test is non-destructive, i.e. the parts can still be used after the measurement and do not have to be scrapped. The measurement is controlled by a special PC based software. All results are available for further processing by in-house quality documentation and supervision of measurements. Tool setting for multi-level components can be much improved by using this test method. When a densitometer is installed on the press shop floor, it can be operated by the tool setter himself. Then he can return to the press and immediately implement the corrections. Transfer of sample parts to the lab for density testing can be eliminated and results for the correction of tool settings are more readily available. This helps to reduce the time required for tool setting and clearly improves the productivity of powder presses. The range of materials where this method can be successfully applied covers almost the entire periodic system of the elements. It reaches from the light elements such as graphite via light metals (AI, Mg, Li, Ti) and their alloys, ceramics ($AI_20_3$, SiC, Si_3N_4, $Zr0_2$, ...), magnetic materials (hard and soft ferrites, AlNiCo, Nd-Fe-B, ...), metals including iron and alloy steels, Cu, Ni and Co based alloys to refractory and heavy metals (W, Mo, ...) as well as hardmetals. The gamma radiation required for the measurement is generated by radioactive sources which are produced by nuclear technology. These nuclear materials are safely encapsulated in stainless steel capsules so that no radioactive material can escape from the protective shielding container. The gamma ray densitometer is subject to the strict regulations for the use of radioactive materials. The radiation shield is so effective that there is no elevation of the natural radiation level outside the instrument. Personal dosimetry by the operating personnel is not required. Even in case of malfunction, loss of power and incorrect operation, the escape of gamma radiation from the instrument is positively prevented.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.49.2-49.2
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• 2012

We present an investigation of X-ray hot gas halo in 12 isolated early-type galaxies from cross-matched sample of XMM-Newton and SDSS DR 7(0.025 < z < 0.08588 and Mr <-19.5). Isolated galaxies that the separation between galaxy and the closest neighbor is farther than its virial radius are not affected by environments, and their X-ray hot gas halo can be studied without contribution of intragalactic medium in all circumstances. We find that isolated galaxies in low density have correlation of $L_X-L_R$ and those in high density have no trend. This suggests that internal process is much effective in low density and environmental effects play important role of this relationship in high density. We also find the galaxies affected by environments in the large scale structure. In this paper, we report preliminary results for the study.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.50-50
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• 2011

The aluminum nitride films were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering using an AlN ceramic target. The crystallinity, grain size, Al-N bonding and thermal conductivity were investigated in dependence on the plasma power densities (4.93, 7.40, 9.87 W/$cm^2$) during sputtering. High thermal conductivity is important properties of A1N passivation layer for functioning properly in thermal inkjet printhead. The crytallinity, grain size, Al-N bonding formation and chemical composition were observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The AlN thin film was changed from amorphous to crystalline as the power density was increased, and the largest grain size appeared at medium power density. The near stoichiometry Al-N bonding ratio was acquired at medium power density. So, we know that the AlN thin film had better thermal conductivity with crystalline phase and near stoichometry Al-N bonding ratio at 7.40 W/$cm^2$ power density.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.282-288
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• 1999

목적: 골밀도는 DXA 기종에 따라 그 측정치의 차이가 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있어 현재 널리 사용중인 Lunar EXPERT-XL과 Hologic QDR 4500-A에서 측정된 골밀도의 차이를 비교하고 그 차이를 보정할 수 있는 교차보정식을 구하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 109명의 여성(평균 나이; $55{\pm}11$년)을 대상으로, 같은 날 대상 환자의 제2-4 요추와 대퇴골 경부를 Lunar EXPERT-XL과 Hologic QDR 4500-A로 각각 촬영하여 얻어진 측정 영역(area)과 골무기질양(BMC), 골밀도(BMD)와 정상 골밀도 참고치에 대한 백분율의 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 측정영역, 골무기질양, 골밀도와 정상 골밀도 참고치에 대한 백분율에 대해 각각 선형 회귀 분석으로 교차 보정식(cross-calibration equation)과 상관 계수(R), 표준 예측 오차(SEE)를 구하였다. 결과: Lunar 기종으로 측정한 제2-4 요추와 대퇴골경부의 골밀도(각각 평균 $0.955{\pm}0.17g/cm^2$, $0.767{\pm}0.131g/cm^2$)가 Hologic 기종으로 측정한 값보다(각각 $0.851{\pm}0.144g/cm^2$, $0.649{\pm}0.108g/cm^2$) 각각 평균 13%와 19% 높았다. 골무기질양과 정상 골밀도 참고치에 대한 백분율도 Lunar 기종에서 모두 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.001), 측정영역은 두 기종간의 차이가 없었다(p>0.05), 두 기종간 골밀도는 높은 상관관계(r>0.95)를 보였고 교차 보정식은 제2-4 요추에서 Lunar=1.1297${\times}$Hologic-0.0027, 대퇴골 경부에서 Lunar=1.1556${\times}$Hologic+0.0182 이었다. 결론 두 DXA 기종간의 골밀도 측정치는 서로 차이가 있었으나 높은 상관 관계를 보여 교차 보정식을 얻을 수 있었다. 이 교차 보정식은 환자의 추적 검사상 불가피하게 다른 기종으로 검사를 받은 경우나 하나의 기종으로 검사를 받은 연구 집단의 결과를 다른 기종으로 검사한 연구 집단의 결과와 비교 분석시 유용하리라 생각한다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1994

The structure of the magnetic funnel element in the intermediate polar is considered in terms of an important site for the X-ray absorption and the reemission of the X-ray as the optical light. In this paper the column density and the optical depth vary with the filling factor, which is introduced to characterize the structure of matter in the magnetic funnel element. The results of the energy dependence of the X-ray spectrum and the modulation depth of the X-ray light curve are discussed.

• 치과방사선
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.87-94
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of scatter radiation to dental x-ray film with long time-exposure in the different structures of the tooth, by using pinhole camera. For this study, pinhole camera, skull with tooth, and pocket dosimeter were used. The radiation with 70 and 90kVp and exposure time (minimum: 2.5 min., maximum 10 hrs.) was projected to the film in the pinhole camera. And density of the obtained x-ray film was measured with densitometer. In the intra-oral film taking, the amount of exposure of the scatter radiation affecting the thyroid gland area was measured with the dosimeter at the thyroid gland. The density of radiographs was compared in radiation projected with or without the metal cone of dental machine. The effect of the back scatter radiation to the film was also evaluated when the lead foil was removed. The obtained results were as follows: 1. A pinhole camera was a valuable device for locating the source of x-ray. 2. The scatter radiation affected the dental x-ray film when the radiation source was exposed. more than 5 hours'. In that case, the density of the scatter radiation could be observed visually. 3. The scatter radiation caused by short exposure of dental radiation didn't affect the diagnostic quality of the dental x-ray film. 4. The differences of densities between the tooth and the soft tissue according to exposure time showed 0.16 in 5 hours' exposure & 0.17 in 10 hours' exposure at 70 kVp & 0.12 in 5 hours' exposure & 0.13 in 10 hours' exposure at the 90kVp. 5. The differences of densities between the tooth and the soft tissue according to kVp showed no difference between 5 hours' exposure of tooth at 70 kVp and soft tissue at 90 kVp, but showed 0.05 high density in tooth when 10 hours' exposure at 90 kVp. 6. No difference of density was on radiographs taken with or without dental machine cone. 7. Back scatter radiation was recorded image of radiographs for only 3 min. 8. The amounts of the scatter radiation exposed to the thyroid gland in intraoral film taking were 1.12 mr in upper anterior, 0.55 mr in upper posterior, 2.75 mr in lower anterior, and 1.92 mr in lower posterior teeth.