• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2022

The total bacteria count is significantly important factor for hygienic quality in raw milk. BactoScan FM^TM and BactoCount IBC^TM are the automated instruments for the determination of the total bacterial count in raw milk. They have been used after calibration by standard plate count (SPC) method in South Korea since 2000. It is necessary to re-evaluate for total bacterial counter according to the improvement of milk quality and the change of milk quality grade. Therefore, this study was evaluated the conversion mode of the two machines by SPC method. We collected 921 bulk-tank milk samples throughout the concentration range of 1,000~1,000,000 CFU/mL from June 2020 to October 2021. As a result, when compared by the SPC value, there was a slight difference in total bacterial count in BactoScan below 10,000 CFU/mL and above 200,000 CFU/mL and in BactoCount above 100,000 CFU/mL, respectively. Therefore, the conversion factor for BactoScan and the conversion equation for BactoCount were newly adjusted based on SPC value, and then the correlation coefficients (R²) was 0.85 or higher. In addition, the correlation (R²) between BactoScan and BactoCount was 0.91, which means the results were high positive correlation. These results are expected to contribute to improving the accuracy of the automated instruments for determining of total bacterial count in raw milk.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1991

Antibiotic residues of raw milks collected in Anyang area were tested by TTC-reduction test, EEC-4plate method and TLC(SOS-kit ) method to improve and monitor the quality of milk. Antibiotic substances were not detected from 100 raw milk samples, but sulfamethazine was detected from only one sample(1.3PPM) by SOS test. Unclassified anti-microbic substances were detected from 22 samples by EEC-4 plate method. EEC-4 plate test was useful to categorize the species of antibacterial substances and SOS test was useful to detect the sulfamethazine field screening test.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1258-1264
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• 2009

In this study, effects of feeding Holstein cows with TMR feed, which includes un-dried citrus byproducts, on the nutritional components of their raw milk were investigated. Two kinds of raw milk from primipara cows and multipara cows were used for the experiment: T0 (raw milk produced by dairy cows not fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts) and T1 (raw milk produced by dairy cows fed with TMR feed including citrus byproducts). For both primipara and multipara cows, there was no statistically meaningful difference between T0 and T1 in terms of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash contents or caloric content. T1 showed a lower amount of cholesterol in raw milk for both primipara and multipara cows, which was especially statistically meaningful in multipara cows (p<0.05). Regarding mineral contents in raw milk, T1 showed significantly higher amounts of Na and S in primipara cows, and Na, Cu, Fe, S in multipara cows, respectively. For both primipara and multipara cows, there were no statistically meaningful differences between T0 and T1 in terms of the total amount of amino acids in the raw milk, the composition of saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid, vitamin A, E, $B_2$ or $\beta$-carotene, while T1 showed significantly higher levels of vitamin $B_1$ in primipara cows than T0.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2001

The most important task in Korean dairy industry is to keep the seasonal and annual balance of raw milk supply and demand. Too much surplus milk supply which causes dumping sale of market milk makes dairy industries get in trouble of management, and eventually affects to farmers and consumers economically. As balancing of supply and demand is so important in the fee economic market system, the adaption of the quota system of milk production and seasonal price differentiation has been recommended very often as a method of controlling the milk supply and demand. However, this recommendation did not go through successfully due to the strong objection of dairy farmers. Recently, the voice of consumer's requirement for safer and more hygienic, and high protein, low fat level dairy product is getting stronger. By knowledge of this kind changes, quality improvement in nutrients and hygiene is the most positive way to expand the volume of milk consumption. To meet the consumer's demand, therefore, it is necessary to revise the level of milk fat content and the hygienic grading system for the payment system of raw milk.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 1976

1. Three hundred and thirty three strains of thermoduric bacteria from raw milk, H.T.S.T. sterilized milk and U.H.T. sterilized milk in the market were isolated after heat treatment at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. 2. By microscopical and physiological examination, including the tests for proteolysis and lipolysis, the isolates were identified as 125 strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus, 69 strains as Bacillus coagulans, 57 strains as Bacillus subtilis, 76 strains as Bacillus cereus and 3 strains as Lactobacillus thermophilus. 3. The susceptibility of the selected thermoduric strains to heat, the vegetative cells of some strains in skim milk survived the heat treatment at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes or $85^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes but not survived at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.7-11
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• 2010

In recent times, antimicrobial resistance has been a concern because of its relation to national health and food safety. In this study, we reviewed the management of antibiotics and antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms in domestic and foreign countries and analyzed microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance in dairy farms and raw milk. The isolates from dairy farms were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus chromogens, Escherichia coli, Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Enterobacter spp., and Kluyvera intermedia. Rummeliibacillus stabekisii, Paenibacillus badius, Pantoea agglomerans, B. oleronius, B. fusiformis, and B. badius were isolated from feed E. coli and Kurthia gibsonii, from feces and S. pasteuri, S. aureus, S. chromogenes, and Salmonella spp., from raw milk. Pathogens isolated from dairy farms and raw milk were tested for susceptibility to 20 types of antibiotics. E. coli (EAEC) and E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC) isolated from dairy farms, E. coli (EAEC) isolated from feces, and Salmonella spp. isolated from raw milk showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. These results show that antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms should be more effectively managed to improve the safety of dairy farms.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2008

To develop the somatic cell counting NIR Spectrum method within a range of 400-2500 nm, eosin-Y, methyl red, methylene blue, resazurin and amido black 10B were tested at 0.01% in raw milk. The PLS (Partial Least Square) results are summarized as follows: Correlation coefficients of the calibration model measurements by NIR spectroscopy in raw milk for eosin-Y, methyl red, methylene blue, resazurin and amido black 10B were 0.78, 0.65, 0.63, 0.65, 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the prediction model measurements by NIR spectroscopy in raw milk for eosin-Y, methyl red, methylene blue, resazurin and amido black 10B were 0.49, 0.21, 0.36, 0.47, 0.95 and 0.98 respectively. Based on these results, amido black 10B was the best additive for the NIRS somatic cell count method.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.540-544
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• 2012

During heat treatment and storage of milk, deteriorative reaction takes place, which consequently influence on the milk quality. In this study, formation of lactulose and furosine under different thermal conditions and storage conditions, and the ratio of lactulose and furosine (LU/FU) in presence of reconstituted milk powder were determined to establish chemical indicators for heat damages of milk and the adulteration of fresh milk in dairy field. The lactulose and furosine contents linearly increased with increased heating temperature and heating time. It showed high correlation between the formation of lactulose and furosine, and the treatment temperature and time (p<0.05). The lactulose and furosine concentration of HTST milk and UHT milk noticeably increased during storage at $30^{\circ}C$, but there was no noticeable increase of lactulose and furosine concentration at lower storage temperature. In the raw milk, the lactulose and furosine contents greatly increased with the addition of reconstituted milk. The increase level of furosine was much higher than that of lactulose, which consequently resulted in the lower LU/FU ratio in milk as increase of added reconstituted milk amounts. As comparing with raw milk, there was more than twice reduction in LU/FU ratios after the addition of reconstituted milk (p<0.05). It can be concluded that lactulose and furosine are suitable milk quality indicators of heat damage and for demonstrating improper addition of reconstituted milk powder.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1069-1080
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• 2000

The Korean dairy industry has been growing rapidly during the last decade, and then, the milk payment systems encourage farmers to feed and breed for higher quality of raw milk. In this study, the differences in milk payments with regard to price determin

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

Although milk, which is a representative western food, has a more than 100-year history in Korea, the preference is controversial. This study examined the milk history of Choseon in 1884~1938. This period was divided into 4 periods regarding the westerner's records and advertisements. Westerners who visited Choseon in 1884~1895 ($1^{st}$ period) recorded the eating habits of Choseon,i.e., no milk consumed, even in insufficient food situation. Among the westerners, medical missionaries began to show or/and recommend condensed milk for sick children. In 1896~1909 ($2^{nd}$ period) newspapers, general shops in Hanseong for westerners showed advertisements of dairy products. In the 1900s, condensed and raw milk were advertised through newspapers. Domestic ranching systems to produce raw milk were established at that time mainly by Japanese. In the 1910s ($3^{rd}$ period), raw milk and condensed milk were advertised in newspapers. Since the mid-1920s ($4^{th}$ period), dairy products were bisected into condensed and powdered (dried) milk. Moreover, many Japanese manufacturers appeared in the advertisement in the 1920s. These results suggest that milk has been recognized as a symbol of an enlightenment food in Korea since the late 1900s, but the old negative wisdom, unfamiliar taste, and high price of milk at that time limited its appeal.