• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1549-1555
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• 2014

Consider a p-variate normal distribution ($p-q{\geq}3$, q = rank($P_V$) with a projection matrix $P_V$). Using a simple property of noncentral chi square distribution, the generalized Bayes estimators dominating the James-Stein estimator shrinking towards projection vectors under quadratic loss are given based on the methods of Brown, Brewster and Zidek for estimating a normal variance. This result can be extended the cases where covariance matrix is completely unknown or ${\sum}={\sigma}^2I$ for an unknown scalar ${\sigma}^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.198-208
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• 2000

Objectives：This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the attachment promotion program which was designed to promote attachment between autistic children and their mothers. The program was consisted of play activity centered mother-child interaction, educational activity for mothers by lecture, video-feedback session, and emotional supports. Methods：The subjects were consisted of 11 pairs of mother and child(7 for participant group：PG, 4 for non-participant group：NPG), who were 2-4 years-old autistic children. The data were collected by video-taping, behavioral observations, and analyzed by Wilcoxon Rank(Sign) Sum Test and Content Analysis. Results：The total attachment score increased from pre test to post-test of PG was significantly higher than that of NPG. The scores of attachment behaviors indicating proximity, mutuality and affect increased significantly(p<.05), while some behaviors indicating synchrony and jointattention did not. Especially the affectionate behaviors of PG demonstrated the most notable changes and they became more active, voluntary and reciprocal. After the program, the mother's nurturing behaviors of PG increased more than that of NPG, with no significant difference between two groups. The mother's behaviors to her child of PG became more child-centered, positively responsive, supportively expressive. As the attachment was promoted, there were also positive changes in the children's autistic behaviors with a great deal of individual differences. Conclusion：Our findings suggest that Mother-Child Attachment Promotion Program could be an effective early intervention model for autistic children.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2015

Purpose: Predicting life expectancy of terminally ill cancer patients is very important. In many studies, ferritin is detected at higher levels in the sera of cancer patients, and higher ferritin level correlates with aggressiveness of disease and poor outcomes of patients. This study evaluated a prognostic role of serum ferritin levels in terminally ill cancer patients. Methods: This study enrolled 65 terminally ill cancer patients from March through June 2012. We assessed routine laboratory findings including serum ferritin levels as well as demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. To examine the association between serum ferritin levels and patient's characteristics, we used Spearman's correlation analysis, Wilcoxon's rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriately. For multivariate analysis, Cox's proportional hazard regression model was used to evaluate significance of serum ferritin levels as a prognostic factor. Results: A negative correlation between serum ferritin levels and survival time was found. After adjusting for sex, age, performance status, creatinine levels and white blood cell counts, serum ferritin levels were significantly associated with survival time. Conclusion: Even at the very end of life of terminal cancer patients, serum ferritin levels were an independent prognostic factor for survival.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.648-658
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• 2014

We examined the effects of pollutants into sub-basin on the water quality and loading based on data surveyed during January-December 2013 from 13 sites of 5 streams in the Jinwi watershed. We used the contour plot and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test to analyze seasonal variation of water quality and loading and Pearson correlation analysis to assess the relationships between pollutants and loadings. The significantly higher seasonal variation were SS, TN and TOC as compared to other water quality constituents (P < 0.001). A significant interaction existed between the effects of human population and the effects of discharge of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) on water quality and loading, especially for the spring and winter seasons. It is necessary to control discharge water of sewage and wastewater from industrial facilities and to make full use of the watershed management system such as TMDLs in operation since 2012 for improvement in stream water quality.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 2003

Objectives: To examine the association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase(GGT) activity level and blood pressure, serum lipids in the male residents of rural area, we analyzed cross-sectionally the data of 379 male health examinees aged 40 years and older from rural areas in Gyeongsangnam-do prefecture in Korea. Methods: Blood pressure and concentration of serum lipids were compared between high and low level of serum GGT activity by t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Possible confounding effects of age, body mass index and coffee drinking were adjusted by analysis of covariance. Results: Adjusted values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the group of high level of serum GGT activity in non-drinkers(P=0.055 and P=0.074 respectively) and drinkers(P=0.284 and P=0.398) of alcohol. Adjusted serum total cholesterol level was also higher in the group of high level of serum GGT activity in non-drinkers(P=0.052) but not in drinkers(P=0.981) of alcohol. In serum triglyceride, adjusted level was significantly higher in the group of high level of serum GGT activity in both non-drinkers(P=0.035) and drinkers(P=0.002) of alcohol. Conclusions: These results suggest the association of serum GGT activity and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, or blood pressure in non-drinkres of alcohol.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2008

Statement of problem: There have been many studies about marginal adaptation of Zirconia core fabricated with various CAD/CAM systems. But, the comparative study has not been conducted much. Purpose: This study was to compare marginal adaptations of zirconia cores fabricated with 3 different CAD/CAM systems. Material and methods: The in vitro marginal adaptations of zirconia cores fabricated with 3 different CAD/CAM systems($Adens^{(R)}$ system, $Lava^{(R)}$ system, and $Cerasys^{(R)}$ system) were evaluated and compared. In this study 30 zirconia cores were fabricated(10 zirconia cores per each system). The measurements of the marginal adaptatioin were carried out using microscope $L-150A^{(R)}$(Nikon, Japan). Measurements were recorded at 50 points. The measurements were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Within the limits of this study, the results were as follows. 1. Mean marginal gap values obtained were $284.5{\pm}152.9{\mu}m$ in Adens system, $99.0{\pm}73.0{\mu}m$ in Lava system, and $153.5{\pm}85.7{\mu}m$ in Cerasys system. 2. Zirconia core made by Lava system showed the smallest marginal gap(P<0.05). Conclusion: In the limitation of this study, we concluded that $Lava^{(R)}$ System was superior than other systems($Adens^{(R)}$ system and $Cerasys^{(R)}$ system) in the marginal adaptation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare three different CAD/CAM systems through the fracture strength of zirconia core and to evaluate the clinical availability of each system. Material and methods: The following three groups of 30 maxillary mesial incisor core for all-ceramics(each group 10) were fabricated as follows: group 1. $Adens^{(R)}$ CAD/CAM system, group 2. $Cerasys^{(R)}$ CAD/CAM system, group 3. 3M $Lava^{(R)}$ CAD/CAM system. All specimens were manufactured consistently thickness 0.5mm and relief $40{\mu}m$. Specimens were subjected to compressive loading on the lingual area by Z250/$SN5S^{(R)}$. Each group's mean and standard deviation were calculated and Kruskal Waillis test, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test were utilized to find out the relationship among the groups. Results: The results were as follows: 1. The mean fracture strength of $Adens^{(R)}$ system was $615.89{\pm}156.1N$, the $Cerasys^{(R)}$ system was $863.98{\pm}151.5N$, and the 3M $Lava^{(R)}$ system was $1143.1{\pm}286.6N$. 2. The fracture strength of the systems showed the significant statistical differences in order of 3M $Lava^{(R)}$ system, $Cerasys^{(R)}$ system, $Adens^{(R)}$ system. Conclusion: In this study, in spite of the differences among the groups, every group showed clinically useful results. It is necessary to study further clinical experiments on a long term basis.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2013

Purpose : To evaluate late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) pattern of left ventricular (LV) myocardium and presence or absence of LGE in other regions of the heart on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis. Materials and Methods: From 2009 to 2011, 9 patients who were suspected cardiac amyloidosis underwent CMR. We retrospectively analyzed the presence or absence of LGE and enhancement pattern in LV myocardium, and the presence or absence of LGE in other chambers as well. Also we measured interatrial septal thickness (IST), relative signal intensities of atrial septum and epicardial fat over the left atrial (LA) cavity on delayed enhanced images. MRI parameters in these patients were compared to those of control group of patients with ischemic heart disease by Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Of nine patients, LGE were found in 8; subendocardial circumferential pattern in 4 and diffuse pattern in 4. LGE in right ventricle was observed in 7. IST was significantly increased in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (P = 0.02). Ratio of atrial septum to LA cavity and ratio of epicardial fat to LA cavity showed a significant difference (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0006, respectively). Conclusion: In LGE CMR, subendocardial or diffuse enhancement pattern is a typical finding for patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Atrial septum and epicardial fat show relatively increased signal intensities over LA blood cavity.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic meniscal repair according to joint stability. Materials and Methods : Twenty cases were reviewed, which had underwent arthroscopic meniscal repair. The mean age was 32.3 years old. The mean follow-up period was 59.7 months. Menisci that had underwent complete repair of associated ligament injuries (8cases, Sa) and menisci that had no associated ligament injury (9 cases, Sb) were classified as stable group (S), and the others (3 cases) as unstable group (U). Also stable group was divided into acute and chronic group. The result was evaluated with Lysholm score and IKDC method. The statistical analysis was done using Wilcoxon rank sum test and Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). Results : Group Sa had $87.5\%$ satisfactory and Lysholm score was 90.9. Group U had $66.7\%$ satisfactory, and Lysholm score was 77.7. Group Sb had $89.9\%$, satisfactory and Lysholm store was 91.4. In acute group $91.7\%$ was satisfactory, Lysholm score 92.5, in chronic group $80\%$ was satisfactory, Lysholm score 88.6. Conclusion : Joint stability was important factor for the outcome of meniscal repairs. So, it is desirable to repair meniscus injury early and the repair of associated ligament injuries should be performed together.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.485-493
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• 2017

Rearing knowledge is a significant factor of relevance for rearing practice, and assessment of rearing knowledge and practice is important for infant parents. The author adopted the Child Rearing Knowledge Scale (CRKS) and Child Rearing Practice Scale (CRPS) that were developed and validated by Saramma & Thomas. According to the international linguistic validation process, pilot testing was done based on 20 infant's mothers in one Oketani massage center and one public health center. Descriptive statistic methods and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test were employed to evaluate the level and compare the mean score according to general characteristics of subjects of the tools. Reliability and validity were tested by Cronbach's alpha and Spearman Correlations. The mean age of the subjects was 33.94 (${\pm}2.99$) years and the mean age of babies was 3.35 (${\pm}0.58$) months. The understanding level of the Korean version of the CRKS and CRPS was 1.80 (${\pm}0.65$) and 1.33 (${\pm}0.54$), respectively. In addition, the CRKS and CRPS were relatively easy to use. The mean score of the CRKS was 22.50 (${\pm}4.89$), which was a moderate score, while the mean score of the CRPS was 30.75 (${\pm}2.04$), which was high. The Cronbach's alpha values of the CRPS were as follows: feeding, 0.71; growth and development, 0.64; cleaning and protection 0.68; infant stimulation, 0.77. There was a significant correlation between infant stimulation of the CRPS and growth and development of the CRKS (r=0.530, p=0.016). The CRKS score of medical staff was significantly higher than that of non-medical staff (p=0.04). The CRKS and CRPS are expected to be used in clinical or community care practice as easy-to-use tools that are easy to respond to.