• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2022

The concept of soil moisture memory was used as a method for quantifying the function of soil to control water flow, which evaluates the average residence time of precipitation. In order to characterize the soil moisture memory, a new measurement index called stored precipitation fraction (F_p(f)) was used by tracking the increments in soil moisture by the precipitation event. In this study, the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture memory was evaluated along with the slope and soil characteristics of the surface (0~5 cm) soil by using satellite- and model-based precipitation and soil moisture in the Korean peninsula, from 2019 to 2020. The spatial deviation of the soil moisture memory was large as the stored precipitation fraction in the soil decreased preferentially along the mountain range at the beginning (after 3 hours), and the deviation decreased overall after 24 hours. The stored precipitation fraction in the soil clearly decreased as the slope increased, and the effect of drainage of water in the soil according to the composition ratio of the soil particle size was also shown. In addition, average soil moisture contributed to the increase and decrease of hydraulic conductivity, and the rate of rainfall transfer to the depths affected the stored precipitation fraction. It is expected that the results of this study will greatly contribute in clarifying the relationship between soil moisture memory and surface characteristics (slope, soil characteristics) and understanding spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.6C
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• pp.303-311
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• 2009

In this study, weakly cemented sand was cured at air dry condition with different periods (3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days) and its unconfined compressive strength was evaluated. As a result, the strength of specimens with low cement ratios such as 4 and 8% increases until 7 days curing but, after 7 days, their strength continuously decreases. The strength of specimens with relatively high cement ratios such as 12 and 16% increases up to 7 days curing and then stays almost constant until 21 days. After 21 days curing, their strength suddenly dropped down, which is much lower than the strength of 3 days curing specimen. A cemented sand and gravel called CSG, which is highly permeable, could be exposed to repetitive drying and wetting conditions due to rainfall or groundwater table change during curing. In this study, the weakly cemented sand is exposed to repetitive drying and wetting and then its unconfined compressive strength was evaluated. As a result, the strength of a specimen with 27 days drying condition following 1 day wetting was at maximum 35% lower than the one cured under 28 days drying. The strength degradation due to wetting decreases as a cement ratio increases. However, the strength of a specimen with repetitive drying and wetting increases as the number of wetting increases until 3 cycles. After 3 cycles of drying and wetting, the rate of strength increase decreases due to an insufficient water for hydration or stays constant. If the sufficient water supply is provided to cemented sand during curing, the target or design strength increase can be achieved. Otherwise, the strength degradation due to wetting should be considered at the design stage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2023

Daechung Reservoir has been suffering from severe cyanobacterial blooming periodically due to the water pollutants from the watershed, especially nutrients from nonpoint sources. As a countermeasure, an artificial wetland was constructed to mitigate the pollutant load from the watershed by utilizing the vegetation. We investigated the water quality of the influent and outflow of the wetland during years 2014~2020 to evaluate the performance of pollutant removal through the wetland. Major pollutants (e.g. BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P) were largely reduced during the retention in the wetland while nutrients removal was more efficient than that of organic matters. Pollutant removal efficiency for different inflow concentrations was also investigated to estimate the wetland's capability as a way of managing nonpoint sources. The efficiency of water treatment was significantly higher when inflow concentrations were above 75^th percentile for all pollutant, implying the wetland can be applied to the pre-treatment of high pollution load including initial rainfall runoff. Furthermore, the yearly variation of removal efficiency for seven years was analyzed to better understand long-term trends in water treatment of the wetland. The annual treatment efficiency of T-P was very high in the early stages of vegetation growth with high concentration of inflow water. However, it was confirmed that the concentration of inflow water decreased, vegetation stabilized, and the treatment efficiency gradually decreased as the soil was saturated. The findings of the study suggest that artificial wetlands can be an effective method for controlling harmful algal blooms by alleviating pollutant load from the tributaries of Daechung Reservoir.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.1B
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• pp.105-109
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• 2009

It is a well known fact that baseflow discharge of rainfall runoff impacts on water quality of surface water significantly. In this paper, impacts of nitrate discharged as base flow on stream water quality were studied by using a software, PULSE from USGS to calculate monthly ground water discharge from hydrograph. We used water quality and flow rate data for Ghapcehon2 site in Daejeon city for year 2005 as well as ground water quality data in the watershed acquired from government agencies. Agricultural and forestry land use are dominant for upstream of Ghapcheon2 in the watershed. Base flow contributes about 85~95% of stream flows during spring and fall while 25~38% of stream flow was induced by base flow during summer and winter. Monthly nitrate loading discharged as base flow for Ghapcheon2 was estimated by using averaged nitrate concentration of groundwater in the watershed. Nitrate loading induced by base flow at Ghapcheon2 was estimated as 5.4 ton of $NO_{3}{^-}-N/km^{2}$, which is about 60% of nitrate loading of surface water, 9.2 ton of $NO_{3}{^-}-N/km^{2}$. Seasonal variation of nitrate concentration of base flow was estimated by dividing monthly nitrate loading by monthly base flow discharge. Nitrate concentration of groundwater was increasing from rainy season. From this study, it can be understood that ground water quality monitoring is important for the proper manage of surface water quality.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.3B
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• pp.259-267
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• 2009

Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution is recommended for flood frequency and extreme rainfall distribution in many country. L-moment method is the most common estimation procedure for the GEV distribution. In this study, the relationships between the cross-site correlations between extreme events and the cross-correlation of estimators of L-moment ratios (L-moment Coefficient of Variation (L-CV) and L-moment Coefficient of Skewness (L-CS)) for data generated from GEV distribution were derived by Monte Carlo simulation. Those relationships were fit to the simple power function. In this Monte Carlo simulation, GEV+ distribution were employed wherein unrealistic negative values were excluded. The simple power models provide accurate description of the relationships between cross-correlation of data and cross-correlation of L-moment ratios. Estimated parameters and accuracies of the power functions were reported for different GEV distribution parameters combinations. Moreover, this study provided a description about regional regression approach using Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression method which require the cross-site correlation among L-moment estimators. The relationships derived in this study allow regional GLS regression analyses of both L-CV and L-CS estimators that correctly incorporate the cross-correlation among GEV L-moment estimators.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.291-304
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• 2023

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become an increasing concern in terms of human health risks as well as aesthetic impairment due to their toxicity. The reduction of water pollutants, especially nutrients from non-point sources in a reservoir watershed, is fundamental for HABs prevention. We investigated the pollutant removal efficiencies of a constructed wetland to evaluate its feasibility as a method for controlling non-point sources located in the Annaecheon stream within the Daecheong Reservoir watershed. The overall removal efficiencies of pollutants were as follows: BOD 14.3%, COD 17.9%, SS 50.0%, T-N 19.0%, and T-P 35.4%. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are effective in controlling pollutants from non-point sources. The seasonal variation in removal efficiency depended on the specific pollutants. The removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, and T-N were stable throughout the year, except during winter, which might have been influenced by lower microorganism activity. In contrast, T-P showed a consistent removal efficiency even during the winter season, suggesting that the wetland can reduce external phosphorus loading to the reservoir. Regarding the effects of pollutant loadings on removal efficiency, the effluent concentrations of all pollutants were significantly decreased compared to those in the influent in case of middle and high loadings. This demonstrates that constructed wetlands can handle high pollutant loads, including the initial runoff during rainfall, to prevent reservoir eutrophication. Despite the various strengths of wetland water purification, there are limitations as passive treatment. Therefore, more case studies should be conducted to suggest optimum operational conditions for constructed wetlands, taking into consideration reservoir-specific characteristics.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.117-123
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• 2006

The water quality before and after a typhoon was investigated as a part of a study on the increase of organic matter and on the fundamental measures to counter chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the eutrophic Soho coastal seawaters of Gamak Bay. The dissolved oxygen (DO) saturations were <54% when water column was stratified. The DO saturation was similar at surface and in the bottom layer after a typhoon $(78\sim88%)$, and a very high DO saturation (234%) was observed in the surface water after mass phytoplankton growth. The highest values of $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N,\;PO_4-P$, and $SiO_2-Si$ were 18.22, 38.90, 1.58, and $52.10{\mu}M$, respectively, when freshwater entered after heavy rainfall events. In addition, high concentrations of $NH_4-N,\;PO_4-P$, and $SiO_2-Si$ were detected with low DO saturations in bottom water (>5m). A maximum chlorophyll (Chl.) concentration of $311.0{\mu}gl^{-1}$ was observed after typhoon, when a high-density Scrippsiella trochoidea red tide occurred with cell density of 42,000 cells $ml^{-1}$. The algal growth potential (AGP) was high after the typhoon. Nitrogen was always a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. The highest COD level was $10.55mgl^{-1}$, and the main reason of the variation in COD was likely to be phytoplankton growth $(r^2=0.612,\;p=0.000)$. Organic matter, which entered the water column when the typhoon stirred the sediments, seems to have little effects on COD increase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2017

Rice consumption has been continuously decreasing as the eating habits of Koreans have become westernized and diversified. The per capita annual rice consumption in Korea has dropped sharply from 136.4 kg in 1970 to 61.9 kg in 2016. The Korean government, therefore, has been trying to promote rice consumption by invigorating the processed food industry using rice flour. To facilitate the market for processed rice foods, it is essential to develop proper milling technology in terms of flour particle size and damaged starch content to produce high quality rice flour at competitive cost. Dry milling and wet milling are the two major processes used to produce rice flour. Although the dry milling process is relatively simple with a lower production cost, damaged starch content increases because of the high grain hardness of rice. In wet milling, the quality of rice flour is improved by reducing flour particle size as well as damaged starch content through soaking procedures. However, the production costs are high because of the additional expenses associated with the disposal of waste water, sterilization and drying of the wet flour. Recently developed technologies such as jet milling and cryogenic milling also require expensive investment and production. Therefore, developing new rice cultivars with dry milling adaptability as well as good processing properties is an important goal of rice breeding in Korea. 'Suweon 542' is a floury endosperm mutant line derived from sodium azide treatment on a high-yield, early maturing, and non-glutinous japonica rice cultivar, 'Namil'. Compared with the wild type, after dry milling process, the grain hardness of 'Suweon 542' was significantly lower because of its round and loosely packed starch granules. Also, the flour of 'Suweon 542' had significantly smaller particles and less damaged starch than 'Namil' and other rice cultivars and its particle size distribution was similar to a commercial wheat cultivar. Recently, through collaborations with nine universities and food companies, a total of 21 kinds of processed prototypes, using the dry milling flour of 'Suweon 542', were evaluated. In the production of major rice processing products, there was no significant quality difference between the flours prepared by wet milling and dry milling. Although the amount of water added to the dough was slightly increased, it was confirmed that the recipe applying the wet flour could be used without significant change. To efficiently transfer the floury endosperm characteristics of 'Suweon 542' to other commercial rice cultivars, it is essential to develop DNA marker tightly linked to the target gene. Association analysis using 70 genome-wide SSR markers and 94 F2 plants derived from 'Suweon 542'/'Milyang 23' showed that markers on chromosome 5 explained a large portion of the variation in floury grains percentage (FGP). Further analysis with an increased number of SSR markers revealed that the floury endosperm of 'Suweon 542' was directed by a major recessive locus, flo7(t), located in the 19.33-19.86 Mbp region of chromosome 5, with RM18639 explaining 92.2% of FGP variation in the F2 population. Through further physical mapping, a co-segregate and co-dominant DNA marker with the locus, flo7(t) was successfully developed, by which, thereby, breeding efficiency of rice cultivars having proper dry milling adaptability with high yield potential or useful functional materials would be improved. 'Suweon 542' maintained the early maturity of the wild type, Namil, which can be used in rice-wheat double cropping systems in Korea not only for improved arable land but also for sharing flour production facilities. In addition to the high susceptibility against major rice diseases, nevertheless, another possible drawback of 'Suweon 542' is the high rate of viviparous under prolonged rainfall during the harvesting season. To overcome susceptibility and vivipary of 'Suweon 542', the progeny lines, derived from the crosses 'Suweon 542' and 'Jopyeong', an early maturing rice cultivar with multiple resistance against rice blast, bacterial blight, and rice strip virus, and 'Heugjinju', a anthocyanin pigment containing black rice cultivar, were intensively evaluated. As the outputs, three dry milling suitable rice elite lines, 'Jeonju614', 'Jeonju615', and 'Jeonju616' were developed.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.382-393
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to characterize long-term annual and seasonal trophic state of Topjeong Reservoir using conventional variables of Trophic State Index (TSI) and to determine the empirical relations between the trophic parameters. For the analysis, we used water quality dataset of 1995$\sim$2007, which is obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea and the number of parameters was 9. Annual ambient mean values of TN and TP were 1.78 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.03 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively and TN : TP ratios averaged 76, indicating that this system was nitrogen-rich hypertrophic, and was probably phosphorus-limitation for algal growth. Therefore, nitrogen varied little with seasons and years, and total phosphorus (TP) varied depending on season and year. Monsoon dilutions of TP occurred in August and monthly fluctuations of suspended solid (SS) was similar to those of chlorophyll-$\alpha$ (CHL). Annual mean values of BOD and $COD_{Mn}$ were 1.61 mg $L^{-1}$ and 4.23 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively and the interannual values were directly influenced by the intensity of annual rainfall. There were no significant differences in the trophic variables between the two sampling sites. Mean values of Trophic State Index (TSI, Carlson, 1977), based on TN, TP, CHL, and SD (Secchi depth), turned out as eutrophic state, except for the TN (hypertrophic). Regression analyses of log-transformed seasonal CHL against TP and TN showed that variation of the CHL was explained 37% by the variation of TP ($R^2$=0.37, p<0.001, r=0.616), but not by TN ($R^2$=0.03, p>0.05). Regression coefficient of $Log_{10}$CHL vs $Log_{10}SD$ was 0.330 (p<0.003, r=0.580), indicating that transparency is regulated by the organic matter in the system. Results, data suggest that one of the ways controlling the eutrophication would be a reduction of phosphorus from the watershed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.183-193
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of environment factors on the growth of autumn season cultivation of Kimchi cabbage using the big data in terms of public open data(weather, soil information, and growth of crop, etc.). The growth data and the environment data such as temperature, daylength, and rainfall from 2010 to 2019 were collected. As a result of composing the correlation matrix, the height and leaf number showed high correlation in growing degree days(GDDs) and daylength, and the yield showed negative correlation in growing degree days and the concentration of clay. GDDs and daylength explained about 89% and 84% of variation in height, respectively. These two environmental factors also explained about 85% and 79% of variation in leaf numbers, respectively. In contrast, the coefficient of determination was low for yield when GDDs and concentration of clay was used. The outcome of regional statistical analysis indicated that relationship between yield and sum of sand and silt were high in Haenam and Jindo areas. Hierarchical cluster analysis, which was performed to verify the association of yield, GDDs, and concentration of clay, showed that Haenam and Jindo were clustered together. Although GDDs and yield vary by year and region, and there are regions with similar concentration of clays, observation data are grouped as the result. These suggests that GDDs and soil texture are expected to be related to yield. The cluster analysis results can be used for further data analysis and agricultural policy establishment.