• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.580-586
• /
• 2002

We investigated the effect of ionic component on crystalline morphology development during isothermal annealing in a sodium neutralized sulfonated poly(ethylene terephthalate) ionomer (Ion-PET) by time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (TR-SAX S) using synchrotron radiation. At early stage in Ion-PET, SAXS intensity at a low annealing temperature (Ta = 120 $^{\circ}C)$ decreased monotonously with scattering angle for a while. Then SAXS profile showed a peak and the peak position progressively moved to wider angles with isothermal annealing time. Finally, the peak intensity decreased, shifting the peak angle to wider angle. It is revealed that ionic aggregates (multiplets structure) of several nm, calculated by Debye-Bueche plot, are formed at early stage. They seem to accelerate the crystallization rate and make fine crystallites without spherulite formation (supported by optical microscopy observation). From decrease of peak intensity in SAXS,it is suggested that new lamellae are inserted between the preformed lamellae so that the concentration of ionic multiplets in amorphous region decreases to lower the electron density difference between lamellar crystal and amorphous region. In addition, analysis on the annealing at a high temperature (Ta = 210 $^{\circ}C)$ by optical microscopy, light scattering and transmission electron microscopy shows a formation of spherulite, no ionic aggregates, the retarded crystallization rate and a high level of lamellar orientation.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.95-107
• /
• 1998

Natural convection and radiation heat transfer in a square enclosure containing absorbing, emitting, and isotopically scattering(participating) media is studied numerically using the finite volume method. Various numerical methods are employed to analyze the radiative heat transfer. However, it is very difficult to choose the proper method. In present study, a finite volume method(FVM) and a discrete ordinates method(DOM) are compared in rectangular enclosure. The SIMPLER algorithm is used to solve the momentum and energy equations. Thermal and flow characteristics are investigated according to the variation of radiation parameters such as optical thickness and scattering albedo. The result shows that the accuracy and the computing time of FVM are better than those of DOM in regular geometry.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 2006

We conducted simultaneous, small-angle, X-ray scattering/differential scanning calorimetry (SAXS/DSC) and simultaneous, wide-angle, X-ray scattering (WAXS)/DSC measurements for a polymer blend of poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene glycol)(PCL/PEG). The time-dependent SAXS/DSC and WAXS/DSC results, measured while the system was quenched below the melting temperature of PCL from a melting state, revealed the competitive behavior between liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization in the polymer blend. The time-dependent structural evolution extracted from the SAXS/WAXS/DSC results can be characterized by the following four stages in the PCL crystallization process: the induction (I), nucleation (II), growth (III), and late (IV) stages. The influence of the liquid-liquid phase separation on the crystallization of PCL was also observed by phase-contrast microscope and polarized microscope with 1/4$\lambda$ compensator.

• 전기학회논문지
• /
• 제62권9호
• /
• pp.1260-1263
• /
• 2013

Plane wave scattering from a spherical resonator is calculated by solving the combined field integral equation (CFIE) with Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis functions and the moment method. The calculations show that magnetic and electric dipoles are found at resonant modes. These characteristics are confirmed by radiation patterns in the far field region. In addition, an analysis of a magnetodielectric sphere is discussed.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 2003년도 한국우주과학회보 제12권2호
• /
• pp.35-35
• /
• 2003

In satellite communication, attenuation, scattering, and depolarization of relatively high frequency waves such as millimeter waves are strongly influenced by rain. In order to study the rain attenuation, we introduce a new theoretical method, which enables us to obtain the reflection and transmission coefficients in arbitrary medium. We adopt this method to examine how the electromagnetic radiation is affected by homogeneous spherical raindrops. It is assumed that the raindrop shape is spherical and linearly locate in one direction. For the radiation of wave in raindrops, we consider the effective permittivity, in which the raindrop is assumed to be spherical. By adopting the invariant imbedding approach, the 1st order differential equations are derived for the reflection and transmission coefficients. We investigate the transmission and reflection of waves for various incident angles when the spherical raindrops are assumed to have random sizes.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2002년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
• /
• pp.352-357
• /
• 2002

Some interaction characteristics, i.e., light scattering characteristics, of infrared (IR) radiation with small ice crystals are investigated systematically by using the exact T-matrix approach. Some important facts are obtained, which reveal, especially, that the combination of both the 25 and 3.979$\mu$m together has some advantages and potential applications for remote sensing of cirrus and other ice clouds. A new far-IR channel at the wavelength of 25$\mu$m is proposed.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 1986

Cs-137 및 Co-60감마선 조사장치를 사용하여 비임의 입체각이 $2.4{\pi}{\times}10^{-3}sr$에서 $17.3{\pi}{\times}10^{-3}sr$로 변함에 따른 공기의 산란인자와 두께 2.9cm 납 흡수체 사용에 따른 축적인자를 결정하였다. 그 결과 산란인자는 $1{\sim}1.064$, 축적인자는 $1.054{\sim}1.194$범위의 값을 갖는 것으로 각각 나타났다. 결정된 인자들의 검증을 위하여 계산값과 측정값을 비교한 결과 그 차이는 3.3%이하인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 2020

일반영상 검사 시 발생되는 산란선은 검사목적 부위 외 다른 장기 및 조직에 대해 2차적인 피폭을 유발할 수 있다. 현재 방사선 피폭을 저감하기 위해 사용되는 차폐기구는 종사자들의 방사선 방호 목적으로 대부분 사용되며, 환자의 방사선 방호는 거의 이뤄지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 모의실험을 통해 일반 영상 검사 시 산란선에 의한 장기 선량과 3D 프린팅 재료를 통한 방사선 차폐기구로의 효용성을 평가하고자 한다. 그 결과, 검사 시 장기별 흡수선량은 선원과의 거리가 인접하고, 피부표면에 근접한 장기일수록 2차 산란선에 의해 높은 영향을 나타내었다. 이를 방호하기 위한 3D 프린팅 차폐기구 사용에 따른 선량감소효과는 플라스틱 계열에 비해 혼합 프린팅 재료의 경우 더 높은 차폐효과를 나타내었다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.287-292
• /
• 2008

방사선 반응에서의 위치정보는 방사선 선원의 영상을 재구성하는데 있어서 매우 중요한 기본정보이다. 이에 대부분의 위치 검출 기술을 이용하여 검출기안에서의 일어난 단일 반응의 위치정보를 알아낼 수 있다. 그러나 섬광체 안에서의 다중산란의 경우 각각의 산란위치를 개별적으로 측정할 수 없고 여러 산란위치의 평균만이 구해질 수 있어서 측정된 방사능의 위치정보에 불확실성이 존재하게 된다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 다중산란에 따른 위치 불확실성을 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션으로 계산하였다. 시뮬레이션 모델은 복합 집속 카메라에 사용된 $50{\times}50{\times}5mm\;LaCl_3$(Ce) 섬광체(pixel크기는 $2{\times}2{\times}5mm$)이다. 복합 집속 카메라는 광전효과와 컴프턴 산란 모두에서 정보를 얻으므로 방사선의 반응에서 부분에너지만 (검출기에) 검출되는 경우와 모든 에너지가 검출 되는 경우를 나누어 위치 불확실성을 계산하였다. 부분에너지만 검출되는 경우 (PED) 위치의 표준편차는 $1{\sim}2mm$ 미만으로 다중산란에 의한 불확실성이 크지 않다는 것을 알 수 있다. PED의 경우 다중산란의 영향이 크지 않으므로 이러한 다중산란은 컴프턴 카메라의 성능에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 모든 에너지가 검출되는 경우 (FED), 122keV입사방사선의 경우를 제외하면, 그 위치의 표준편차가 1차 검출기의 pixel크기에 2배에 달한다. 그러므로 복합 집속 카메라의 코드화된 마스크를 설계하는데 있어 재구성된 영상의 잡음을 방지하기 위해 다중산란에 의한 표준편차가 고려되어야 한다. 모든 입사 방사선에너지에 대하여 FED에 의한 위치 불확실성은 PED에 의한 것 보다 크며 PED 대 FED의 비는 입사방사선의 에너지가 증가함에 따라서 커진다. PED와 FED의 경우 모두 위치의 불확실성이 입사방사선의 에너지에 따라 달라졌다.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제53권6호
• /
• pp.169-179
• /
• 2020

Emission features formed through Raman scattering with atomic hydrogen provide unique and crucial information to probe the distribution and kinematics of a thick neutral region illuminated by a strong far-ultraviolet radiation source. We introduce a new 3-dimensional Monte-Carlo code in order to describe the radiative transfer of line photons that are subject to Raman and Rayleigh scattering with atomic hydrogen. In our Sejong Radiative Transfer through Raman and Rayleigh Scattering (STaRS) code, the position, direction, wavelength, and polarization of each photon is traced until escape. The thick neutral scattering region is divided into multiple cells with each cell being characterized by its velocity and density, which ensures flexibility of the code in analyzing Raman-scattered features formed in a neutral region with complicated kinematics and density distribution. To test the code, we revisit the formation of Balmer wings through Raman scattering of the far-UV continuum near Lyβ and Lyγ in a static neutral region. An additional check is made to investigate Raman scattering of O vi in an expanding neutral medium. We find a good agreement of our results with previous works, demonstrating the capability of dealing with radiative transfer modeling that can be applied to spectropolarimetric imaging observations of various objects including symbiotic stars, young planetary nebulae, and active galactic nuclei.