• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2000

본 연구는 전자현미경적인 방법을 이용하여 흰쥐 기관지와 폐조직에 미치는 간접흡연의 영향을 조사하였다. 실험동물은 1일 3회씩 매회 15분간, 4주 동안 비주류 담배연기를 흡입하도록 하였다. 간접흡연 그룹의 폐조직에서는 세포질내에 다수의 용해소체을 함유하고 있는 중성구, 그리고 다양한 크기의 용해소체와 잔사체를 함유하는 대식 세포가 관찰되었다. 또한 폐포격벽은 팽대되었으며 섬유화현상이 나타났다. 기관지상피는 섬모상피세포가 점차 소실되었고, 분비세포 또는 배상세포들은 그 수가 증가하였으며, 섬모가 소실되고 표면적이 확장된 배상세포도 관찰되었다. 본 연구결과 이러한 미세구조의 변화는 간접흡연에 의한 세포상해의 전형적인 결과로 파악된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2004

급성폐손상 중 가장 심한 형태인 급성호흡곤란증후군(ARDS)의 원형으로 사용되는 패혈증 모델에서 $PLA_2$의 억제제로 알려진 flavonoid 계열의 rutin이 폐장에 미치는 효과를 확인해봄으로써 ARDS의 치료제로써의 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 본 실험 결과 각 group간 폐장의 무게는 내독소 투여군이 대조군보다 현저히 높게 나타났으며, rutin을 전처리한 군은 내독소 투여군과 비교하여 폐장의 무게가 감소하였다. 또, MPO, 폐포세척액(BALF)내 단백함량과 호중구의 수를 측정한 결과, 내독소를 투여한 군은 대조군보다 증가하였으나 rutin을 전처리한 군은 현저히 감소하였고, 조직학적 및 미세구조적 관찰에서도 내독소를 투여한 군에서 나타나는 혈관주위의 부종, 폐포강내의 호중구의 축적 및 무기폐, 폐포세포의 괴사와 lamellar body의 공포화 현상과 같은 전반적인 병리학적 소견이 감소하였다. 폐장내 산소기 형성의 관찰 결과, rutin 투여군에서는 내독소 군에 비해 cerrous perhydroxide granules이 감소함으로써 rutin에 의해 산소기의 형성이 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 이러한 실험 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 내독소에 의한 급성폐손상은 호중구의 활성화에 따른 산화적 스트레스 때문이라고 사료된다. 뿐만 아니라 $PLA_2$의 억제제인 rutin을 전처리함으로써 폐장의 손상이 유의하게 감소하였다는 점은 $PLA_2$가 호중구의 활성화에 매우 중요한 인자라고 생각되며, 기존의 사용되어지고 있는 ARDS의 치료법은 효과가 크지 않으므로 본 실험 결과 입증되어진 rutin은 앞으로 ARDS의 효과적인 치료제로써 사용될 수 있는 가능성이 매우 높다고 사료된다.. 반면 selenium 용액을 비강점막에 직접 도포한 i.n 실험군에서는 i.p 실험군과 같이 후각점막에서 강한 AMG 반응이 관찰되었을 뿐만 아니라 이러한 반응이 기저막내 후각실의 주행을 따라 관찰되었다. 투과전자현미경으로 관찰된 후각상피에서는 AMG 과립이 지지세포의 세포 상층부에서 관찰되는 분비과립에 국한되는 소견이며, 이곳에서 관찰된 AMG은 과립(silver grains)은 원형 또는 난원형으로 그 크기는 다양하였다. 반면 세포체 하부에서 관찰된 AMG grains은 주로 용해소체위에서 밀집되어 관찰되었으며, 핵주변부 및 세포사이공간(intercellular space)에서는 AMG grains이 낱개로 구분, 관찰되었다. 한편 i.n 실험군에서 관찰된 후각점막의 전반적인 구조가 손상된 소견을 보였으며, 지지세포의 위쪽에서는 전자밀도가 높고 간상의 crystalloid structure가 다수 관찰되었고, 이들 구조에 다수의 AMG 과립이 붙어 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 랫드 후각점막에 존재하는 zinc는 지지세포의 분비과립과 후각세포의 축삭다발인 후각실에서 관찰되었는데 이는 zinc가 후각기능과 매우 밀접한 관련있음을 시사하며, 이는 향후 후각기능과 zinc의 연관성을 연구하는데 소중한 자료가 될 것으로 믿는다. 또한 본 연구의 결과는 후각점막의 이상으로 나타나는 여러 가지 질환의 병리에서 zinc가 영위하는 신경생물학적 기능을 밝히는데 유용한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.과 호르몬의 주기적인 분비에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.%o보다 20%o, 30%o에 적응(適應)된 개체의 신장조직(腎臟組織)에서 더많이 발생되었다. 틸라피아의 신사구체(腎絲球體)는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; LPS control (n=6), LPS+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at BL23 (n=6, BL23), LPS+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at CV12 (n=6, CV12), and LPS+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at GV4 (n=6, GV4). Pharmacopuncture was given every two days for 4 weeks followed by inflammation induction by intraperitoneal LPS injection (5mg/kg). Blood, liver tissue, and peritoneal lavage fluid were taken and proinflammatory cytokines and other related factors were analysed. Results : For proinflammatory cytokines, CV12 pharmacopuncture group was significantly different compared with the control group in plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-10 5 h after LPS injection (P<0.05). For plasma IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6, CV12 pharmacopuncture group also showed significant difference at 2 h compared with the control (P<0.05). GV4 pharmacopuncture group was significantly different compared with the control at 5 h in plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ and at 2 h in IL-10 (P<0.05). Liver cytokines were analyzed at 5 h after LPS injection; only CV12 pharmacopuncture group showed significant difference in IL-$1{\beta}$ (P<0.05) and others including IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-10 had no difference compared with the control group. CD4/CD8 ratio and the phagocytic activities of polymorphonuclear neutrophils were not different from those of control group in all pharmacopuncture groups (P>0.05). Plasma NO3-/NO2- and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 of CV12 pharmacopuncture group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In the plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2, all 3 pharmacopuncture groups had significantly lower values than that of the control group (P<0.05), but there was no difference among pharmacopucnture groups. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and cytokine-induced neutorphil chemoattractant-1 in peritoneal lavage fluid was significantly decreased in CV12 pharmacopuncture group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions : These results indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at CV12 may have a potent anti-inflammatory effect in an LPS-induced inflammatory rat model.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2008

Objectives : To investigate the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) at GB34 on hepatotoxicity in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. Methods : Rats were injected with $CCl_4$ and treated with acupuncture or 2 Hz electro-acupuncture (EA) at left GB34 three times a week for 10 weeks. A non-acupoint in left gluteal area was selected as a sham point. To estimate the effects of EA on hepatotoxicity in rats, body weight, liver weight and liver index were measured, and biochemical assays for serum ALT, AST, ALP and total cholesterol, and hematological analysis for RBC, WBC, PLT, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, and histology analysis of liver tissue were performed. Results : 1. Lymphocyte level in blood was significantly decreased by $CCl_4$-intoxication and significantly increased by acupuncture and 2 Hz EA at left GB34. 2. Neutrophill and monocyte level in blood was increased by $CCl_4$-intoxication and significantly reduced by acupuncture and 2 Hz EA at left GB34. 3. Acupuncture and 2 Hz EA at left GB34 significantly reduced serum ALT and AST which were increased by $CCl_4$-intoxication. 4. EA at GB34 significantly reduced serum ALT and AST as compared with EA at sham point in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rat. 5. No significant difference was found between the effects of acupuncture and that of 2 Hz EA on $CCl_4$-induced liver damage in rats. Conclusions : 2 Hz EA at GB34 has hepatoprotective effects on $CCl_4$-induced liver damage in rats and the point-specificity of GB34 may be involved in these effects.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mast cells and their product, histamine and leukotriene in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. (Group I: Control group without ischemia, Group II: Normal saline with ischemia, Group III: Cimetidine with ischemia, Group IV: Zafirlukast with ischemia) Skin flap was elevated and ischemic insult was given by clamping the artery for 12 hours. Before reperfusion, the rats were treated with saline, cimetidine and zafirlukast. Flap survival was evaluated at 7 days. Neutrophil counts, mast cell counts were evaluated 24 hours after reperfusion. Results: Flap survival rate in the control group was 92.33%, whereas normal saline group had 37.34% survivals. Cimetidine and zafirlukast treated group showed significantly higher survival rates than normal saline group. The neutrophil and mast cell counts in cimetidine and zafirlukast treated group were significantly decreased than normal saline group. Cimetidine treated group showed higher survival rate and lower cell counts than zafirlukast treated group. Conclusion: The administration of cimetidine and zafirlukast can decrease neutrophils and mast cells caused by ischemia-reperfusion and increase flap survivals. It is suggests that antihistamine and leukotriene receptor antagonist have protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury to skin flap in rat.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.270-280
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• 1994

This study was conducted to evaluate the repeated dose toxicity of DA-3030, a recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor(rhG-CSF), in rats. DA-3030 was administered intravenously once a day for 4 weeks to 20 males and 20 females per group at doses of 0(control), 115 and 1150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and to 15 males and 15 females per group at doses of 1.15 and 11.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. After the administration period, 5 males and 5 females per group in the 0,115 and 1150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg groups were placed on withdrawal for 2 weeks. Through-out the study, all the rats survived. The administration of DA-3030 induced, a marked increase in the number of peripheral neutrophils, elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and splenomegaly in the rats of both sexes receiving 115 or 1150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. Histopathologic examination revealed extramedullary granulopoiesis in spleen and liver, and increase in the number of activated macrophages in spleen in rats of both sexes in 115 and 115 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg groups, and increased M/E ratio in 11.5, 115 and 1150$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg groups. Most of the changes produced by DA-3030 were thought to be attributable to exaggerated pharmacological effect of the drug, and subsided or disappeared after the recovery period. Under the present condition, no effect dose of DA-3030 is estimated at 1.15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.170-192
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was carried out to research antioxidant effects of Sagunja-Tang(SA) through in vitro and vivo experiments, and tried to investigate the relation between oxidation of tissues and deficiency of Qi. Methods and results : HPLC analysis of glycyrrhizine - known to be the main compound of Radix Glycyrrhizae - was done to certify the quality of SA. Chemiluminescence was initiated by adding tort-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) to rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils), and generated reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion) decreased significantly by SA as dose dependent manner. Cell injury during 60 minutes tissue incubation was initiated by adding t-BHP, a hydrophobic hydroperoxide and $H_2O_2$, an water soluble oxidant to rat renal cortical and liver slices. Percentage cell death and lipid peroxidation were estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation. t-BHP induced % cell death of renal cortical slices and lipid peroxidation of renal cortical and liver slices were decreased significantly by SA. SA decreased significantly % cell death and lipid peroxidation of renal cortical and liver slices induced by $H_2O_2$, too. Acute renal and liver injury induced by $HgCl_2\;and\;CCl_4$, which initiated from free radical, were applied to mice and metabolic data were obtained. Data showed protective effects of SA on acute renal injury caused by decrease of glomerular filtration. SA protected acute liver injury too. Conclusions Through this study, we found that SA have antioxidant effects and tissue oxidation was similar to deficiency of Qi. And further studies have to be followed to certify the mechanisms.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2011

The object of this study was to observe the effects of Scutellariae Radix (SR) aqueous extracts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat acute lung injury. Five different dosages of SR extracts were orally administered once a day for 28 days before LPS treatments, and then 5 hours after lipopolysaccharide treatment, all rats were sacrificed. 8 groups, each of 16 rats per group were used in the present study. Changes on the body weights, lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit, arterial gas parameters (pH, $PaO_2$ and $PaCO_2$) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) contents, total cell numbers, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), proinflammatory cytokine TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-1${\beta}$ contents were observed with histopathology of the lung, changes on luminal surface of alveolus (LSA), thickness of alveolar septum, number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The results were compared with a potent antioxidant ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid, 60 mg/kg, in which the effects on LPS-induced acute lung injury were already confirmed. The results obtained in this study suggest that over 125 mg/kg of SR extracts showed favorable effects on the LPS-induced acute lung injury, and 250 mg/kg of SR extracts resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome mediated by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and .as similar to ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid in the present study. Therefore, it is expected that SR will be showed favorable effects on the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Phaseoli Semen Herbal-acupuncture(PS-HA) at $KI_{10}$ in acute nephritis induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in rat. Methods : The rats were divided into 5 groups, which were control, LPS, PS-HA, NP and saline group. LPS, PS-HA, NP and saline groups were given LPS to induce acute nephritis and control group did not receive LPS. LPS group did not receive any treatment after the onset of acute nephritis. PS-HA, NP and saline group received PS-HA, normal acupuncture, and saline injection at $KI_{10}$ three times per week, respectively. To evaluate the effect of PS-HA at $KI_{10}$, the complete blood count, BUN, creatinine, TNF-${\alpha}$, and CINC-1 in serum were measured. To show its effect on renal function, creatinine, and total protein in urine was measured as well as urine output. The level of myeloperoxidase in renal tissue was quantified and complete histology was done in kidney samples obtained from the rats. Results : PS-HA group showed a significant reduction in the proportion of WBC and neutrophil, serum BUN, TNF-${\alpha}$, and CINC-1 compared to LPS group. Furthermore, a significant increase in urine output and a decrease in urinary creatinine level, MPO in renal tissue, and number of neutrophils at glomerulus was observed in PS-HA group compared to LPS group Conclusions : PS-HA at $KI_{10}$ was shown to have a significantly effect on treating LPS induced acute nephrits. Therefore, future study is needed to further evaluate the clinical usefulness of PS-HA at $KI_{10}$ in treating acute nephritis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.109-126
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• 2009

Objectives: To investigate the effects of Chrysanthemum indicum L. pharmacopuncture on lipids, antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammation in rats fed high-fat diet. Methods: Hyperlipidemic rats induced by high-fat diet were divided into 5 groups: no treatment control (normal, n=8), high-fat diet only control (control, n=8), high-fat diet and Chrysanthemum indicum L. pharmacopuncture at CV4 group (TI, n=8), high-fat diet and Chrysanthemum indicum L. pharmacopuncture at CV17 group (TII, n=8), and high-fat diet and Chrysanthemum indicum L. pharmacopuncture at EX-HN3 group (TIII, n=8). They were given pharmacopuncture accordingly every other day for two weeks followed by analyses of lowering lipids effects, oxidative capacity and anti-inflammatory effects. Results: Compared with the control, pharmacopuncture groups showed significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC), liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, neutrophils, monocytes, plasma and liver IL-$1{\beta}$, and plasma and liver IL-6. In other parameters including plasma and liver triglyceride, liver TC, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, liver TBARS, supraoxide dismutase, total protein, albumin, blood cell analysis, plasma and liver TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-10, there was no significant difference between control and pharmacopuncture groups. No clear acupoint-specificity was observed. Conclusions: Chrysanthemum indicum L. pharmacopuncture may improve control of hyperlipidemia.