• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.62-69
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• 2014

Background: Neuromodulation therapy has been used to an adjunctive treatment promoting motor recovery in stroke patients. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neurobehavioral recovery and evoked potentials in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods: Seventy Sprague-Daley rats were induced permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model and successful stroke rats (n=56) assigned to the rTMS (n=28) and sham (n=28) group. The 10 Hz, high frequency rTMS gave on ipsilesional forepaw motor cortex during 2 weeks in rTMS group. The somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were used to evaluate the electrophysiological changes. Behavioral function of the stroke rat was evaluated by the Rota rod and Garcia test. Results: Forty rats ($N_{rTMS}=20;\;N_{sham}=20$) completed all experimental course. The rTMS group showed better performance than sham group in Rota rod test and Garcia test at day 11 (p<0.05) but not day 18 (p>0.05). The amplitude of MEP and SSEP in rTMS group was larger than sham group at day 18 (p<0.05). Conclusions: These data confirm that the high frequency rTMS on ipsilesional cerebral motor cortex can help the early recovery of motor performance in permanent middle cerebral artery stroke model and it may simultaneously associate with changes in neurophysiological activity in brain.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.55-58
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• 2011

It is important to study using experimental animals for research about stroke. Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) is avaluable diagnosticmethods for stroke diagnosis. The purpose of this research is to know the Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and histopathological characteristics findings after induction of photothrombotic cerebral infarction in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, Rose Bengal dye(20 mg/kg) was intravenously injected. The right sensonrimotor cortex of rat brain was exposed to cold light of 7 mm diameter at a position of 1 mm anterior and 3.5 mm lateral to bregma for 20 min. The post-infarction effects were monitored by T1 weighted and T2 weighted images of brain MRI. Histopathological changes were observed after Hematoxylin & Eosin staining. The lesion appeared clearly high signal intensity area on T2 weighted images(the major axis $7.04{\pm}0.11$ mm, the minor axis $3.08{\pm}0.04$ mm) and also H&E staining was same result. In conclusion, MRI was avaluable diagnostic methods for diagnosis and serial changes of stroke.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2023

Mitochondria are important organelles that regulate adenosine triphosphate production, intracellular calcium buffering, cell survival, and apoptosis. They play therapeutic roles in injured cells via transcellular transfer through extracellular vesicles, gap junctions, and tunneling nanotubes. Astrocytes can secrete numerous factors known to promote neuronal survival, synaptic formation, and plasticity. Recent studies have demonstrated that astrocytes can transfer mitochondria to damaged neurons to enhance their viability and recovery. In this study, we observed that treatment with mitochondria isolated from rat primary astrocytes enhanced cell viability and ameliorated hydrogen peroxide-damaged neurons. Interestingly, isolated astrocytic mitochondria increased the number of cells under damaged neuronal conditions, but not under normal conditions, although the mitochondrial transfer efficiency did not differ between the two conditions. This effect was also observed after transplanting astrocytic mitochondria in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. These findings suggest that mitochondria transfer therapy can be used to treat acute ischemic stroke and other diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2012

Purpose : This study is intended to examine the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function in the focal ischemic stroke rat model. Methods : This study selected 30 Sprague-Dawley rats of 8 weeks. The groups were divided into two groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. Control group: Non-treatment after injured by focal ischemic stroke; Experimental group: application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(0.1 Tesla, 25 Hz, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/2 week) after injured by focal ischemic stroke. To assess the effect of rTMS, the passive avoidance test, spatial learning and memory ability test were analyzed at the pre, 1 day, $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day and immunohistochemistric response of BDNF were analyzed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus at $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. Results : In passive avoidance test, the outcome of experimental group was different significantly than the control group at the $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. In spatial learning and memory ability test, the outcome of experimental group was different significantly than the control group at the $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, experimental groups was more increased than control group. Conclusion : These result suggest that improved cognitive function by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after focal ischemic stroke is associated with dynamically altered expression of BDNF in hippocampal dentate gyrus and that is related with synaptic plasticity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.635-640
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• 2016

Recent evidence indicates that the ephrin receptors and ephrin ligands (Eph/ephrin) expression modulate axonal reorganization and synaptic plasticity in stroke recovery. To investigate the effect of task-specific training (TST) on Eph/ephrin expression in the corticospinal tract (CST) after stroke, we compared Eph/ephrin expression in the peri-infarct cortex, pyramid, and spinal cord of a photothrombotic stroke model of rat brains treated with or without TST. The TST treatment showed significantly better recovery in the behavioral tests compared with no treatment. The significant upregulation of ephrin-A1 and ephrin-A5 observed in activated astrocytes of the CST at 2 weeks' post-stroke was decreased by TST. At 5 weeks, post-stroke, the elevated ephrin-A5 levels were decreased in the ipsilateral pyramid and spinal cord by TST. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was upregulated concomitantly with the altered ephrin expression after stroke, and the expression of these proteins was attenuated by TST. These data suggest that TST alters the expression of ephrin ligands in the CST after stroke.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.580-588
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• 1989

The potential for enhancing myocardial protection by adding high-energy phosphate to cardioplegic solutions [St. Thomas Hospital solution] was investigated in a rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic arrest. Creatine phosphate was evaluated as an additive to the St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution. Creatine phosphate 10.0 mmol/L as the optimal concentration which improved recovery of aortic flow and cardiac output after a 30 minute period of normothermic [37oC] ischemic arrest. In comparing mechanical function in both groups the mean postischemic recoveries of aortic flow, cardiac output, stroke volume and stroke work [expressed as a percentage of its preischemic control] were significantly greater in STH-CP group than in CP- free control group. In addition to improving function and decreasing CK release, CP reduced reperfusion arrhythmias significantly decreasing the time between cross-clamp removal and return to regular rhythm from 81.8 * 13.9 [sec] in CP-free group to 35.9 * 6.8 [sec] in CP group [P< 0.05] so, exogenous CP exerts potent protective and antiarrhythmic effects when added to the St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution. However, the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2013

Objective: The present study was aimed at determining the effect of physical training on glutamate transporter activity in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemia injury rat model. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In this study, we randomly divided them into three groups. Group I included non-occlusion sham controls (n=10), Group II included non-physical training after MCAO (n=10), and Group III included rats that were subjected to physical training after MCAO (n=10). Rats in the physical training group underwent treadmill training, which began at 24 h after MCAO and continued for 14 consecutive days. The training intensity was gradually increased from 5 m/min on the first day to 12 m/min on day 3, and it was maintained until day 14. Focal cerebral ischemia was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by using the MCAO model. We determined the functional outcomes for each rat on days 1, 7, and 14. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) activity in the cortex of rats from all three groups was examined at the end of the experiment. Results: Out result show that MCAO rats exhibited severe neurological deficits on the 1 day, and there was no statistically significant in each groups. We observed that the functional outcomes were improved at days 7 and 14 after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and GLT-1 activity was increased in the physical training group (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results indicated that physical training after focal cerebral ischemia exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury by improving motor performance and increasing the levels of GLT-1 activity.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.193-200
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• 2011

This study is intended to examine the tDCS and Montoya stair task(MST) on sensorimotor recovery and glial scar expression in MCAo induced stroke model of rat. To achieve this goal, this study selected 80 SD rats of 8 weeks. The experiment groups were divided them into four groups, and assigned 20 rats to each group. Group I was a experimental control group; GroupII was a tDCS application group after MCAo; Group III was a MST application group after MCAo; Group IV was a tDCS and MST application group after MCAo. In each group, neurological function test measurement, motor behavior test, montoya stair task test, immunohistochemistric finding of GFAP expression finding were analyzed. In motor behavior test, the outcome of group I was significantly difference than the other group, especially from 14days. In montoya stair task test, the outcome of group I was significantly lower than the other group especially, group II were significantly different on 14days and group IV was most significantly difference than the other group. In immunohistochemistric finding, group II, III, IV were decrease GFAP expression on depend on time stream. These results throughout the MCAo due to focal ischemic brain injury rat model four weeks tDCS and MST was applied, when the neurobehavioural, upper extremity function and ability, histopathologic data suggest that sensorimotor function recovery and a positive influence on glial scar decrease and confirmed that.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-273
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate effect of scalp acupuncture (SA) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) intervention on neuromotor function in photothrombotic cerebral infarction (PCI) rat model. Sixty male SD rats were used. PCI was induced on M1 cortex of right frontal lobe. SA was performed at the Qianding (GV21), Xuanli (GB6) acupoints of ipsilesional M1. Low-frequency rTMS was delivered to contralesional M1. All rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A, normal (n, 15); group B, PCI without any stimulation intervention (n, 15); group C, PCI with SA (n, 15); group D, PCI with rTMS (n, 15). Rota-rod test and Ladder rung walking test (LWT) were done weekly for 8 weeks after PCI. SA or rTMS was started from post-PCI 4^th day as protocol for 8 weeks. H/E stain and IHC were done. Western blot and qRT-PCR study were performed for MAP2 and BDNF from ipsilesional M1 peri-infarction tissue. Brain MRI study was conducted to quantify the volume of cerebral infarction. As a result, left forelimb and hindlimb function significantly improved more in group C and D than control group, with expressed more BDNF and MAP2. And brain MRI showed focal infarction of right M1 after PCI, and infarction volume progressively decreased in group C and D than group B from post-PCI 5^th to 8^th week. SA or rTMS was more effective than no intervention group on neuromotor function of PCI rat model. The functional recovery was associated with stimulation intervention-related neurogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.544-550
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• 2016

Objective : Cerebral endothelial cells have unique biological features and are fascinating candidate cells for stroke therapy. Methods : In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of human cerebral endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) transplantation in a rat stroke model, we performed proteomic analysis using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Protein expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Results : Several protein spots were identified by gel electrophoresis in the sham, cerebral ischemia (CI), and CI with hCMEC/D3 treatment cerebral ischemia with cell transplantation (CT) groups, and we identified 14 differentially expressed proteins in the CT group. Proteins involved in mitochondrial dysfunction (paraplegin matrix AAA peptidase subunit, SPG7), neuroinflammation (peroxiredoxin 6, PRDX6), and neuronal death (zinc finger protein 90, ZFP90) were markedly reduced in the CT group compared with the CI group. The expression of chloride intracellular channel 4 proteins involved in post-ischemic vasculogenesis was significantly decreased in the CI group but comparable to sham in the CT group. Conclusion : These results contribute to our understanding of the early phase processes that follow cerebral endothelial cell treatment in CI. Moreover, some of the identified proteins may present promising new targets for stroke therapy.