• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2011

Plant-pathogenic bacteria including Xanthomonas spp. carry genetic diversity in composition of avirulence genes for interaction with their host plants. Previously, we reported genetic diversity of avirulence genes in X. axonopodis pv. glycines. In this study, we determined genetic diversity of five avirulence genes, avrBs1, avrBs2, avrBs3, avrBs4, and avrRxv, in three other Xanthomonas species isolated in Korea by genomic southern hybridization. Although Korean races of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria that were isolated from year 1995 to 2002 had the same avirulence gene patterns as those that already reported, there was race shift from race 3 to race 1 by acquisition of avrBs3 genes. X. campestris pv. campestris isolated from Chinese cabbage, but not from cabbage or radish, carried two avrBs3 genes, and one of them affected HR-eliciting ability of this bacterium in broccoli. X. oryzae pv. oryzae carried eight to thirteen avrBs3 gene homologs, and this bacterium showed dynamic changes of resistance patterns in rice probably by losing or obtaining avrBs3 genes. These results indicate that avrBs3 gene is more diverse in Xanthomonas spp. than other four avirulence genes and also host ranges of these bacteria can be easily changed by loss or acquisition of avrBs3 genes.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.597-618
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• 2010

This paper discusses American disability theater's representations of disability identity and disability identity politics. Dramatists John Belluso and Lynn Manning, among others, present characters with disabilities who experience oppressions at multiple, interlocking levels of domination on the basis of disability, race, and ethnicity. In Manning's Shoot, the black, blind hero iterates episodes in which he experienced discrimination and insults in encounters with whites who used derogatory racist words or belittled him and with some school children who taunted him for just being blind. This play, as in Manning's solo performance, Weights, presents narratives of a blind person traversing multiple locations of oppression in "a long litany of losses" in a white-dominated and ableist society. Belluso's Gretty Good Time similarly weaves together stories of disabled women, Gretty and Hideko, who bond together to resist the dominant ideology that reduces them into titillating commodities of mass consumption. Hideko's story serves the two-fold function of both affirming the specificity of her individual experience as an ethnic other and espousing the communal experience of stigmatization she shares with other disabled women like Gretty. In these plays, the intersection of the identity categories of disability, race, and ethnicity highlights the diversity of the body and the fluidity of boundaries, foregounding the specificity of disabled bodies, while at the same time overthrowing the hierarchical binarism between disabled and "normal" bodies.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2017

Rye (Secale cereale L.) serves as an alternative host of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (PTR) the cause of tan spot on wheat. Rye is cultivated as a forage or cover crop and overlaps with a significant portion of wheat acreage in the U.S. northern Great Plains; however, it is not known whether the rye crop influences the evolution of PTR races. We evaluated a global collection of 211 rye accessions against tan spot and assessed the diversity in PTR population on rye in South Dakota. All the rye genotypes were inoculated with PTR races 1 and 5, and infiltrated with Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB, at seedling stage. We observed 21% of the genotypes exhibited susceptibility to race 1, whereas, 39% were susceptible to race 5. All 211 accessions were insensitive to both the Ptr toxins. It indicates that though rye exhibits diversity in reaction to tan spot, it lacks Ptr ToxA and ToxB sensitivity genes. This suggests that unknown toxins or other factors can lead to PTR establishment in rye. We characterized the race structure of 103 PTR isolates recovered from rye in South Dakota. Only 22% of the isolates amplified Ptr ToxA gene and were identified as race 1 based on their phenotypic reaction on the differential set. The remaining 80 isolates were noted to be race 4. Our results show that races 1 and 4 are prevalent on rye in South Dakota with a higher frequency of race 4, suggesting a minimal role of rye in the disease epidemiology.

• 식물병연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2008

도열병에 대한 감수성 정토가 다른 두 품종의 혼합재배에 의한 무농약 도열병 방제효과를 조사하였다. 재배 생력화를 위해 도열병 저항성을 제외한 품질을 비롯한 벼의 유전적 형질이 유사한 품종조합을 선발한 결과 '호평벼'와 '남평벼'의 조합을 1:1로 종자 혼합을 통한 혼합재배를 실시하였을 때 50.4%의 이삭도열병 방제효과가 있었다(2007). 단일재배시 최대 67.4%까지 우점을 보이던 KJ-101레이스가 혼합재배구에서 최소 29.4%로 감소하였고 그 외의 기타 레이스들이 차지하는 비율은 5.4%에서 9.0%로 증가하였으며 11개의 새로운 레이스가 분리되었다. 단독 혹은 혼합재배에 관계없이 분리된 레이스의 수는 유사하였으나 혼합재배 시 새로운 레이스가 차지하는 비율이 12.5%에서 62.5%로 증가하였고 레이스 간 밀도의 차이는 23.6%에서 8.8%로 감소하였다. 이러한 병원균 레이스 다양성의 변화와 레이스 밀도의 균형이 혼합재배에 의한 도열병 발생의 감소와 깊은 관련이 있을 것으로 추정되며 이와 더불어 혼합재배 효과에 대한 좀 더 명확한 설명을 위해 병원력을 비롯한 레이스의 유전적 형질에 관한 연구가 추후 보완되어져야 할 것이다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2022

Rice blast is the most destructive disease threatening stable rice production in rice-growing areas. Cultivation of disease-resistant rice cultivars is the most effective way to control rice blast disease. However, the rice blast resistance is easy to breakdown within years by blast fungus that continually changes to adapt to new cultivars. Therefore, it is important to continuously monitor the incidence of rice blast disease and race differentiation of rice blast fungus in fields. In 2020, a severe rice blast disease occurred nationwide in Korea. We evaluated the incidence of rice blast disease in Yeoju and compared the weather conditions at the periods of rice blast disease in 2019 and 2020. We investigated the races and avirulence genes of rice blast isolates in Yeoju to identify race diversity and genetic characteristics of the isolates. This study will provide empirical support for rice blast control and the breeding of blast-resistant rice cultivars.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2016년도 춘계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.389-390
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• 2016

Since the Salamanca statement in 1994, inclusive education became the worldwide issue in the field of educational policy. Inclusive education is defined that equality and comprehensive education in the classroom to learning together regardless of whether with disability or not (Han et al, 2013). Inclusive education is the educational system and consist of the three domains; guarantee of rights, improvement in environment and reform in curriculum (Han et al, 2015). Diversity education has been positioned as an educational method in inclusive education. Diversity in classroom is very wide ranging; nationality, gender, culture, race, ethnicity, disability, age and religion. Diversity education is the educational method to providing the appropriate education for the children's diversity on the assumption that appreciate to the diversity. In recent years, the main purpose of inclusive education is to encompass children with disabilities. However, developmental disabilities that has no intellectual delay become a new challenge in education in addition to the physical and mental disability. This study aims to definition of the diversity education as the educational method in Japan.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2019

Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. (Telomorph: Didymella rabiei) (Kov.) is one of the most important fungal diseases in chickpea worldwide. Knowledge about pathogen aggressiveness and identification resistance sources to different pathotypes is very useful for proper decisions in breeding programs. In this study, virulence of 32 A. rabiei isolates from different part of Iran were analyzed on seven chickpea differentials and grouped into six races based on 0-9 rating scale and susceptibility/resistant pattern of chickpea differentials. The least and most frequent races were race V and race I, respectively. Race V and VI showed highly virulence on most of differential, while race I showed least aggressiveness. Resistance pattern of 165 chickpea genotypes also were tested against six different A. rabiei races. ANOVA analysis showed high significant difference for isolate, chickpea genotypes and their interactions. Overall $chickpea{\times}isolate$ (race) interactions, 259 resistance responses (disease severity ${\leq}4$) were identified. Resistance spectra of chickpea genotypes showed more resistance rate to race I (49.70%) and race III (35.15%), while there were no resistance genotypes to race VI. Cluster analysis based on disease severity rate, grouped chickpea genotypes into four distinct clusters. Interactions between isolates or races used in this study, showed the lack of a genotype with complete resistance. Our finding for virulence pattern of A. rabiei and newly identified resistance sources could be considerably important for integration of ascochyta blight resistance genes into chickpea breeding programs and proper decision in future for germplasm conservation and diseases management.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.618-629
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• 2023

우리 사회는 다양성이 점차 커져가고 있으나 초등 과학 교과서를 인종이나 장애의 측면에 분석한 연구는 거의 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 초등 과학 교과서에 제시된 인물 삽화의 다양성을 다문화와 장애의 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 대상은 2015 개정 교육과정 검정 초등 과학 교과서 중 3학년 1, 2학기 교과서 7종 총 14책이었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등 과학 교과서에 제시된 인물 삽화의 인종을 분석한 결과, 3학년 과학 교과서에 제시된 인물 삽화 중 다문화 인물 삽화는 8.2%로 실제 국내 거주 외국인 비율보다 높게 나타났다. 그리고 인종별로는 백인 삽화가 가장 많고 아시아계 외국인 삽화가 가장 적어, 아시아계 외국인이 많은 우리나라 상황과는 다른 분포로 제시되고 있었다. 출판사별로는 이 분포에 상당한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 다문화 인물 삽화의 성별 분포는 남성이 59.0%, 여성이 41.0%로 차이가 있었으며, 일부 출판사는 남성 다문화 인물이 80%에 이르는 등 출판사에 따라 성별 편차가 상당히 크게 나타났다. 셋째, 삽화의 기능 측면에서 한국인과 다문화 인물 삽화의 분포는 설명적 기능의 삽화가 가장 많고, 다음으로 예시적 삽화, 장식적 삽화, 보충적 기능의 삽화 순으로 유사하게 나타났다. 마지막으로 초등 과학 교과서의 인물 삽화를 장애 다양성 측면에서 분석한 결과, 장애인의 비율은 2.0%로, 국내 장애인 비율보다 적은 비율이었다. 인종과 장애의 측면에서 우리나라의 상황과 다양성을 고려할 필요성에 대해 논의하였다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

A competitive coevolutionary algorithm is a probabilistic search method that imitates coevolution process through evolutionary arms race. The algorithm has been used to solve adversarial problems. In the algorithms, the selection of competitors is needed to evaluate the fitness of an individual. The goal of this study is to compare and analyze several competition strategies in terms of solution quality, convergence speed, balance between competitive coevolving species, population diversity, etc. With two types of test-bed problems, game problems and solution-test problems, extensive experiments are carried out. In the game problems, sampling strategies based on fitness have a risk of providing bad solutions due to evolutionary unbalance between species. On the other hand, in the solution-test problems, evolutionary unbalance does not appear in any strategies and the strategies using information about competition results are efficient in solution quality. The experimental results indicate that the tournament competition can progress an evolutionary arms race and then is successful from the viewpoint of evolutionary computation.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.413-425
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• 2014

이 글에서는 생물학적 다양성 개념의 역사적 변화를 이해할 한 가지 방안으로 인간 집단의 다양성에 대한 유전학적 연구의 역사를 탐구한 과학기술학 (STS) 연구들을 검토한다. 이를 통해, 지난 백여 년 동안 생물학 연구 방법론의 변화에 따라 인간 집단의 생물학적 다양성을 지시하는 개념의 전환이 이루어져 온 과정을 확인한다. 동시에 이 같은 연구방법과 개념의 극적인 전환에도 불구하고 최근의 인간 유전다양성 과학 역시 연구를 설계하고, 기술하며, 연구 결과를 해석하는 가운데 과거 연구들의 문제적인 가정들을 담지 하는 방향으로 미끄러질 수 있음을 지적한다. 이를 바탕으로 이 글은 생물다양성 연구자들이 개념과 연구 방법론 사이의 긴밀한 연관과 우리 시대의 종 분류 작업이 가져올 수 있는 문제들에 대해 성찰할 기회를 제공할 것이다.