• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.629-635
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• 2007

Reduced crew performance is frequently cited as a major causal factor in maritime accident causation. Although considerable research has been conducted on the hours of work undertaken by seafarers through interviews and the analysis of records, experimental studies to observe the effects of factors such as high workload, shift patterns, stress, sleep deprivation and disturbance on the cognitive performance of mariners have been limited. Other safety-critical transport industries, such as aviation and rail, have developed fatigue management tools to help manage the work patterns of their operators. Such a tool for mariners would assist shipboard crew, marine pilots and shore management in planning and improving work schedules. The overall aim of this paper is to determine a fatigue factor, which can be applied to human performance data, as part of a software program that calculates total cognitive performance. This program enables us to establish the levels of cognitive performance of a group of marine pilots to test a decision-making task based on radar information. This paper addresses one of the factors that may contribute to the determination of various fatigue factors: the effect of different work patterns on the cognitive performance of a marine pilot.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.283-301
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• 2014

In 2010, only 14 tropical cyclones (TCs) were generated over the western North Pacific (WNP), which was the smallest since 1951. This study summarizes characteristics of TCs generated in 2010 over the WNP and investigates the causes of the record-breaking TC genesis. A long-term variation of TC activity in the WNP and verification of official track forecast in 2010 are also examined. Monthly tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly data reveal that El Ni$\tilde{n}$o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event in 2010 was shifted from El Ni$\tilde{n}$o to La Ni$\tilde{n}$a in June and the La Ni$\tilde{n}$a event was strong and continued to the end of the year. We found that these tropical environments leaded to unfavorable conditions for TC formation at main TC development area prior to May and at tropics east of $140^{\circ}E$ during summer mostly due to low SST, weak convection, and strong vertical wind shear in those areas. The similar ENSO event (in shifting time and La Ni$\tilde{n}$a intensity) also occurred in 1998, which was the second smallest TC genesis year (16 TCs) since 1951. The common point of the two years suggests that the ENSO episode shifting from El Ni$\tilde{n}$o to strong La Ni$\tilde{n}$a in summer leads to extremely low TC genesis during La Ni$\tilde{n}$a although more samples are needed for confidence. In 2010, three TCs, DIANMU (1004), KOMPASU (1007) and MALOU (1009), influenced the Korean Peninsula (KP) in spite of low total TC genesis. These TCs were all generated at high latitude above $20^{\circ}N$ and arrived over the KP in short time. Among them, KOMPASU (1007) brought the most serious damage to the KP due to strong wind. For 14 TCs in 2010, mean official track forecast error of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for 48 hours was 215 km, which was the highest among other foreign agencies although the errors are generally decreasing for last 10 years, suggesting that more efforts are needed to improve the forecast skill.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.403-412
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• 2019

The characteristics of the manoeuvring motion of a ship are dependent on the ship type, as well as draft or speed in the same ship. In recent years, the number of extra-large vessels has increased significantly, which can cause enormous material and environmental damage in the event of a marine accident. Thus, the importance of ship maneuvering is increasing. The IMO has forced the officers to be trained in simulators through the STCW 95 amendment. However, FMSS is costly and difficult to access and the PC-based simulator has the disadvantage that only one person can engage in simulation. The purpose of this study was to solve the shortcomings of the FMSS and PC-based simulators by enabling multiple people to use their PCs to simulate based on a network. The simulator is implemented through the analysis and numerical calculation of the Nomoto model, Radar function mounting, data transfer protocol design, and GUI building. To verify the simulator, the simulation results were compared and analyzed with the test results of T.S. HANBADA according to the criteria of the Korean Register of Shipping(KR) and IMO standards for ship maneuverability. As a result, It showed a relative error of 0%~ 32.1% with an average of 13.7%, and it satisfied the IMO criteria for ship maneuverability.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.219-232
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• 2012

The intensive observation (ProbeX-2010) was performed to investigate an urban effect on summer rainfall over the Seoul metropolitan area from 13 August to 3 September 2010. Two kinds of urban effect were detected. First, weak rainfall (${\leq}1\;mm\;hr^{-1}$) was observed more frequently in the downwind area of Seoul than any other area of the country. The high frequency of weak rainfall in the downwind area was also confirmed from the recent five years of observational data (2006-2010). Because the high frequency was more apparent in mountainous regions during nighttime, the weak rainfall seems to be caused by a combined effect of urbanization and topography. Second, sporadically, a convective system was developed rapidly in the downwind area of Seoul, causing heavy rainfall (${\geq}10\;mm\;hr^{-1}$). It can be most clearly seen in series of radar images around 1300-1500 KST 27 August 2010. We investigated in detail the synoptic and local weather and upper air conditions. As a result, not only urban-induced high sensible heat but also conditionally unstable atmosphere (especially unstable in low level) and low level moisture were pointed out as important factors that contributed to urban-induced heavy rainfall.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.79-90
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• 2017

Urban environment represent one of the most dynamic regions on earth. As in other countries, forests, green areas, agricultural lands are rapidly changing into residential or industrial areas in South Korea. Monitoring such rapid changes in land use requires rapid data acquisition, and satellite imagery can be an effective method to this demand. In general, SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellites acquire images with an active system, so the brightness of the image is determined by the surface roughness. Therefore, the water areas appears dark due to low reflection intensity, In the residential area where the artificial structures are distributed, the brightness value is higher than other areas due to the strong reflection intensity. If we use these characteristics of SAR images, settlement areas can be extracted efficiently. In this study, extraction of settlement areas was performed using TerraSAR-X of German high-resolution X-band SAR satellite and KOMPSAT-5 of South Korea, and object-oriented image classification method using the image segmentation technique is applied for extraction. In addition, to improve the accuracy of image segmentation, the speckle divergence was first calculated to adjust the reflection intensity of settlement areas. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the two satellite images, settlement areas are classified by applying a pixel-based K-means image classification method. As a result, in the case of TerraSAR-X, the accuracy of the object-oriented image classification technique was 88.5%, that of the pixel-based image classification was 75.9%, and that of KOMPSAT-5 was 87.3% and 74.4%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Several types of methods such as resistivity survey, ground penetration radar, etc are used for detection of levee leakage and according to the river design guidelines detection of levee leakage is performed by measuring the hydraulic conductivity of levee soil. But, the former can not verify the leakage point and degree of saturation, the latter is an after treatment method. Movable sensor, which is a high-tech TDR system developed since 2000, can obtain directly the dielectric constant profile covering the whole depth of levee. In this study, laboratory and field model experiments were carried out using movable TDR sensor in order to evaluate the applicability as detection system of levee leakage, As the result, movable TDR system has proven to be 3 times more sensitive to water contents than dry unit weight, and the results conclude that the dielectric constant, water contents and density of the ground proved to have a correlation among them, and the dielectric constant is expected to be a basic data on detection of levee leakage.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

A physical model experiment was conducted using a sand and gravel-filled tank model, to investigate the influence on the GPR response of LNAPL vapor phase effects in the unsaturated zone and of residual phase of LNAPL trapped in the saturated zone. Background measurements of GPR were made with only water in the tank using a fluctuating water table model. Gasoline was, then, injected into the bottom of the model tank to simulate a subsurface discharge from a leaking pipe or tank at depth, obtaining GPR data with rising and lowering of water table. Results from the experiment show the GPR sensitivity to the changes in the moisture content in the vadose zone and its effectiveness for monitoring minor fluctuation of the water table. The results also demonstrate a potential of GPR for monitoring possible vapor phase effects of volatile hydrocarbons in the vadose zone as a function of time, and for detecting the effects of residual phase of hydrocarbons in the water saturated system. In addition, the results provide the basis for a strategy that has the potential to successfully detect and delineate residual LNAPL contamination in the water-saturated system at field sites where the conditions are similar to those simulated in the physcial models described herein.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.264-271
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• 2019

Cheomseongdae in Gyeongju, known as an astronomical observatory, is a cultural monument with great historical, academic, and artistic value, as its unique shape is preserved well in its original form. The outer structure, ground stability, and seismic reliability of Cheomseongdae have been assessed by numerous researchers through various scientific methods, but research on the underground structure has been insufficient. This paper contains detailed models of the underground structure of Cheomseongdae interpreted in 2D and 3D images based on the data acquired through GPR surveys conducted of features in and around the base of Cheomseongdae. As a result, the existence of twelve small features arranged in a circle, although only about half of them remain, was confirmed at a depth of 0.4 - 0.6m. Furthermore, a structure three bays long (north-south direction) and four bays wide (east-west direction) was detected beneath Cheomseongdae at the depth of 0.7 - 1.0m. Other than 2 layers of foundations as is known, a square structure with the dimensions of 7m × 7m is situated at a depth of 0.6m, directly under Cheomseongdae, and what is reading that is expected to be the foundation structure of Cheomseongdae was detected and confirmed. This foundation structure is circular with a diameter in the east-west direction of 11m and in the north-south direction of 12m. The northern, western, and eastern edges of this foundation structure are about 1m away from the foundation of Cheomseongdae, whereas the the south side extends to about 5m wide.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2003

Dipole-dipole resistivity and ground penetrating radar(GPR) surveys were performed on an abandoned landfill site filled with asbestos containing material. The main purpose of the study was to estimate spatial extension and volume of the landfill for evaluting the cost for developing appropriate remedial alternatives. Assuming that the bedrock is within 10 m depth, dipole spacings of 2, 2.5 and 5m were set for six survey lines for resistivity measurements. For More detailed information, GPR suvey using 225 Mhz antenna was carried out for twelve survey lines for the shallower information. DC resistivity structures showed few tens ~ hundreds ohm-m for the landfill or alluvial laver, and 1,000~ 5,000 ohm-m for the bedrock. The depth to bedrock is found out to be approximately 5m. GPR survey results represented very clear reflection and/or diffraction events from the boundaries as well as from the blocky construction wastes. With high-resolution GPR survey, depth of the bedrock was resolved up to 2m, which in turn, could be a good indicator for estimating the volume of the landfill. Those depths of bedrock were confirmed by backhoe excavation data for 13 sites. The total area and volume of the landfill were to be approximately 3,953 .$m^2$ and 4,033 $m^3$, respectively.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.122-140
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• 2001

We have applied the geophysical survey, mainly electric and electromagnetic (EM) methods, to a test site contaminated by hydrocarbon waste disposal and local spill. The multi-frequency, moving source & receiver EM survey along with ground penetrating radar (GPR) showed a fairly good performance in detection of buried metal pipes and objects. Magnetic survey measuring vertical and horizontal gradients were so sensitive to the small metallic objects spread over the surface that it's hard to discriminate the buried pipe. We chose electrical resistivity, EM and GPR survey to examine the soil contamination. Depth slices of resistivity distribution as the results of the inversion of resistivity and EM data coincided each other and closely matched the contaminated area determined by chemical analysis of the soil samples. GPR images did not show the reflection events related with contamination plume since there are no distinct spill in this site. We inferred the contamination using the penetration depth of the GPR energy, which could be used as auxiliary information to the resistivity and EM results. We summarized the applicability of each survey methods based on this results and proposed a desirable survey scheme for the determination of hydrocarbon contaminated site.