• Title/Summary/Keyword: Radio signal

Search Result 1,518, Processing Time 0.026 seconds

PSS Movement Prediction Algorithm for Seamless hando (휴대인터넷에서 seamless handover를 위한 단말 이동 예측 알고리즘)

  • Lee, Ho-Jeong;Yun, Chan-Young;Oh, Young-Hwan
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
    • /
    • v.43 no.12 s.354
    • /
    • pp.53-60
    • /
    • 2006
  • Handover of WiBro is based on 802.16e hard handover scheme. When PSS is handover, it is handover that confirm neighbor's cell condition and RAS ID in neighbor advertisement message. Serving RAS transmits HO-notification message to neighbor RAS. Transmiting HO-notification message to neighbor RAS, it occurs many signaling traffics. Also, When WiBro is handover, It occurs many packet loss. Therefore, user suffer service degradation. LPM handover is supporting seamless handover because it buffers data packets during handover. So It is proposed scheme that predicts is LPM handover and reserves target RAS with pre-authentication. These schemes occur many signaling traffics. In this paper, we propose PSS Movement Prediction to solve signaling traffic. Target RAS is decided by old data in history cache. When serving RAS receives HO-notification-RSP message to target RAS, target RAS inform to crossover node. And crossover node bicast data packet. If handover is over, target RAS forward data packet. Therefore, It reduces signaling traffics but increase handover success rate. When history cache success, It decrease about 48% total traffic. But When history cache fails, It increase about 6% total traffic

Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea(CUES): Its Limitation and Recommendations for Improvement (해상에서의 우발적 조우 시 신호 규칙(CUES)의 제한점과 개선을 위한 제언)

  • Oh, Dongkeon
    • Strategy21
    • /
    • s.44
    • /
    • pp.323-351
    • /
    • 2018
  • Adopted in Western Pacific Naval Symposium(WPNS) 2014, Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea(CUES) has been the most valuable output of WPNS history. Written and suggested by Australian Navy in 1999, the goal of CUES is to decrease the possibility of the naval conflict by establishing the code among international navies in the Western Pacific region. Facing many oppositions and requirement of People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) in WPNS 2012 and 2013, but it finally adopted in WPNS 2014, with many changes in detailed provisions. From then, navies in the Western Pacific region have followed CUES to prevent maritime conflicts in the region, CUES, however, sometimes does not work correctly. Contents of CUES is the mixture of the parts of Multinational Maritime Tactical Signal and Maneuvering Book(MTP) and International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea 1972(CORLEGs). There are means of radio communications such as frequency and signals, instructions for maneuvering and so on. Thus, it is not a new document for the U.S. Navy and its allies, but it requires training to implicate at sea for navies other than U.S. allies, like PLAN. Lots of provisions in CUES were changed because of the opposition of PLAN, and CUES has many shortcomings and practical limitations. First, since CUES is non-legally binding, and there are no methods to force the naval assets on the sea to follow. Second, CUES is only applied to naval assets; naval ships - warships, naval auxiliaries, and submarines - and naval aircraft. Third, the geographical scope in CUES is not clear. Fourth, there is no provision for submerged submarines. Finally, CUES has no time-based framework or roadmap for training. In this regard, there would be six recommendations for improvement. First, CUES should be reviewed by WPNS or other international institutions, while keeping non-binding status so that WPNS could send signals to the navies which do not answer CUES on the sea. Second, the participation of Maritime Law Enforcements(MLEs) such as coast guard is inevitable. Third, navies would use full text of MTP rather than current CUES, which extracts some parts of MTP. Fourth, CUES needs provisions with respect to submerged submarines, which recognizes as offensive weapons themselves. Fifth, the geographic scope of CUES should be clear. Since there are some countries in which claim that a rock with a concrete structure is their territory, CUES should be applied on every sea including EEZ and territorial seas. Finally, the detailed training plan is required to implicate CUES at sea. Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) is a good exercise to train CUES, because almost all WPNS member countries except six countries are participating in RIMPAC. CUES is a meaningful document not only for navies but also for nation-states in the region. To prevent escalation of conflict in the region, potentially caused by an unplanned collision at sea, CUES should be applied more strictly. CUES will continue to be in subsequent WPNS and therefore continue to improve in the effectiveness as both an operational and diplomatic agreement.

VLC Based Positioning Scheme in Vehicle-to-Infra(V2I) Environment (차량-인프라간 가시광 통신 기반 측위 기술)

  • Kim, Byung Wook;Song, Deok-Weon;Lee, Ji-Hwan;Jung, Sung-Yoon
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
    • /
    • v.40 no.3
    • /
    • pp.588-594
    • /
    • 2015
  • Although GPS technology for location positioning system has been widely used, it is difficult to be used in intelligent transport systems, due to the large positioning error and limited area for receiving radio signals. Thanks to the rapid development of LED technology, LED lights become popular in many applications. Especially, visible light communications (VLC) has raised a lot of interests because of the simultaneous functioning of LED illumination and communication. Recent studies on positioning system using VLC mainly focused on indoor environments and still difficult to satisfy positioning accuracy and simple implementation simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a positioning system based on VLC using the coordinate information of LEDs installed on the road infrastructure. Extracting the LED signal, obtained through VLC, from the easily accessible camera image, it is possible to estimate the position of the car on the road. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve a high positioning accuracy of 1 m when large number of pixels is utilized and the distance from the LED light is close.

A study on Improving Intermodulation Signal of the RF Power Amplifier Using Microwave Absorber (전파흡수체에 의한 전력증폭기의 혼변조 신호의 개선 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Jeon, Joong-Sung;Kim, Min-Jung;Ye, Byeong-Duck;Kim, Dong-Il
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
    • /
    • v.27 no.4
    • /
    • pp.437-441
    • /
    • 2003
  • In this paper, the 30 W power amplifier for an IMT-2000 repeater was developed a gain flatness and the third IMD (Intermodulation distortion) by microwave absorber. The absorption ability of the absorber is shown up to -10 dB and -4 dB at 3.6 GHz, 2.3 GHz band, respectively. The power amplifier without absorber has the gain over 57 dB, the gain flatness of $\pm$0.33 dB and the third IMD of 27 dBc at 33.3 W output. Otherwise, the power amplifier with absorber has the gain over 58 dB, the gain flatness of less than $\pm$0.9, the third IMD over 29 dBc at the same output power. As a result, the characteristic of the different type shows improvement of 1 dB in gain, 0.3 dB in gain flatness and 1.77 dBc in IMD.

SINR Maximizing Collaborative Beamforming with Enhanced Robustness Against Antenna Correlation (안테나 간 상관도에 강건한 SINR 최대화 협력적 빔포밍 기법)

  • Kim, Jae-Won;Sung, Won-Jin
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
    • /
    • v.46 no.4
    • /
    • pp.95-103
    • /
    • 2009
  • In this paper, a generation method of transmit and receive beamforming vectors based on base station cooperation is proposed which maximizes the user SINR in mobile cellular multi-user MIMO systems. There are two main sources of interference which deteriorate the performance of the system, i.e. the inter-user interference caused by the usage of the same radio resource for multiple users in the system, and the inter-cluster interference from neighboring base stations which are not participating in cooperative transmission. The proposed scheme cancels out the inter-user interference by using the block diagonalization(BD) method, and mitigate the inter-cluster interference by using optimal transmit and receive beamforming vectors based on optimal combining(OC) with the statistic information of inter-cluster interference. We perform computer simulations to verify the performance of the proposed scheme, and compare the result to the conventional performance obtained from utilizing the receiver side information only or utilizing the information from neither sides. The performance evaluations are conducted not only over the independent MIMO channels, but over correlated MIMO channels to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed scheme over the channels with correlation among antennas.

Design of Performance Monitoring System for eLoran Time Synchronization Service (eLoran 시각동기 성능 모니터링 시스템 설계)

  • Seo, Kiyeol;Son, Pyo-Woong;Han, Younghoon;Park, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Jong-Cheol
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
    • /
    • v.27 no.6
    • /
    • pp.815-821
    • /
    • 2021
  • This study addresses on the design of performance monitoring system for the time synchronization service of the enhanced long-range navigation (eLoran) system, which has a representative ground-wave radio broadcast system capable of providing positioning, navigation, timing and data (PNT&D) services. The limitations of time-synchronized systems due to the signal vulnerabilities of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are explained, and the performance monitoring system for the eLoran timing service as a backup to the GNSS is proposed. The time synchronization service using eLoran system as well as system configurations and the user requirements in the differential Loran (dLoran) system are described to monitor the time synchronization performance. The results of the designed system are presented for long-term operation in the eLoran testbed environment. As the results of time performance monitoring, we were able to verify the time synchronization precision within 43.71 ns without corrections, 22.52 ns with corrections. Based on these results, the eLoran system can be utilized as a precise time synchronization source for GPS timing backup.

Target Length Estimation of Target by Scattering Center Number Estimation Methods (산란점 수 추정방법에 따른 표적의 길이 추정)

  • Lee, Jae-In;Yoo, Jong-Won;Kim, Nammoon;Jung, Kwangyong;Seo, Dong-Wook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
    • /
    • v.38 no.6
    • /
    • pp.543-551
    • /
    • 2020
  • In this paper, we introduce a method to improve the accuracy of the length estimation of targets using a radar. The HRRP (High Resolution Range Profile) obtained from a received radar signal represents the one-dimensional scattering characteristics of a target, and peaks of the HRRP means the scattering centers that strongly scatter electromagnetic waves. By using the extracted scattering centers, the downrange length of the target, which is the length in the RLOS (Radar Line of Sight), can be estimated, and the real length of the target should be estimated considering the angle between the target and the RLOS. In order to improve the accuracy of the length estimation, parametric estimation methods, which extract scattering centers more exactly than the method using the HRRP, can be used. The parametric estimation method is applied after the number of scattering centers is determined, and is thus greatly affected by the accuracy of the number of scattering centers. In this paper, in order to improve the accuracy of target length estimation, the number of scattering centers is estimated by using AIC (Akaike Information Criteria), MDL (Minimum Descriptive Length), and GLE (Gerschgorin Likelihood Estimators), which are the source number estimation methods based on information theoretic criteria. Using the ESPRIT algorithm as a parameter estimation method, a length estimation simulation was performed for simple target CAD models, and the GLE method represented excellent performance in estimating the number of scattering centers and estimating the target length.

The Significance of Cancer Stem Cells in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors (개 유선종양 내 종양줄기세포의 중요성)

  • Park, Seo-Young;Baek, Yeong-Bin;Park, Sang-Ik;Lee, Chang-Min;Kim, Sung-Hak
    • Journal of Life Science
    • /
    • v.31 no.2
    • /
    • pp.248-255
    • /
    • 2021
  • Mammary gland tumors are one of the most common cancers in female dogs, and there are various types of cells depending on the tumor type. Complex carcinoma consists of a combination of luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells with intra-tumoral heterogeneity. However, the origins of these tumor cells and their effects on the malignancies of tumors have not been identified. Recently, it has been reported that cancer stem cells, identified in several types of human tumors, are involved in tumor heterogeneity and may also contribute to malignancies such as tumor recurrence and metastasis. Interestingly, cancer stem cells share several abilities of self-renewal and cell differentiation into multiple types of cancer cells, but they have abnormal genetic mutation and signal transduction pathways to regulate the maintenance of stem cell characters. Moreover, it is known that these cell populations contribute to cell metastasis as well as cell resistance against chemo- and radio-therapeutics that promote tumor recurrence. The existence of cancer stem cells might explain the intra-tumoral heterogeneity and cancer aggressiveness during tumorigenesis in canine mammary gland tumors. This review summarizes the characteristics and types of canine mammary gland tumors, the definition of tumor stem cells, methods of isolation, and clinical significance.

A Study on the Analysis of R&D Trends and the Development Plan of Electronic Attack System (전자공격체계 연구개발 동향 분석과 발전방안에 대한 연구)

  • Sim, Jaeseong;Park, Byoung-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
    • /
    • v.22 no.6
    • /
    • pp.469-476
    • /
    • 2021
  • An electronic attack (EA) system is an essential weapon system for performing electronic warfare missions that contain signal tracking and jamming against multiple threats using electromagnetic waves, such as air defense radars, wireless command and communication networks, and guided missiles. The combat effectiveness can be maximized, and the survivability of militarily protecting combat power can be enhanced through EA mission operations, such as disabling the functions of multiple threats. The EA system can be used as a radio frequency jamming system to respond to drone attacks on the core infrastructure, such as airports, power plants, and communication broadcasting systems, in the civilian field. This study examined the criteria for classification according to the electronic attack missions of foreign EA systems based on an aviation platform. The foreign R&D trends by those criteria were investigated. Moreover, by analyzing the R&D trends of domestic EA systems and future battlefields in the domestic security environments, this paper proposes technological development plans of EA systems suitable for the future battlefield environments compared to the foreign R&D trends.

Genes of Wild Rice (Oryza grandiglumis) Induced by Wounding and Yeast Extract (상처와 효모추출물 처리조건에서 유발되는 야생벼 유전자 스크린)

  • Shin, Sang-Hyun;Im, Hyun-Hee;Lee, Jai-Heon;Kim, Doh-Hoon;Chung, Won-Bok;Kang, Kyung-Ho;Cho, Sung-Ki;Shin, Jeong-Sheop;Chung, Young-Soo
    • Journal of Life Science
    • /
    • v.14 no.4
    • /
    • pp.650-656
    • /
    • 2004
  • Oryza grandiglumis (CCDD, 2n=48), one of the wild rice species, has been known to possess fungal-,bacterial-, and insect-resistance against sheath blight, rice blast, bacterial leaf blight and brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens). To rapidly isolate differentially expressed genes responding to fungal and wounding stress, wounding and yeast extract were treated to O. grandiglumis for 24 hrs. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method was used to obtain differentially expressed genes from yeast extract and wounding treated plants. Seven hundreds and seventy six clones were obtained by subcloning PCR product, and colony array and screening were carried out using radio-isotope labeled cDNA probes prepared from the wounding and yeast extract treated plants. One hundred and fifteen colonies were confirmed as true positive ones. Average insert size of the clones were ranged from 400 bp to 700 bp and all the inserts were sequenced. To decide the identity of those clones, sequences were analyzed by sequence homology via GenBank database. The homology search result showed that 68 clones were matched to the genes with known function; 16 were related to primary metabolism, 5 to plant retrotransposons, 5 to defense related metallothionein-like genes. In addition to that, others were matched to various genes with known function in amino acid synthesis and processing, membrane transport, and signal transduction, so on. In northern blot analysis, induced expressions of ogwfi-161, ogwfi-646, ogwfi-663, and ogwfi-695 by wounding and yeast extract treatments were confirmed. The result indicates that SSH method is very efficient for rapid screening of differentially expressed genes.