• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2007

This study investigates learners' perception on their engagement in rating activities in the EFL essay-writing context. The current study aims to address the answers to the following research questions: 1) What attitude do students show about their participation in the rating tasks? and 2) which of three aspects (e.g. the degree of rating experience, the exposure to English composition instruction and learning, and proficiency level) significantly influences learners' rating activities? 104 EFL learners participated in the rater training session. After participants finished rater training session, they rated three sample essays and peer essays using the given scoring guide. Based on the analysis of survey responses that students made, students showed positive attitude toward their engagement in rating tasks. For research question 2, only L2 writing proficiency seriously affected students' perception on the rating tasks. Advanced level of subjects did not feel stressed by a grade of peers as low level of subjects did. They were also critical about the benefits of self- and peer-assessment, suggesting that a peer's feedback on their own essay was not so useful and that a self-rating does not fully help learners identify their writing proficiency.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.53-64
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• 1992

A nurse is give much weight in the professions of hospital.The effective achievement of a goal of hospital organization needs to get nurses to contribute the structure positively through the rational personnel management of the nurses.The operation of performance rating system is necessary to improve because the nurses hold negative opinions about the resonable management of that system in most Korean hospitals.Therefore, the prupose of this research was to suggest an efficient method to solve the problem in connection with the management of nurses performance rating system.The results of the study are summarized as follows.1. As the performance rating implies the evaluation of employee's functional accomplishment and ability, and essential condition of the job was surveyed according to the job analysis of nursing activities and nurse position.That is to say, Nusrses' performances and capability is estimated in comparision with the condition of the job. 2. It is required adequacy for evaluation factors in performance rating.That is, $\circled1$ as for those who work in psychiatry or newborn baby room they should be appraied in terms of different factors from those applicable to whom work in a general staffs. $\circled2$ Evaluation factors should be concrete so that the quality and quantity of work and the potential ability of them can be correctly appraised. 3. In order to realize the object of perfamance rating system, the training on chief nurses are quite important. Also, careful practices and continuous supplementary training are required before the system is introduced.First of all, the appropriate evaluation can be mad by continuing to record the rating objects every day for the purpose of obtaining the objectivity of rating. 4. In course of transfering of the position and training, the induction of self-rating system and presentation of self-description is required to supplement functionally the performance rating system. 5. For the efficiency of nurses' performance rating system, the results of performance rating system must be reflected in promotion, allocation and training course, which makes the nurses have the motives and the organization accomplish the goal of modern nursing through its activation.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-47
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• 2006

Even after significant changes in the financial market due to the financial crisis the corporate debt markets have seen created turmoil caused such as by Daewoo, Hyundai, and credit card companies in the financial system. These lagging improvements of corporate debt markets are mainly due to inadequate market infrastructure. Specifically, the credit rating agencies have not been successful in providing proper and timely information on the loan repayment abilities of debtors. This study analyzes past performance of credit rating agencies in Korea and tries to develop policy implications to improve the role of credit rating agencies based on the recent discussions on credit rating agencies by academics and the SEC. In addition, this study focuses on unique operation environments of Korean credit rating agencies, which have kept credit rating agencies from providing fair, timely, and useful information. To warrant proper operation of credit rating agencies, it is essential to cope with unique problems in Korean credit rating agencies. We classify the unique problems of Korean credit rating agencies into ownership and governance structure, conflict of interests due to ancillary fee-based business, legal recognition of credit rating in the court, and code of conduct problem, etc. and propose policy directions to improve the quality and credibility of credit ratings.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.569-578
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• 2017

Objective: The purposes of this experiment are an analysis of accuracy between target force level and subjective rating for the Target Force Level and an analysis of the patterns of subjective rating depending on target force level when there is no feedback from males for analysis. Background: The study of perceived exertion about the static contraction is processed with using among the matching procedure method between contralateral limbs, Exertion vs. Borg CR-10 scale and Exertion vs. %MVC (Maximum Voluntary Contraction). However, when there is no feedback, there is lack of the study on whether the subject can distinguish the subjective rating of the force depending on the target force levels. Method: Total 30 males, healthy subjects are measured the maximum grip strength, MVC, and then, each subject is measured the subjective rating and the accuracy with the random target force level (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% MVC). Results: In the MVC study, males exerted 256.87N (${\pm}51.33$). In the subjective rating of grip strength increased for each Target Force Level (9 levels), higher subjective rating evaluated (p<0.05). In accuracy examination between target force level and subjective rating of grip strength by each %MVC, 10, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90% target force levels showed accurate strength (p>0.05). However, at 20% target force level, the subjects evaluated less subjective rating of grip strength than the target force (Underestimation), and at 60% and 80% target force level, the subjects evaluated more subjective rating of grip strength than the target force (Overestimation) (p<0.05). Conclusion: In the experiment, the MVC showed 256.87N (${\pm}51.33$) for the male adults and as the subjective rating value increased for each Target Force Level (9 levels), higher subjective rating evaluated (p<0.05). Moreover, the results of the accuracy test between target forces and subjective rating of the subjects showed that most participants rated a fairly accurate assessment of subjective rating of grip strength for Target Force Level (9 levels), except for 20%, 60%, and 80%MVC. Application: This experimental result would be used for basic data for the subjective rating of grip strength pattern by the target force level when the voluntary muscle is contracted.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 1991

This study is directed for the development of rational rating models for realistic safety assessment and the computer rating system for highway bridges. For this purpose, the conventional rating system is considerably improved in appropriate way, and a rational rating system based on the reliabilty method is proposed to estimate safety of deteriorated bridges by using only the visual inspection data or the statistical data available. In addition. the rating system which can assess the realistic allowable passing tonnage of military vehicles in case of the military operations is also presented. From this study, it is known that the presented rating system and the computer program BRS(Bridge Rating System) provide an effective tool which can handle the degree of deterioration and various uncertainities of the bridge systematically. so it can be used widely for assessment of safety and load carrying capacity of existing deteriorated or damaged bridges.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.257-262
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• 2001

As computer-related technologies have been developed, legacy design systems have not been appropriate for new computing environment. Therefore, it is necessary that most of them are either modified or newly developed. However, this requires quite much amount of cost and time. This paper presents a method of extending legacy design system without modification using XML and XSLT. In order to apply the developed method, a good example of legacy design systems, AGMA gear rating system has been extended so as to be suitable for the distributed computing environment. An XML document for AGMA gear rating process is defined. It is transformed to the form of the input document of AGMA gear rating system by XSLT processor according to the transformation rules defined in the AGMA gear rating XSLT document. After that, AGMA gear rating system reads this input document and generates an output document in the server. These operations are automatically executed by the external legacy system controller without user interactions. Using these operations, AGMA gear rating web service has been developed based on SOAP and WSDL to provide the functions of legacy AGMA gear rating system through the distributed network. Any system or user can implement AGMA gear rating process independently to the platform type, without making it for oneself, by simply referring the AGMA gear rating web service via Internet.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2003

In order to rate current bridge load carrying capacity, typically two methods are used. These are Allowable Stress Rating (ASR) and Load Factor Rating (LFR). Using the rating factors, there are many attempts to make a connection between rating factors and probability concept. The main purpose of the paper is computing the probability of overload using rating factors and probability concept. In this paper, the load rating methods are briefly explained, and the probability concept is connected to rating factors by using live load from Weigh-in-Motion (WIM). Based on the live load model and rati ng factor, the computation procedure of the probability of overload is explained.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2019

In the Korean capital market, there are three credit rating agencies. Potential credit ratings based on credibility in the financial market are calculated independently for each rating agency. It often happens that despite the fact that the grades of the rating agencies are the same and have the same rating system, their actual ratings are different, even for the same firm. In such circumstances, investors may wonder why. In this study, we assume that the cause is the information environment in which the company operates. The credit ratings of rating agencies are mainly classified into bonds or commercial papers. The bonds are rated primarily for long-term of three years or more, and commercial papers specify ratings for less than one year. The information environment to be verified in this study was observed with a commercial paper. Under the assumption the larger the analyst following is, the more transparent is the information environment, we analyzed the influence of the number of analysts following on the degree to which ratings conflicted among credit rating agencies. The results of our analysis confirmed that opinion conflict among credit rating agencies is clearly reduced for companies with good information environments.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.119-135
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• 2018

Currently, Korean firms are making a lot of effort to invest in research and development (R&D) by spending a lot of development costs in order to cope with the 4th industrial revolution. On the other hand, the capital market of Korea, which is the main source of funding, has caused a lot of cost of capital for firms by its reorganization mainly with safe assets in the experience of foreign exchange crisis at the end of 1997, the sub-prime mortgage crisis in 2007 and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Thus, this study empirically analyzed the effect of development expenses on credit rating and firm value. The credit rating was measured by commercial paper(CP) credit rating which is sensitive for investors in terms of risk because it is issued only by the credit of the firms. Firm value was defined as Tobin's Q, which has been widely used in prior studies. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows; Firstly, development expenses did not affect credit rating. Development expenses are recognized as intangible assets for uncertainty of economic benefits and long-term investment. Thus, it seems that there is no effect of development expenses on CP credit rating as CP credit rating is evaluated by short-term credit rating.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

Our study adds to the body of knowledge about the relationship between credit ratings and the capital structure of bond issuers. Using Bloomberg and Datastream databases and employing panel regression models, we study the capital structure changes of Japanese enterprises after credit rating changes by global rating agencies (S&P and Moody's) as well as their local counterparts (R&I and JCR) from 1998 to 2016. We find that after rating downgrades, Japanese enterprises considerably reduce net debt or net debt relative to net equity, similar to the findings of Kisgen (2009), who focused on U.S. industrial firms. They do not, however, make adjustments to their financial structure as a result of rating improvements. In comparison to downgrades by S&P and Moody's, Japanese corporations issue 1.89 percent less net debt and 1.50 percent less net debt relative to net equity after R&I and JCR rating downgrades. To put it another way, Japanese companies consider rating adjustments made by local agencies to be more significant than those made by global rating organizations. Our findings contradict earlier research that suggests S&P and Moody's are more prominent in the investment community than R&I and JCR in Japan.