• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.556-563
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• 2015

Chinese cabbage is one of the most important vegetables in Korea and a target crop for market stabilization as well. Remote sensing has long been used as a tool to extract plant growth, cultivated area and yield information for many crops, but little research has been conducted on Chinese cabbage. This study refers to the derivation of simple Chinese cabbage growth prediction equation by using RapidEye derived vegetation index. Daesan-myeon area in Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea is one of main producing district of Chinese cabbage. RapidEye multi-spectral imagery was taken on the Daesan-myeon five times from early September to late October during the Chinese cabbage growing season. Meanwhile, field reflectance spectra and five plant growth parameters, including plant height (P.H.), plant diameter (P.D.), leaf height (L.H.), leaf length (L.L.) and leaf number (L.N.), were measured for about 20 plants (ten plants per plot) for each ground survey. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for each of the 20 plants was measured using an active plant growth sensor (Crop $Circle^{TM}$) at the same time. The results of correlation analysis between the vegetation indices and Chinese cabbage growth data showed that NDVI was the most suited for monitoring the L.H. (r=0.958~0.978), L.L. (r=0.950~0.971), P.H. (r=0.887~0.982), P.D. (r=0.855~0.932) and L.N. (r=0.718~0.968). Retrieval equations were developed for estimating Chinese cabbage growth parameters using NDVI. These results obtained using the NDVI is effective provided a basis for establishing retrieval algorithm for the biophysical properties of Chinese cabbage. These results will also be useful in determining the RapidEye multi-spectral imagery necessary to estimate parameters of Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2012

The current inquiry was conducted to assess the change in sleep architecture after long periods of administration to determine whether ginseng can be used in the therapy of sleeplessness. Following post-surgical recovery, red ginseng extract (RGE, 200 mg/kg) was orally administrated to rats for 9 d. Data were gathered on the 1st, 5th, and 9th day, and an electroencephalogram was recorded 24 h after RGE administration. Polygraphic signs of unobstructed sleep-wake activities were simultaneously recorded with sleep-wake recording electrodes from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for 6 h. Rodents were generally tamed to freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Although the 1st and 5th day of RGE treatment showed no effect on power densities in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the 9th day of RGE administration showed augmented ${\alpha}$-wave (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) power densities in NREM and REM sleep. RGE increased total sleep and NREM sleep. The total percentage of wakefulness was only decreased on the 9th day, and the number of sleep-wake cycles was reduced after the repeated administration of RGE. Thus, the repeated administration of RGE increased NREM sleep in rats. The ${\alpha}$-wave activities in the cortical electroencephalograms were increased in sleep architecture by RGE. Moreover, the levels of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits of the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor were reduced in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. The level of glutamic acid decarboxylase was over-expressed in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE increases NREM sleep via $GABA_A$ergic systems.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2009

Longanae Arillus (the rind of fruits of Dimocarpus longan) has been consumed for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety in Asia. To provide further scientific basis to traditional uses of this fruit on insomnia, we evaluated the effects of methanol extract of Longanae Arillus (MELA) on the alteration of sleep architecture and electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra in acutely and chronically restraint-stressed rats. Following postsurgical recovery, Polygraphic signs of sleep-wake activities were recorded for 24 h after MELA administration in rats. Rats in the acute stress and chronic stress were administered with MELA for 10 days. On the $8^{th},\;9^{th}\;and\;10^{th}$ day of MELA administration, the rats were stressed for 3 h once per day. On the $10^{th}$ day and 1 h after MELA administration, the rats were stressed once for 22 h in the chronic stress group. Acute and chronic stress induced alternations in cortex EEG recordings during non-rapid eye movement (NREM), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. MELA shortened the total and REM sleep and increased the wakefulness in night time recording without changing daytime recordings. Chronic stress increased wakefulness and REM sleep, decreased total and NREM sleep in the daytime recording, and increased REM and decreased NREM sleep without changing total sleep and wakefulness in night time recording. These findings suggest that MELA ameliorated the alterations in REM and NREM sleep of acutely and chronically stressed rats via modulation of cortical ${\alpha}-$, ${\theta}-$ and ${\delta}-$ wave activity.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2014

While utilizing high resolution satellite image for land use classification has been popularized, object-oriented classification has been adapted as an affordable classification method rather than conventional statistical classification. The aim of this study is to extract the paddy field area using object-oriented classification with time series NDVI from high-resolution satellite images, and the RapidEye satellite images of Jaeryung-gun in North Korea were used. For the implementation of object-oriented classification, creating objects by setting of scale and color factors was conducted, then 3 different land use categories including paddy field, forest and water bodies were extracted from the objects applying the variation of time-series NDVI. The unclassified objects which were not involved into the previous extraction classified into 6 categories using unsupervised classification by clustering analysis. Finally, the unsuitable paddy field area were assorted from the topographic factors such as elevation and slope. As the results, about 33.6 % of the total area (32313.1 ha) were classified to the paddy field (10847.9 ha) and 851.0 ha was classified to the unsuitable paddy field based on the topographic factors. The user accuracy of paddy field classification was calculated to 83.3 %, and among those, about 60.0 % of total paddy fields were classified from the time-series NDVI before the unsupervised classification. Other land covers were classified as to upland(5255.2 ha), forest (10961.0 ha), residential area and bare land (3309.6 ha), and lake and river (1784.4 ha) from this object-oriented classification.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2008

The present investigation was performed to evaluate the homeostatic regulation of sleep architecture by the ethanol extract of Korea red ginseng (KRG), since the available data were often controversial. In addition, it was also interested in whether the sleep-wake stages were differently affected by low and high doses of KRG. Each adult Wistar male rat was implanted with a transmitter for recording EEG and activity via telemetry. After one week of surgery, polygraphic signs of undisturbed sleep-wake activities were recorded for 12 h (between 9:00 am and 9:00 pm) after KRG administration. KRG (10 and 100 mg/kg) increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep as well as total sleep. The total percentages of wakefulness were decreased comparably. KRG (10 mg/kg) decreased the power density of the ${\delta}-wave$ (0.75-4.5 Hz) and increased ${\alpha}-wave$ (8.0-13.0 Hz) in the NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. KRG also decreased ${\delta}-wave$ power density in wake time. However, KRG (100 mg/kg) increased ${\delta}-wave$ and decreased ${\theta}-wave$ (5.0-9.0 Hz) power density in wake time, while showed little effect on the power density in NREM and REM sleep. In conclusion, low and high doses of KRG increase spontaneous sleep and NREM sleep and differently regulate the EEG spectra in REM and NREM sleep.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2015

지상의 모든 물체는 고유의 분광 반사율을 갖고 있으며, 이러한 특성을 이용하여 지상 물체의 분류와 목표물 탐지 등이 가능하다. 정확한 분석을 위해서는 취득된 원격탐사 자료를 분광 반사율로 변환해야 한다. 이를 위한 절대복사보정 기법으로는 자료 제공 기관에서 명시한 변환 수식을 이용하는 방법, 지상에서 측정한 분광 반사율만으로 단순 경험적 회귀 분석을 이용하는 방법, ATCOR/FLAASH 같은 수학적 모델을 이용하는 방법 등이 있다. 본 연구에서는 CASI 초분광 영상의 분광 반사율 자료를 이용하여 RapidEye 위성영상의 대리복사보정을 수행하고, 그 결과를 다른 복사보정 기법 결과 및 지상 자료와 비교하였다. 실험 결과 제안 기법이 ATCOR 및 New Kurucz 2005 기법보다 높은 유사성을 보였으며, 일반적으로 활용되는 ELM 기법과 유사한 결과를 도출하였다.

• Architectural research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2020

Numerous scholars have explored the modeling, control, and optimization of energy systems in buildings, offering new insights about technology and environments that can advance industry innovation. Eye trackers deliver objective eye-gaze data about visual and attentional processes. Due to its flexibility, accuracy, and efficiency in research, eye tracking has a control scheme that makes measuring rapid eye movement in three-dimensional space possible (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality). Because eye movement is an effective modality for digital interaction with a virtual environment, tracking how users scan a visual field and fix on various digital objects can help designers optimize building environments and materials. Although several scholars have conducted Virtual Reality studies in three-dimensional space, scholars have not agreed on a consistent way to analyze eye tracking data. We conducted eye tracking experiments using objects in three-dimensional space to find an objective way to process quantitative visual data. By applying a 12 × 12 grid framework for eye tracking analysis, we investigated how people gazed at objects in a virtual space wearing a headmounted display. The findings provide an empirical base for a standardized protocol for analyzing eye tracking data in the context of virtual environments.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 1999

Eye movements serve vision by placing the image of an object on the fovea of each retina, and by preventing slippage of images on the retina. The brain employs two modes of ocular motor control, fast eye movements (saccades) and smooth eye movements. Saccades bring the fovea to a target, and smooth eye movements prevent retinal image slip. Smooth eye movements comprise smooth pursuit, the optokinetic reflex, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), vergence, and fixation. Saccades achieve rapid refixation of targets that fall on the extrafoveal retina by moving the eyes at peak velocities that can exceed $700^{\circ}/s$. Various brain lesions can affect saccadic latency, velocity, or accuracy. Smooth pursuit maintains fixation of a slowly moving target. The pursuit system responds to slippage of an image near the fovea in order to accelerate the eyes to a velocity that matches that of the target. When smooth eye movements velocity fails to match target velocity, catch-up saccades are used to compensate for limited smooth pursuit velocities. The VOR subserves vision by generating conjugate eye movements that are equal and opposite to head movements. If the VOR gain (the ratio of eye velocity to head velocity) is too high or too low, the target image is off the fovea, and head motion causes oscillopsia, an illusory to-and-fro movement of the environment.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.581-590
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• 2014

With rapid land development, land category should be updated on a regular basis. However, manual field surveys have certain limitations. In this study, attempts were made to extract a feature vector considering spectral signature by parcel, PIMP (Percent Imperviousness), texture, and VIs (Vegetation Indices) based on RapidEye satellite image and cadastral map. A total of nine land categories in which feature vectors were significantly extracted from the images were selected and classified using SVM (Support Vector Machine). According to accuracy assessment, by comparing the cadastral map and classification result, the overall accuracy was 0.74. In the paddy-field category, in particular, PO acc. (producer's accuracy) and US acc. (user's accuracy) were highest at 0.85 and 0.86, respectively.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.26-41
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• 2012

지구온난화와 함께 홍수와 가뭄 등 기후변화에 대비하기 위해서는 경지현황에 대한 신속하고 정확한 정보를 바탕으로 농업생산량을 효율적으로 관리, 예측, 대비하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 시 도 규모 이상의 넓은 지역을 대상으로 농촌지역 토지피복도 제작을 지원할 수 있는 영상분류 알고리즘 개발을 목표로 객체기반 영상분석기법의 활용가능성과 한계를 검토해 보았다. 추가적인 공간자료의 사용이 최소화된 상태에서 다중시기 RapidEye 위성영상의 분광정보 활용가능성을 테스트해 보고자 하였으며, 사례연구지인 김제지역 일대($1,300km^2$)에 대한 토지피복 분류 정확도는 80.3%로 양호하게 나타났다. 분석에 사용된 RapidEye의 6.5m 공간해상도는 대체로 작은 규모로 경작되는 우리나라 경지의 공간적 특성 추출이 가능하다는 것을 보여주었으며, 객체기반의 영상분석 기법은 분석가의 전문지식을 분류과정에서 다양한 방법으로 구현해냄으로써 영상정보 활용의 최적화를 꾀할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 또한, 기개발된 영상분류 알고리즘을 저장하고, 분석목적에 맞게 세부 변수들을 조정하여 다른 지역 또는 다른 영상에 응용할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 하지만, 객체기반 영상분류의 근간이 되는 영상분할 과정은 정량적으로 명확히 설명되지 않는 경우가 많아 분석자의 경험과 전문지식을 바탕으로 최선의 결과를 도출하는 것이 요구된다.