Large bowel cancer shows the 4-5th frequency in cancers that occurs in Korea. The western medicine cures the Large bowel cancer by radiation, surgery and chemotherapy. While, Oriental medicine cures the Large bowel cancer by Herb-drugs, acupuncture, moxa and et al. With just one way of treating Large bowel cancer can't be effective remedy. Because each medicine has a strength and weakness, it is effective treatment when two medicine combines and supplement each other. We got the following result about a trend of oriental and western combination treatment for Large bowel cancer through studding records. 1. In Large bowel cancer, colon cancer is referred hematochezia(腸風下血), rectal cancer is refereed enterotoxin(腸毒), and anal cancer is accumulation of pathogens in yin(結陰). 2. The western medicine treats Large bowel cancer patient with surgery first. They need on assembly treatment such as chemical, radiation and immune treatment. In oriental medicine, they treats Large bowel cancer patients with differentiation of symptom and signs and treatment(辨證施治) for example, insufficiency of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), collapse of the spleen-ql(脾氣下陷), stagnation of blood stasis and toxic agent(瘀毒內結), reinforcing both qi and blood(脾血下陷), stagnation of damp-phlegm(痰濕凝結) and cure for them by acupuncture and moxa too. 3. In combination with oriental and western medical treatment princple of Large bowel cancer by each stage is as follows. First stage is cured with radical surgery and herb-drugs without chemotherapy. The intermediate and terminal stage patients is used radiation before surgery, or after palliative surgery cour with chemotherapy, radiation and Herb-drugs. In terminal stage patients, unable for surgery, is used combination between chemotherapy, palliative radiation and Herb-drugs. 4. After radiation surgery, the terminal stage patients who have extensively lymph node metastasis or local contraindication is able to undergo combination of Herb-durgs and chemotherapy. 5. The cure-effect with oriental and western medicine combination treatment was better than that just with oriental or western medical treatment. 6. The merits of oriental and western medicine combination treatment lengthen one's life and diminish the bad effect of chemotherapy and complete radiation treatment, prevent from relapsing, maintain the balance in their environment of body and improve immunity.
It is well known that mammalian alveolar membrane is covered with a very thin layer of surfactant film which characteristically reduces surface tension of alveolar membrane, and maintains alveolar stability. Since Clements in 1957 demonstrated that the surfactant is extractable by mincing the lung tissue in saline, various studies on the subject have been succeeded by many workers. However, the effect of radiation on the surfactant is not well clarified. Present study was attempted to observe the effect of x-irradiation on the activity of surfactant in rabbits. X-ray in dose of 300 r, 600 r or 900 r was irradiated to the chest of rabbits. The lung was removed from normal or irradiated rabbits sacrificed by arterial blood shedding, and lung-saline extract, adding 3 grams of lung tissue to 50 mili-liters of saline, was prepared by means of Vertis homogenizer. Tension-area diagram of lung extract was recorded automatically by a modified Langmuir-Wilhelmy balance with a synchronized recording system designed in this department. The surface tension of lung extract was measured at 1st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 7 th and 15 th post-radiation day in 300 r irradiated group, at 3 rd, 7 th and 15 th post-radiation day in 600 r irradiated group, 3 rd and 7 th post-radiation day in 900 r irradiated group respectively. For the histo-pathological study, lung tissue preparations were made in all irradiatiated groups on the day of experiment and in normal group. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The minimal surface tension, maximal surface tension and stability index of normal rabbits lung extracts were 7.68 dynes/cm, 38.84 dynes/cm, and 1.39 respectively. 2. The activity of surfactant was depressed prominently by x-irradiation. However, increase in the dose of x-irradiation did not show any significant change in the degree of surfactant activity suppression. The most marked depression in surfactant was observed at the third post-radiation day in all irradiated groups. 3. Activity of surfactant depressed by x-irradiation showed a tendency of recovering to normal on 15 th post-radiation day. 4. The tendency of change in activity of surfactant following x-irradiation was somewhat correlative with histo-pathological changes. But the degree of depression of surfactant by x-irradiation did not correspond to the degree of histo-pathological changes, and recovery of lung tissue from radiation damage, tissue edema and congestion, seemed to be followed by restoration of surfactant activity. 5. The width of the tension-area diagram was measured at the surface area of 40% in lung extract of normal and x-irradiated rabbits. And it was found that the changes of the width corresponded well with that of minimum surface tension and of stability index in all normal and x-irradiated groups.
Ha, Rim;Shin, Hyung-Jin;Lee, Mi-Seon;Kim, Seong-Joon
KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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v.30
no.3B
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pp.233-242
/
2010
SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) developed by Bastiaanssen (1995) is an image-processing model comprisedof twenty-five sub models that calculates spatial evapotranspiration (ET) and other energy exchanges at the surface. SEBAL uses image data from Landsat or other satellites measuring thermal infrared radiation, visible and near infrared. In this study, the model was applied to Gyeongancheon watershed, the main tributary of Han river Basin. ET was computed on apixel-by-pixel basis from an energy balance using 4 years (2001-2004) Landsat and MODIS images. The scale effect between Landsat (30 m) and MODIS (1 km) was evaluated. The results both from Landsat and MODIS were compared with FAO Penman-Monteith ET. The absolute errors between satellite ETs and Penman-Monteith ET were within 12%. The spatial and temporal characteristics of ET distribution within the watershed were also analyzed.
Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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v.11
no.3
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pp.151-165
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2008
Ground slope and aspect are important parameters for physical deterministic water balance models like BROOK90 or hydrological models which attempt to calculate evapotranspiration, snowmelt, and net radiation. This study constructs a Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and examines how DEM resolution can change the average ground slope and aspect of a river basin and attempts to evaluate the effects on simulation results of BROOK90, a physical deterministic water balance model. The study area is Byungcheon river basin in Korea. DEM has been constructed using a 1:25,000 digital map with the methods of TIN and Topo To Raster. The total of 20 DEMs with 10m~100m resolution have been constructed, with a 10m interval. It was found that the higher the DEM resolution, the steeper the average ground slope value of the Byungcheon river basin. In turn, the direct solar radiation of a hilly area in the model increased the evapotranspiration and reduced the stream runoff in the Byungcheon river basin. On the other hand, a lower DEM resolution tends to move the average aspect from southeast to south in the Byungcheon river basin. Accordingly, it was found that stream runoff was reduced and evapotranspiration increased.
Comprehensive study on the control system design for a RTP process has been conducted. The purpose of the control system is to maintain maximum temperature uniformity across the silicon wafer achieving precise tracking for various reference trajectories. The study has been carried out in two stages: thermal balance modeling on the basis of a semi-empirical radiation model, and optimal iterative learning controller design on the basis of a linear state space model. First, we found through steady state radiation modeling that the fourth power of wafer temperatures, lamp powers, and the fourth power of chamber wall temperature are related by an emissivity-independent linear equation. Next, for control of the MIMO system, a state space modeland LQG-based two-stage batch control technique was derived and employed to reduce the heavy computational demand in the original two-stage batch control technique. By accommodating the first result, a linear state space model for the controller design was identified between the lamp powers and the fourth power of wafer temperatures as inputs and outputs, respectively. The control system was applied to an experimental RTP equipment. As a consequence, great uniformity improvement could be attained over the entire time horizon compared to the original multi-loop PID control. In addition, controller implementation was standardized and facilitated by completely eliminating the tedious and lengthy control tuning trial.
Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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2002.09a
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pp.19-22
/
2002
The importance of accurate dose delivery in radiotherapy is well documented. Studies have shown that a mere 5% deviation of the prescribed dose can produce an undesirable treatment outcome. Uncertainties in the dose delivery can arise at different stages of the radiotherapy process. Therefore, a good quality assurance programme will ensure the best possible results and consistency of the radiotherapeutic treatment. Quality assurance in any radiotherapy department involves the responsibility of a multi-disciplinary team of radiation oncologists, medical physicists and radiation technologists. This paper will focus on the physical and technical aspects of QA. The organizational structure and responsibility of the physics QA team is outlined and also included the types and frequencies of QA checks. For a QA program to be effective, action levels should be clearly defined and understood by all staff concerned. Data of the Singapore National Cancer Centre's participation over the last ten years with the IAEA / WHO Postal TLD Dose Inter-comparison programme is presented. The data obtained were within the international criteria. For a QA program to be successfully implemented, there must be a commitment by management to provide adequate staff, test equipment, machine time as well as continual training and education. This is in addition to the positive attitudes of all the staff. A quality audit is also necessary to serve as a check and balance to ensure that the QA is in order.
Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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v.27
no.6
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pp.796-803
/
2003
The discrete ordinates interpolation method (DOIM) has shown good accuracy and versatile applicability for the radiation $problems^{(1,2)}$. The DOIM is a nonconservative method in that the intensity and temperature are computed only at grid points without considering control volumes. However, when the DOIM is used together with a finite volume algorithm such as $SIMPLER^{(3)}$, intensities at the control surfaces need to be calculated. For this reason, a 'quadratic' and a 'decoration' schemes are proposed and examined. They are applied to two kinds of radiation problem in one-dimensional geometries. In one problem, the intensity and temperature are calculated while the radiative heat source is given, and in the other, the intensity and the radiative heat source are computed with a given temperature field. The quadratic and the decoration schemes show very successful results. The quadratic scheme gives especially accurate results so that further decoration may not be needed. It is recommended that the quadratic and the decoration schemes may be used together, or, one of them may be applied for control volume radiative energy balance.
Energy efficient and low pollution combustion systems the use gaseous fuels have been in great demand in recent year. Radiant burner in many different forms are emerging as very desirable combustion systems for same reason. Porous radiant burners are used in drying, preheating and curing, and in other type of materials processing and manufacturing processes. However, little knowledge is available about the operating characteristics and the structure of flames in porous ceramic fiber radiant burners. The objective of the present work is to investigate the global performance characteristics of the ceramic fiber burner. A detailed study which includes the spectral intensity, gas temperature, radiation efficiency and global pollutant emissions. Another objective is to study the flame structure of the ceramic fiber burner by measuring the local gas temperature. The results indicate that ceramic fiber burner do offer a 19-44% gain in radiant efficiency. The ceramic fiber burner exhibit significant spectral intensity peaks in the band at $2.0-2.5{\mu}m$. The local temperature distribution inside the mat and near the mat surface as a function of the equivalence ratio can be reasonably interpreted by the relation of the heat balance in the mat and movement of the reaction zone. Nox emission from ceramic fiber burner is less than 25ppm throughout the operating range.
The paper discusses the modelling of the thermal storage roof with the air circulation system. In this system, the fully glazed absorber plate is put on the top of the conventional pitch roof made of massive concrete and acts as a solar air heater. Solar radiation collected into absorber is stored in the roof structure by radiation and convection so that it reduces the nighttime heating load through the roof. Another part of the energy is also transmitted to internal air drawn into the channel and is then introduced Into the room. To analysis the system, the energy balance equations are developed and are solved using a finite difference method. The calculation results show a good agreement with the measured ones obtained from our experiments. From the results, it is seen that the thermal storage roof with the air circulation system reduces significantly the conductive heat loss compared with that for the conventional roof and has the instantaneous solar collection efficiency of about 30%.
An accurate transpiration model for greenhouse tomato crop, which is liable to transpiration depression and yield loss because of low solar radiation and high humidity, could be an efficient tool for the optimum control of greenhouse climate and for the optimization of Irrigation scheduling. The purpose of this study was to develop transpiration model of greenhouse tomato and to carry out the experimental verification. The formulas to calculate the canopy transpiration and temperature simultaneously were derived from the energy balance of canopy. Transpiration and microclimate variables such as net radiation, solar radiation, humidity, canopy and air temperature, etc. were simultaneously measured to estimate parameters of model equations and to verify the suggested model. Leaf boundary layer resistance was calculated as a function of Nusselt number and stomatal diffusive resistance was parameterized by solar radiation and leaf-air vapor pressure deficit. The equation for stomatal diffusive resistance could explain more than 80% of its variation and the calculated stomatal diffusive resistance showed good agreements with the measured values in situations independent of which the constants of the equation were estimated. The canopy net radiation calculated by Stanghellini's model with slight modification agreed well with the measured values. The present transpiration model, into which afore-mentioned component equations were assembled, was found to predict the canopy temperature, instantaneous and daily transpiration with considerable accuracy in greenhouse climates.
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