• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is endemic in swine, and classified into influenza A and influenza C but not influenza B. Swine influenza A includes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3 subtypes. Infection of SIV occurs in only swine and that of S-OIV is rare in human. What human can be infected with S-OIV is called as zoonotic swine flu. Pandemic 2009 swine influenza H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) was emerged in Mexico, America and Canada and spread worldwide. The triple-reassortant H1N1 resulting from antigenic drift was contained with HA, NA and PB1 of human or swine influenza virus, PB2 and PA polymerase of avian influenza virus, and M, NP and NS of swine influenza virus, The 2009 H1N1 enables to transmit to human and swine. The symptoms and signs in human infected with 2009 H1N1 virus are fever, cough and sore throat, pneumonia as well as diarrhea and vomiting. Co-infection with other viruses and bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can occur high mortality in high-risk population. 2009 H1N1 virus was easily differentiated from seasonal flu by real time RT-PCR which contributed rapid and confirmed diagnosis. The 2009 H1N1 virus was treated with NA inhibitors such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) but not with adamantanes such as amantadine and rimantadine. Evolution of influenza virus has continued in various hosts. Development of a more effective vaccine against influenza prototypes is needed to protect new influenza infection such as H5 and H7 subtypes to infect to multi-organ and cause high pathogenicity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1548-1554
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• 2008

The market of silver precious metal clay (PMC) is promising as its application for agile metal craft. The property of suitable hardness and shrinkage as well as environment-safe is strictly required as people make the final product with bare hands. We propose a silver PMC with new organic binder made of palm oil, glycolic acid and water. Then we prepared disk specimen of our proposed PMC and well-known commercial PMC. We investigated the hardness, weight change, linear shrinkage, density and micro structure evolution with sintering temperature of $700{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ ($50^{\circ}C$ gap) for 15minutes. We confirm our proposed PMC has suitable property for craft product comparable for commercial PMC, and the optimum sintering condition is $850^{\circ}C$-15minutes for metal craft application.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1049-1058
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• 2017

The rapid evolution of mobile technologies and proliferation of mobile devices have created a new channel for marketing by mobile advertising. As mobile advertising is a close relative to online advertising, it also has similar problems such as advertisement injections (Ad injections). Users are exposed to unwanted advertisements and redundant web traffic by injected ads can cause additional charges of mobile devices. Although mobile ad injection can cause many problems it has been merely studied. In this paper, we analyze ad injection activities by mobile applications that exploit a legitimate application (Naver mobile application). We reverse-engineered 2 mobile applications and find out characteristics of mobile ad injections. We compare mobile ad injections with online ad injections and suggest feasible mitigations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 1997.06a
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• pp.73-101
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• 1997

Baculoviruses are characterized by large double-stranded circular DNA genomes and rod-shaped enveloped virions. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus(BmNPV) is a major pathogen, which causes severe damage in sericulture. Currently, BmNPV is recogtnized as an improtant tool in molecular biology, especially for expression of useful genes in B.mori cells and silkworm larvae. Our laboratories have focused on the studies of the molecular mechanisms of BmNPV replication and the application of BmNPV to agriculture and medicine. The entire nucleotide sequence of the BmNPV genome has recently determined. The BmNPV genome possessed 135 putative genes and 7 homologous repeated sequence (hrs) regions. Relatively little space, a few to a few hundred base-pairs, was observed between the open reading frames and hrs. Termination codons often overlapped. These results showed a compactly packde BmNPV genome. Based on comparative sequence analyses, we speculated that the ancestor of BmNPV was a baculovirus similar to Autographa californica NPV(AcNPV). The function of the BmNPV genes were characterized by gene deletion analysis; p35 was found to be involved in blocking apoptosis and cysteine proteinase was found to be involved in horizontal virus transmission by degrading viral-infected larval host. By AcNPV and BmNPV coinfection experiments, we identified a BmNPV gene involved in expanding host specificity of AcNPV. The identified gene was likely encoded a DNA helicase based on the amino acid sequence analysis; a few amino acid substitutions in the putative DNA helicase gene resulted in the expansion of host range of AcNPV. These findings indicate that BmNPV evolved within a short period from an AcNPV-like ancestral virus due to rapid evolution including specific amino acid substitutions and gene deletions/insertions.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2019

Since the late 20th century, there has been rapid development in the display industry. Only 30 years ago, we used big cathode ray tube displays with poor resolution, but now most people use televisions or smartphones with very high-quality displays. People now want images that are more realistic, beyond the two-dimensional images that exist on the flat screen, and digital holography-one of the next-generation displaysis expected to meet that need. The most important parameter that determines the performance of a digital hologram is the pixel pitch. The smaller the pixel pitch, the higher the level of hologram implementation possible. In this study, we fabricated the world-smallest $3-{\mu}m$-pixel-pitch holographic backplane based on the spatial light modulator technology. This panel could display images with a viewing angle of more than $10^{\circ}$. Furthermore, a comparative study was conducted on the fabrication processes and the corresponding holographic results from the large to the small pixel-pitch panels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.798-801
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• 2014

Nowadays, the demand for multimedia services has grown with the rapid evolution in the digital era. But due to external causes in the process of processing, transmitting and storing image data, the images are damaged. One of the major causes of such damage is known to be noise. Some of the most commonly used methods for removing noise are CWMF(center weighted median filter), A-TMF(alpha-trimmed mean filter) and AWMF(adaptive weighted median filter). However, these filters all leave a bit to be desired in removing noise in a complex noise environment. Therefore this paper suggest an image restoration filter algorithm that first judges the noise and sets a adjustment weight based on the median value and distance of the mask to remove the complex noise. For an objective analysis, the results were compared against existing methods and the PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio) was used as a reference.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.257-267
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• 2021

Constraints on the structure and composition of the active layer are important for understanding permafrost evolution. Soil convection owing to repeated moisture-induced freeze-thaw cycles within the active layer promotes the formation of self-organized patterned ground. Here we present the results of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys across a selected sorted circle near King Sejong Station, Antarctica, to better delineate the active layer and its relation to the observed patterned ground structure. We acquire GPR data in both bistatic mode (common mid-points) for precise velocity constraints and monostatic mode (common-offset) for subsurface imaging. Reflections are derived from the active layer-permafrost boundary, organic layer-weathered soil boundary within the active layer, and frozen rock-fracture-filled ice boundary within the permafrost. The base of the imaged sorted circle possesses a convex-down shape in the central silty zone, which is typical for the pattern associated with convection-like soil motion within the active layer. The boundary between the central fine-silty domain and coarse-grained stone border is effectively identified in a radar amplitude contour at the assumed active layer depth, and is further examined in the frequency spectra of the near- and far-offset traces. The far-offset traces and the traces from the lower frequency components dominant on the far-offset traces would be associated with rapid absorption of higher frequency radiowave due to the voids in gravel-rich zone. The presented correlation strategies for analyzing very shallow, thin-layered GPR reflection data can potentially be applied to the various types of patterned ground, particularly for acquiring time-lapse imaging, when electric resistivity tomography is incorporated into the analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1293-1300
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• 2012

With the rapid evolution of mobile devices and the development of wireless networks, users of mobile social network service on smartphone have been increasing. Also the security of personal information as a result of real-time communication and information-sharing are becoming a serious social issue. In this paper, a framework that can be linked with a social network services platform is designed using OpenAPI. In addition, we propose an authentication and detection mechanism to enhance the level of personal information security. The authentication scheme is based on an user ID and password, while the detection scheme analyzes user-designated input patterns to verify in advance whether personal information protection guidelines are met, enhancing the level of personal information security in a social network service environment. The effectiveness and validity of this study were confirmed through performance evaluations at the end.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.149-155
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• 2021

Background: We have reported that internal deletions in the nef, gag, and pol genes in HIV-1-infected patients are induced in those treated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). KRG delays the development of resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs. Methods: The vif-vpr genes over 26 years in 20 hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 from a single source were sequenced to investigate whether vif-vpr genes were affected by KRG and KRG plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) (hereafter called GCT) and compared the results with our previous data. Results: A significantly higher number of in-frame small deletions were found in the vif-vpr genes of KRG-treated patients than at the baseline, in control patients, and in ART-alone patients (p < 0.001). These were significantly reduced in GCT patients (p < 0.05). In contrast, sequences harboring a premature stop codon (SC) were more significant in GCT patients (10.1%) than in KRG-alone patients, control (p < 0.01), and ART-alone patients (p = 0.078 for peripheral blood mononuclear cells). The proportion of SC in Vpr was similar to that in Vif, whereas the proportion of sequences revealing SC in the env-nef genes was significantly lower than that in the pol-vif-vpr genes (p < 0.01). The genetic distance was 1.8 times higher in the sequences harboring SC than in the sequences without SC (p < 0.001). Q135P in the vif gene is significantly associated with rapid progression to AIDS (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data show that KRG might induce sD in the vif-vpr genes and that vif-vpr genes are similarly affected by lethal mutations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1558-1564
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• 2019

Corporate business clusters create a borderless business network through value chains and value creation activities. Clusters in the IT sector are crossing regional boundaries because of their rapid technological development and short product life cycle. To investigate this phenomenon, we examined the value activities of IT companies. As a result, the global expansion of the case companies was limited, but they had business clusters that exceeded the regional boundaries. However, because the order of business clusters is not advanced, value activities are focused on productivity rather than innovation. Given the rapidly evolving nature of IT, it is necessary to evolve into a business cluster that can create new value. Companies must design and implement value-creating processes to develop new technologies or enter new markets, which can lead to cluster growth. Companies must design and implement value-creating processes to develop new technologies or enter new markets, which can lead to cluster growth.