• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1996

This study is to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer of a horizontal tube, with radial fins of various configuration, immersed in a high temperature fluidized bed. The experimental heat transfer variation is compared with that of a smooth tube. The finned tubes and smooth tube, with outside and inside diameter of 48.6mm and 30.6mm, are made of steel tubes. The depth of the fin is 5mm, the rake angles of fin are $25^{\circ},\;35^{\circ},\;45^{\circ}$ and the widthes of fin for each rake angle are 0mm, 1mm, 2mm and 3mm. A bed temperature is fixed at $880\;{\pm}\;10^{\circ}C$. A granular refractory(silica sand) is used as a bed material with mean particle diameters of 1.22mm and 1.54mm. The maximum heat transfer coefficient is achieved with the rake angle of $25^{\circ}$ and the width of 0mm for the mean particle size 1.22mm. The coefficient is 2.14 times larger than that for a smooth tube. The rake angle for the maximum heat transfer coefficient depends on the particle size of bed material. Also the transfer coefficient decreases as the width of fin increases.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.8-17
• /
• 2008

Objectives: For the traditional pulse diagnosis in Oriental Medicine, not only the pulse shape in time domain, but the width, length and depth of arterial pulse also should be measured. However, conventional pulse diagnostic systems have failed to measure the spatial parameters of the arterial pulse e.g. effective length of arterial pulse in the wrist. In fact, there are many ways to measure that kind of spatial features in arterial pulsation, but among them, the method using image sensor provides relatively cheap and simple way, therefore I tested feasibility of measuring 2-dimensional pressure distribution by imaging devices. Methods: Using widely used PC cameras and dotted balloons, the subtle oscillation of skin over the radial artery was recorded continuously, and then the displacement of every dot was calculated. Consequently, the time course of that displacements shows arterial pulse wave. Results: By the proposed method I could get pressure distribution map with 30Hz sampling rate, 21steps quantization resolution, and approximately 1mm spatial resolution. With reduced quantization resolution, $3cm{\times}4cm$ view angle could be achieved. Conclusion: Although this method has some limitations, it would be useful method for detecting 2-dimensional features of arterial pulse, and accordingly, this method provides a novel way to detect 'narrow pulse', 'wide pulse', 'long pulse', 'short pulse', and their derivatives.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.90.1-90.1
• /
• 2012

Understanding the dynamics of relativistic electron acceleration, loss, and transport in the Earth's radiation belt during magnetic storms is a challenging task. The U.S. National Science Foundation's Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) has identified five magnetic storms for in-depth study that occurred during the second half of the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) mission in the year 1991. In this study, we show the responses of relativistic radiation belt electrons to the magnetic storms by comparing the time-dependent 3-D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) simulations with the CRRES MEA 1 MeV electron observations in order to investigate the relative roles of the competing effects of previously proposed scattering mechanisms at different storm phases, as well as to examine the extent to which the simulations can reproduce observations. The major scattering processes in our model are radial transport due to Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) electromagnetic fluctuations, pitch-angle and energy diffusion including mixed diffusion by whistler mode chorus waves outside the plasmasphere, and pitch-angle scattering by plasmaspheric hiss inside the plasmasphere. We provide a detailed description of simulations for each of the GEM storm events.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2010.06a
• /
• pp.895-902
• /
• 2010

The method in a bid to make better use of limited urban space amidst increasingly expanding urban area have been attempted in various ways. Efficient using underground space is one of the examples. The pipe roof and excavation for underground crossing implemented in this study was the part of evaluation of such attempt. However, the pipe roof method for underground crossing may cause the ground surface to be uplifted or settled down, having effect on structure above the ground. Thus in this study, a laboratory model test designed to evaluate the effect on surface during implementing pipe roof and excavation was carried out. The ground displacement during pipe roof advancing and excavation is usually occurred in a radial shape but as the study focused on trackbed, the evaluation included ground settlement only. Thus, appropriately-scaled model was selected considering domestic geological characteristics and operation characteristics of traditional and high-speed rail trains and the qualitative evaluation of displacement was carried out with a certain ground loss depending on excavation after categorizing trackbed settlement pattern depending on depth of top soil.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.14 no.3 s.75
• /
• pp.251-256
• /
• 2005

3-D micro structures and micro tools were fabricated using Micro Electrical Discharge Machining (MEDM). To make micro structures, micro electrical discharge milling process was applied. During micro electrical discharge milling, electrode (tool) worn in the both axial and radial direction. To compensate tool wear which has significant influence on machining accuracy, machining path overlapping was proposed. Machining characteristics of micro electrical discharge milling was investigated in considering of depth of cut and capacitance of discharge circuit. Micro complex shaped tools were also fabricated using REDM (reverse electrical discharge machining). Sacrificial electrodes were machined through electrical discharge milling process and were used as electrode to make micro tools. Using this process several micro tools shape of 'ㄷ', 'ㅁ' and 'o' were fabricated. With these complex shaped tools, micro machining was successfully applied repeatedly.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.773-780
• /
• 2003

The three-dimensional spatial structures of impeller flow created by a six bladed Rushton turbine have identified based on the volumetric velocity information from multi-plane stereoscopic PIV measurements. A total of 10 planes with 2 mm space and a 50 mm by 64 mm size of the field of view were targeted. To reduce the depth of focus, we adopted an angle offset configuration which satisfied the Scheimpflug condition. The distortion compensation procedure was utilized during the in situ calibration. Phase-locked instantaneous data were ensemble averaged and interpolated in order to obtain mean 3-D. volumetric velocity fields on a 60 degree sector of a cylindrical ring volume enclosing the turbine blade. Using the equi-vorticity surface rendering, the spatial structure of the trailing vortices was clearly demonstrated. Detail flow characteristics of the radial jet reported in previous studies of mixer flows were easily identified.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.955-966
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning and nature of pain experienced among patients with chronic pain. The present study adopted a hermeneutic phenomenological method which was developed by van Manen. Method: The participants for this study were 4 men and 5 women, who were over the age of 20 with chronic pain more than 6 months. Data was collected by using in-depth interviews and observations from September, 2004 to December, 2004. The contents of the interviews were tape-recorded with the consent of the subject. Result: The essential themes that fit into the context of the 4 existential grounds of body, time, space and other people were 'untamed and unremitting pain', 'the body as an obstacle', 'continuity of suffering time as if the moment would never end', 'a narrow radial range of action' and 'separating from other people'. Conclusion: Patients with chronic pain experienced and perceived the world through the filter of their pain. It is necessary for nurses to understand the experiences of chronic pain patients and to provide more empathic, supportive care. Further research is needed on nursing interventions that could help chronic patients cope with and find the meaning in their suffering.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2000.04a
• /
• pp.533-538
• /
• 2000

In R.C. flat slab system, a brittle punching failure is a very fatal problem. But there is no generally well-defined answer to the problem and there are wide differences in current practical design codes. therefore, in this study, the factors affecting to punching failure mechanism have been studied to find out the punching shear behavior in R.C. flat slabs by comparing other investigations and practical design codes. Therefore, In this study, the factors affecting to punching failure mechanism have been studied to find out the punching shear behavior in R.C. flat slabs by comparing other investigations and practical design codes. The conclusions in this study are summarized as follows; 1) The factors affecting to punching shear are concrete strength ($f_\alpha$), ratio of column side length to slab depth (c/d), ratio of distance from column center to radial contraflexure (l/d), yield strength of steel ($f_y$), flexural reinforcement ratio ($\rho$) and size effects. 2) It is shown that th use of $\surd{f_{ck}}$in applying($f_\alpha$ to punching shear strength estimation may be more sensitive in high concrete strength. 3) The effects of l/d, ($f_y$, size are no clear in the punching failure mechanism, so in the future, it should be investigated with the effects of various composed load.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 1999

The injected liquid does not break-up instantly after injection for diesel engine. There is some unbroken portion, which is the liquid core(The length of liquid core is called the break-up length) in the spray. If the liquid core is longer than the depth of the bowl in the small DI diesel engine, the liquid core impinges on the surface of the piston. Once the liquid core impinges on the surface, it cannot ignite or burn rapidly and thus prolongs burning time with a degradation in thermal efficiency. The break-up length of a diesel spray in a compressure vessel was measured by an electric resistance method, A voltage was applied between the nozzle and screen, bar, needle electrode inserted at various axial and radial positions into atomizing sprays. As a result, a current flows not only in the region of liquid core but also through the droplets of the spray. It is found that the break-up length measured with screen electrode is overestimated. The break-up length of the spray is found to be proportional to the square root of the density ratio of fuel and surrounding gas. The break-up length of the spray decreases as the injection pressure and the back pressure increase.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.1669-1680
• /
• 1992

This paper deals with the prediction of cutting force and tool deflection and it's application in the flexible ball end milling process. Machining accuracy is determined by the static stiffness of tool system and the instantaneous cutting force. The static stiffness of tool system consists of the stiffness of holer and the stiffness of ball end mill. The stiffness of holder was obtained from the experimental result, and the stiffness of ball end mill with two flutes was theoretically analyzed by the finite elements method. In cutting process, the instantaneous cutting force is dependent upon the instantaneous feed and pick feed(radial depth of cut) which are varied by tool deflection. For the calculation of cutting force and deflection of ball end mill, iteration method is used with the linear interpolation to the data of cutting force obtained from rigid ball end mill and the data of tool deflection. In this paper, a for enhancing accuracy is discussed. And the selection of helix angle for minimizing machining error is also discussed.