• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2014

Objectives : Aucklandiae Radix (Muxiang) one of important herbal medicines in oriental medicine, is defined as the dried root of Aucklandia lappa (Asteraceae). Owing to the similarities in the morphology and name, Inulae Radix (Tu-Muxiang) and Vladimiriae Radix (Chuan-Muxiang) as well as Aristolochiae Radix (Qing-Muxiang) originated from other medicinal plants are often used as substitutes and/or adulterants of Aucklandiae Radix. Therefore, a reliable authentication of these herbal medicines is necessarily for the public health and prevention of misuse. Methods : 32 samples of medicinal plants supplying Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix were collected in Korea and China. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) nucleotide sequences of samples were determined. The PCR primers to amply DNA marker of each herbal medicine were designed basing on the specific ITS regions showing differences in the sequences among medicinal plants. Results : Primer set Al R/IS F designed in this work amplified 220 bp PCR product only in samples of Aucklandiae Radix. In contrast, primer set Ih F/IS R, Vs R/IS F, and AcR F1/Ac R amplified 250 bp product, 356 bp prouct, and 516 bp product respectively to identify Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix. Conclusions : The primers designed basing on the nucleotide sequences of ITS regions appearing differenced in the sequences among medicinal plants amplified the DNA markers for the identification of Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix. These herbal medicines were more efficiently identified by multiplex PCR method using all primers in a single PCR process.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.149-160
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• 1983

It has been known that Gentianae macrophyllae Radix is reputed to be effective in removal of 'Pungseub' and 'Heoyeol', and to be analgesic. Since ancient times, however, there have been many examples of substituting Lycoctoni Radix for Gentianae macrophyllae Radix. For that reason, this experiment was conducted to compare the diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-bacterial effect, and toxicity of Lycoctoni Radix with those of Gentianae macrophyllae Radix. The results obtained in this work were summarized as follows; In the test of acute toxicity, Lycoctoni Radix was found to be toxic in comparison to Gentianae macrophyllae Radix which was found to be non-toxic. Both herbs were found to be diuretic and Gentianae macrophyllae Radix was more effective than the other and to be ineffective for the blood pressure and respiration. Lycoctoni Radix was found to be more analgesic than the other. Gentianae macrophyllae Radix was found to be more anti-inflammatory of the two and both demonstrated anti-pyretic effect. Anti-bacterial effect was detected only in Lycoctoni Radix. It is concluded that Gentianae macrophyllae Radix has mild diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effect, but Lycoctoni Radix, due to its toxicity, can not be substituted for Gentianae macrophyllae Radix.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-177
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• 2005

In oriental medicine, Ostericum koreanum Radix & Aralia contientalis Radix are frequently used materials for strenthing lumbar and knees. Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun(方藥合編) is widely used for clinical herbal prescription book. In Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun, Ostericum koreanum Radix is used 1.2g~6g. and Aralia contientalis Radix is used 1.6g~4.8g. The most important fact is that the prescription used Ostericum koreanum Radix & Aralia contientalis Radix at the same time is 11. The number of prescription Ostericum koreanum Radix & Aralia contientalis Radix in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is total 41. 5 in sang-tong(上統), 22 in jung-tong(中統), 14 in ha-tong(下統). The group of mostly used disease is about low back pain, knee pain, C.V.A., facail palsy, commom cold, numbness. The ratio of Ostericum koreanum Radix in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is 3.03%~15.63%. And the ratio of Aralia contientalis Radix is 3.57%~12.00%. The mostly quoted medical literature what prescription included Ostericum koreanum Radix & Aralia contientalis Radix in Bang-Yak-Hap-Pyun is Dong-Yi-Bo-Gam. Man-Byeong-Hoi-Choon, and Hwa-Je-Gook-Bang.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed for establishing the discriminative criteria for Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix and Aristolochiae Radix, which can be confused as 'Mokhyang', because of similar appearances and synonyms. Methods: Morphological characteristics of dried herbal medicines were compared by macroscopic observation. To examine microscopic features of 'Mokhyang', paraffin embedding and the staining by using Ju's method were conducted. Physicochemical experiments were performed using HPLC analysis and antioxidant assay. Results: The types of stem, phyllotaxy and leaf shape were chosen as macroscopic criteria and the size, oil spots, color and root top as well as phloem and central cylinder were compared using microscopic features. The HPLC results showed different amounts of costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone among Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix and Vladimiriae Radix. However, Aristolochiae Radix only contained aristolochic acid. The antioxidant assays also showed that Vladimiriae Radix exhibited strongest antioxidant activity followed by Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix and Aristolochiae Radix. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical methods would be useful tools for the discrimination of 4 kinds of 'Mokhyang'.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 2002

Based upon our laboratory experiments of Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix and Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix added Biotac Cacumen, Imperatae Rhizoma, Typhae Pollen on male rats to examine the medicines' hemostatic effect, we draw conclusions as follows: 1. Compared to the control group, Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix and Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix added Biotae Cacumen, Imperatae Rhizoma, Typhae Pollen increased the number of platelet counts meaningfully. 2. Compared to the control group, Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix and Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix added Biotae Cacumen, Imperatae Rhizoma, Typhae Pollen suppressed prothrombin time without any meaning. 3. Compared to the control group, Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix and Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix added Biotae Cacumen, Imperatae Rhizoma, Typhae Pollen, all of these medicines elevated the fibrinogen level, but only Yongdamsagantang subtracte Bupleuri Radix is recognized to raise the fibrinogen level meaningfully. 4. Compared to the control group, Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix and Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix added Biotae Cacumen. Imperatae Rhizoma, Typhae Pollen repressed partial thromboplastin time meaningfully. In conclusion, Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix and Yongdamsagantang subtracted Bupleuri Radix added Biotae Cacumen, Imperatae Rhizoma, Typhae Pollen can be used for stopping blood effectively in terms of platelet count increase, prothrombin time control, fibrinogen level rise, and partial thromboplastin time suppression.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1054-1058
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the direct effect of estrogenic compounds in oriental herbal medicines, the estrogenic activity was measured using an in vitro detection system. For this system, human breast cancer cell line MCF7 was transfected using an estrogen responsive CAT reporter plasmid. Estrogenic activities of Platycodi radix, Astragali radix and Glycyrrhizae radix were evaluated using this system. Estrogenic activity of a 500 ㎍/ml ethanol extract of Platycodi radix was as same as that of a 10/sup -8/ M standard solution (17β-estradiol) and activity of a 50 ㎍/ml ethanol extract was between those of a 10/sup -8/ M and a 10/sup -9/ M standard solutions. In addition, estrogenic activity of a 50 ㎍/ml ethanol extract of Platycodi radix was as same as that of a 10/sup -10/ M standard solution. The same activity patterns were observed in the system which was treated by Astragali radix or Glycyrrhizae radix extracts. The most effective activity was observed in a system which was treated by Platycodi radix extract, but the least activity was observed by Glycyrrhizae radix extract. In this result, it was confirmed that Platycodi radix, Astragali radix and Glycyrrhizae radix extracts possess estrogenic compounds.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06b
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• pp.173-176
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• 2002

This paper is about a high-speed MAC (multiplier and accumulator) design applying radix-4 and radix-8 Booth's algorithm at the same time. The optimized hybrid radix design for high speed MAC has taken advantage of both a radix-4 and a radix-8 architectures. A radix-4 architecture meets high-speed, but it takes much more power and chip area than a radix-8 architecture. A radix-8 architecture needs less power and chip area than the other, but it has a bottleneck of generating three times the multiplicand problem. An optimized hybrid architecture performs the radix-4 multiplication partially in parallel with the generation of three times the multiplicand for use of the radix-8 multiplication. It reduces the concerned bit width of multiplier in radix-8 multiplication.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.125-128
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• 2002

This paper is about a high-speed MAC (multiplier and accumulator) design applying radix-4 and radix-8 Booth's algorithm at the same time. The optimized hybrid radix design for high speed MAC has taken advantage of both a radix-4 and a radix-8 architectures. A radix-4 architecture meets high-speed, but it takes much more power and chip area than a radix-8 architecture. A radix-8 architecture needs less power and chip area than the other, but it has a bottleneck of generating three times the multiplicand problem. An optimized hybrid architecture performs tile radix-4 multiplication partially in parallel with the generation of three times the multiplicand for use of tile radix-8 multiplication. It reduces the concerned bit width of multiplier in radix-8 multiplication.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.84-93
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• 2007

In this paper, a Radix-8 structure for high-speed FFT is propose. Main block of the proposed FFT structure is Radix-8 DIF(Decimation In Frequency) butterfly. Even throughput of the Radix-8 FFT is twice than that of the Radix-4 FFT, implementation area of the Radix-8 is larger than that of Radix-4 FFT. But, implementation area of the proposed Radix-8 FFT was reduced by using DA(Distributed Arithmetic) for multiplication. For comparison, the 64-point FFT was implemented using conventional Radix-4 butterfly and proposed Radix-8 butterfly, respectively. The Verilog-HDL coding results for the proposed FFT structure show 49.2% cell area increment comparison with those of the conventional Radix-4 FFT structure. Namely, to speed up twice, 49.2% of area cost is required. In case of same throughput, power consumption of the proposed structure is reduced by 25.4%. Due to its efficient processing scheme, the proposed FFT structure can be used in large size of FFT like OFDM Modem.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 1999

To analyze scientifically the prescription principle of polyprescriptions (Gamchotang, Daewhanggamchotang, Jakyakgamchotang, Gamchogungangtang and Gilkyungtang) containing Glycyrrhizae Radix, the transforming rate of glycyrrhizin in these polyprescriptions to 18 ${\beta}-glycyrrhetinic$ acid and their inhibitory effect on ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase and trypsin were investigated. When Glycyrrhizae Radix containing polyprescriptions were extracted with water, the contents of glycyrrhizin in water extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix with Rhei Rhizoma or with Zingiberis Rhizoma were higher than that of Glycyrrhizae Radix only, but that in water extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix with Platicodi Radix was lower than that of Glycyrrhizae Radix only. By human intestinal bacteria, glycyrrhizin was metabolized to 18 ${\beta}-glycyrrhetinic$ acid. These metabolism of glycyrrhizin in polyprescriptions containing Glycyrrhizae Radix was inhibited by Rhei Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix and Platicodi Radix, but was not affected by Zingiberis Rhizoma. The inhibitory activity of Glycyrrhizae Radix on hyaluronidase and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, was synergistic with Rhei Rhizoma or Zingiberis Rhizoma, but was antagonistic by Platicodi Radix.