• 한국동물학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.375-381
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• 1995

쥐에 sodium selenite 를 피하주사하여 연수에 분포하는 아연이 풍부한 뉴런의 세포체 위치를 autometallography 방법으로 조사하였다. 표지된 세포체의 분포양상은 앞쪽 부위에서 뒤쪽 부위까지 다양하였다. 표지된 세포체는 C1 adrenaline cells, gigantocellular reticular uncleus, inferior olive, paragigantocellular uncleus, prepositus hypoglossal uncleus, raphe obscurus uncleus, 및 reticular uncleus 부위에 나타났다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relations between Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats using peudorabies virus(PRV). Methods : We observed labeled neurons following the injection of PRV, Bartha strain, into the Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats. After survival times of 4 days following the injection of PRV, the rats were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain stem were frozen sectioned($35{\mu}m$). These sections were strained by PRV immunohistchemical staining methods and observed with light microscope. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In the spinal ganglia, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were observed in T10-13 dorsal root ganglia. 2. In the spinal cord, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were lamina I, IV, V, VII, IX, X, intermediolateral nucleus(IML), intermediomedial nucleus(IMM) in thoracic segments. In lumbar segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, IX, X and IMM. In sacral segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X. 3. In the brain, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, caudoventrolateral reticular nu., medullary reticular nu., lateral paragigantocellular nu., C3 adrenalin cells, gigantocellular nu., raphe pallidus nu., raphe obscurus nu., ambiguus nu., raphe magnus nu., pontine reticular formation, A5 cell group, subcoeruleus nu., locus coeruleus, Barringnton's nu., $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nu., dorsal raphe nu., Edinger-Westphal nu., central gray matter, perifornical nu., dorsomedial hypothalamic nu., arcuate nu., lateral hypothalamic nu., paraventricular hypothalamic nu., hindlimb area. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that the interrelationship of meridian(spleen meridian), acupoints(Sp6 and Sp9) and viscera(pancreas) may be related the central autonomic centers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 1994

The discharge patterns and peripheral nerve inputs to cardiovascular neurons were investigated in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and raphe nucleus of cats. The data from the two were compared to determine their roles in cardiovascular regulation and the endogenous analgesic system. Animals were anesthetized with ${\alpha}-chloralose$ and single cell activities were recorded by carbon-filament microelectrode and their relationships with cardiovascular activity were analyzed. In RVLM area, a total of thirty-three cells were identified as cardiovascular neurons. During one cardiac cycle, the mean discharge rate of the neurons was $1.96{\pm}0.29$ and the peak activity was observed 45 ms after the systolic peak of arterial blood pressure. Thirteen cells could be activated antidromically by stimulation of the the $T_2$ intermediolateral nucleus. Forty-three raphe neurons were identified as cardiovascular neurons whose mean discharge rate during one cardiac cycle was $1.02{\pm}0.12$. None of these cells could be activated antidromically. Study of the interval time histogram of RVLM neurons revealed that the time to the first peak was $128{\pm}20.0\;ms$, being shorter than the period of a cardiac cycle. The same parameter found from the raphe neurons was $481{\pm}67.2\;ms$, which was much longer than the cardiac cycle length. Of seventeen RVLM neurons examined ten received only the peripheral $A{\delta}-afferent$ inputs, whereas six RVLM neurons received both $A{\delta}-$ and C-inputs; the remaining one cell received an inhibitory peripheral C-input. In contrast, nine of eleven raphe neurons were found to receive $A{\delta}-inputs$ only. We conclude that the main output of cardiovascular regulatory influences are mediated through the RVLM neurons. The cardiovascular neurons in the raphe nucleus appear to serve as interneurons transferring cardiovascular afferent information to the raphespinal neurons mediating the endogenous analgesic mechanisms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.241-249
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• 1997

The aim of the present study is to examine the brainstem sites where the electrical stimulation produces a suppression of dorsal horn neuron responses of neuropathic rats. An experimental neuropathy was induced by a unilateral ligation of L5-L6 spinal nerves of rats. Ten to 15 days after surgery, the spinal cord was exposed and single-unit recording was made on wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the dorsal horn. Neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli applied to somatic receptive fields were examined to see if they were modulated by electrical stimulation of various brainstem sites. Electrical stimulation of periaqueductal gray (PAG), n. raphe magnus (RMg) or n. reticularis gigantocellularis (Gi) significantly suppressed responses of WDR neurons -to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Electrical stimulation of other brainstem areas, such as locus coeruleus. (LC) and n. reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi), produced little or no suppression. Microinjection of morphine into PAG, RMg, or Gi also produced a suppression as similar pattern to the case of electrical stimulation, whereas morphine injection into LC or LPGi exerted no effects. The results suggest that PAG, NRM and Gi are the principle brainstem nuclei involved in the descending inhibitory systems responsible for the control of neuropathic pain. These systems are likely activated by endogenous opioids and exert their inhibitory effect by acting on WDR neurons in the spinal cord.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2001

To investigate propofol's effects on ionic currents induced by ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) and glycine as well as on those produced by the nicotinic acetylcholine- and glutamate-responsive channels, rat dorsal raphe neurons were acutely dissociated and the nystatin-perforated patch-clamp technique under voltage-clamp conditions was used to observe their responses to the administration of propofol. Propofol evoked ion currents in a dose-dependent manner, and propofol $(10^{-4}\;M)$ was used to elicit ion currents through the activation of $GABA_A,$ glycine, nicotinic acetylcholine and glutamate receptors. Propofol at a clinically relevant concentration $(10^{-5}\;M)$ potentiated $GABA_A-,$ glycine- and NMDA receptor-mediated currents. The potentiating action of propofol on $GABA_A-,$ glycine- and NMDA receptor-mediated responses involved neither opioid receptors nor G-proteins. Apparently, propofol modulates inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter-activated ion channels either by acting directly on the receptors or by potentiating the effects of the neurotransmitters, and this modulation appears to be responsible for the majority of the anaesthetic and/or adverse effects.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.101-121
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation to the meridian, acupoint and nerve. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were observed following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), into the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve of the rabbit. After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, the thirty rabbits were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina V, VII, X, intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal nucleus. 2. In medulla oblongata, The PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. 3. In Pons, PRV labeled neurons were parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cochlear nucleus. 4. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons were founded in central gray matter and substantia nigra. 5. In diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were founded in lateral hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 6. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neuron were founded in hind limb area.This results suggest that PRV labeled common areas of the spinal cord projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve may be first-order neurons related to the somatic sensory, viscero-somatic sensory and symapathetic preganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled common area of the brain may be first, second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscle in gallbladder and blood vessels.These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory system monitoring the internal environment, including both visceral sensation and various chemical and physical qualities of the bloodstream. The present morphological results provide that gallbladder meridian and acupoint may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1983

뇌내 여러 신경전달물질계가 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신계(HPA)를 복잡하게 조절하고 있다는 증거가 많이 나오고 있다. 그 중에서도 5-HT(Serotonin)계의 stress시의 역할에 대해서는 많은 연구가 있어왔으나 아직 논란이 많이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 저자는 5-HT가 stress시 HPA axis를 조절하는데 필수적인 역할을 하는가를 말아보기 위해서 1) Stress전후에 5-HT의 steady state농도와 5-HT의 교체율(turnover rate) 및 합성율(synthesis rate)을 측정해 보았으며 2) 비교적 5-HT계에 특이하게 작용하는 여러 약물들을 주사한 후에 stress 반응을 측정해 보았다. 1) 1분간 ether stress 가한 직후에 시상하부와 다른 뇌부위에서의 5-HT와 5-HIAA농도는 즉각적으로 의미있게 상승하였으나 혈장 corticosterone농도는 즉각상승을 보이지 않다가 2분후에 상승을 보였다. 2) Stress(30분 immobilization & 1분 ether stress)가한 백서에서는 시상하부와 다른 뇌부위에서 5-HT합성을 혹은 교체율이 2배-4배까지 상승하였다. 3) 5-HT합성 전구물질(L-tryptophan)과 수용체 자극제 (5-MeODMT)를 투여하였을 때는 투여용량에 비례해서 혈장 corticosterone함량이 상승하였다. 4) L-tryptophan과 MAO억제제 (pargyline) 혹은 L-tryptophan과 5-MeODMT의 병합 투여로 stress시 혈장 corticosterone의 상승이 더 높게 나타났다. 5) 5-HT 합성억제제(PCPA), 5-HT 신경독약(5,7-DHT)을 투여하고 stress를 가하였을 때는 시상하부와 다른 뇌 부위에서 5-HT의 하강이 별로 나타나지 않았으며, 동시에 혈장 corticosterone의 하강도 의미있게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 midline raphe핵을 파괴하였을 때는 5-HT와 corticosterone의 하강이 나타났다. 6) 비교적 특이하게 serotonin제에 작용하는 여러 약물들을 투여한 후에 나타나는 5-T와 혈장 corticosterone함량 사이에는 상당히 높은 양의 상관관계계가 있었다(r>0.81). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼때 serotonin(5-HT)은 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신계의 스트레스반응조절에 중요한 자극적 역할을 하리라고 생각된다.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.51-51
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• 2001

Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a satiety factor that is regulated by leptin. It was reported that the mice intracerebroventricularly injected with CART showed behavioral changes resembled with the typical behavioral alterations found in the mice carrying disorders in the brain serotonergic (5-HT) system. Hence, this study was conducted to find out the relationships between CART and 5-HT. We first examined the mRNA levels of CART after the injections of para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA, 300 mg/kg i.p., single injection or daily for three consecutive days) in the rat brains by in situ hybridization using the mouse CART cDNA probe cloned in our laboratory. Systemic administrations of pCPA, a potent inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of 5-HT biosynthesis, acutely depletes the brain 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which reuptakes terminal 5-HT. Results indicated that the mRNA level of CART significantly decreased in the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic nucleus by three days of daily injection with pCPA with no noticeable change detected 24 hrs after the single injection. The message levels of 5-HTT in DRN decreased in both single and three days of injections. Secondly, to investigate whether CART affect to 5-HT, mouse genomic CART gene, which is consist of 3 exons and 2 introns and mouse neurofilament light (NF-L) chain promoter were cloned. Then, we constructed neuron specific expression vector, which was transfected into HeLa cell using lipid-mediated transfection system. Expression of GFP and CART linked to NF-L-chain promoter in the transfected HeLa cell were detected by using fluorescent microscope and RT-PCR. These results confirmed normal expression of DNA constructs in vitro. Then, to increase brain specific expression of CART in vivo transgenic mice carrying CART gene controlled the deleted NF-L-chain promoter were generated by the DNA microinjection into pronuclei of fertilized embryos. Transgenic mice were detected by Southern blot. Further study is necessary to examine CART expression and 5-HTT in these transgenic mice. Therefore, these results suggest that there maybe a positive molecular correlation between CART and 5-HT in responding to the stimuli.