• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 여러가지 메탈로센 촉매 및 trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate/triisobutylaluminium 공촉매 시스템을 이용하여 에틸렌, high ${\alpha}$-olefin 및 divinylbenzene으로 구성된 삼원공중합체를 중합하였다. 우선 삼원공중합체 중합에 있어서, 최적의 촉매를 확보하기 위해 rac-$Et(Ind)_2ZrCl_2$, rac-$SiMe_2(Ind)_2ZrCl_2$, rac-$SiMe_2(2-Me-Ind)_2ZrCl_2$ 등의 메탈로센 촉매들과 trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate/triisobutylaluminium 공촉매 시스템을 이용하여 삼원공중합체의 촉매활성도, 분자량 및 분자량 분포도를 비교하였다. 공단량체로 투입되는 high ${\alpha}$-olefin의 사슬 길이 변화가 삼원공중합에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 여러 가지 중합 조건들은 동일하게 유지하면서 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene 또는 1-dodecene을 도입한 삼원공중합체들을 각각 합성하였다. 이와 같이 준비한 삼원공중합체들의 화학 조성, 열적 특성 및 기계적 물성 등을 비교 분석하였다.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2016

In predicating the probability distribution of chloride diffusion coefficient of recycled aggregate concrete ($D_{RAC}$), the morphological characteristics of three phases, i.e., the old attached mortar, the natural aggregate and the new mortar, should all be taken into account. The present paper attempts to develop a probability density evolution method (PDEM) to achieve this. After verifying the derived PDEM results with experimental results, the effects of old attached mortar to the $D_{RAC}$ are examined in a quantitative manner. It is found that (1) the variation of the attached mortar content is much sensitive to $D_{RAC}$; (2) given the probability distribution of the content and chloride diffusion coefficient of old mortar, the probability distribution of DRAC can be analysed based on the PDEM; and (3) the critical chloride diffusion coefficient at a certain assurance rate can be obtained by the PDEM. The analysis results of this investigation will be valuable to the durability design for RAC.

• 폴리머
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.468-475
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• 2001

$rac-Et(Ind)_2ZrCl_2,\;rac-Me_2Si(Ind)_2ZrCl_2,\;rac-Me_2Si(Cp)_2ZrCl_2,\;(n-BuCp)_2ZrCl_2$ 등의 메탈로센 촉매와 공촉매인 개질 메틸알루민옥산(MMAO)을 이용한 에틸렌과 노르보르넨의 공중합에서 1-헥센(H), 1-옥텐 및 1-데센 등과 같은 ${\alpha}$-올레핀을 제3단량체로 첨가할 때, 중합조건, 촉매의 구조 및 ${\alpha}$-올레핀의 종류와 첨가량이 촉매 활성, 생성 중합체의 열적 성질 및 조성 등에 미치는 영량을 조사하였다. ${\alpha}$-올레핀의 첨가량에 따른 촉매 활성 및 중합체의 열적 성질의 변화는 촉매구조 뿐만 아니라 ${\alpha}$-올레핀의 구조에도 의존하였다. $rac-Et(Ind)_2ZrCl_2/MMAO$계에서 촉매 활성이 높았고 중합체의 $T_g$ 제어가 용이하였으며, 제3단량체로 H를 첨가한 경우에 가장 높은 촉매활성의 증가를 확인하였다.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.9.1-9.10
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• 2019

Mesangial cell proliferation has been identified as a major factor contributing to glomerulosclerosis, which is a typical symptom of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels are increased in the glomerulus of the kidney in diabetic mice. LPA is a critical regulator that induces mesangial cell proliferation; however, its effect and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The proportion of ${\alpha}-SMA^+/PCNA^+$ cells was increased in the kidney cortex of db/db mice compared with control mice. Treatment with LPA concomitantly increased the proliferation of mouse mesangial cells (SV40 MES13) and the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4. On the other hand, the expression of $p27^{Kip1}$ was decreased. The expression of $Kr{\ddot{u}}ppel$-like factor 5 (KLF5) was upregulated in the kidney cortex of db/db mice and LPA-treated SV40 MES13 cells. RNAi-mediated silencing of KLF5 reversed these effects and inhibited the proliferation of LPA-treated cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were activated, and the expression of early growth response 1 (Egr1) was subsequently increased in LPA-treated SV40 MES13 cells and the kidney cortex of db/db mice. Moreover, LPA significantly increased the activity of the Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac1) GTPase in SV40 MES13 cells, and the dominant-negative form of Rac1 partially inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and upregulation of Egr1 and KLF5 induced by LPA. LPA-induced hyperproliferation was attenuated by the inhibition of Rac1 activity. Based on these results, the Rac1/MAPK/KLF5 signaling pathway was one of the mechanisms by which LPA induced mesangial cell proliferation in DN models.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2008

일반적인 균일계 촉매의 담지 방식 대신 스티렌을 이용하여 촉매를 embedding 시키는 간단한 방법으로 균일계 촉매를 불균일화하여 에틸렌과 알파올레핀의 공중합을 실험하였다. 미량의 스티렌을 $rac-Et[Ind]_2ZrCl_2$ 촉매를 이용하여 중합시켜 embedded $rac-Et[Ind]_2ZrCl_2$ 촉매(이하 embedded 촉매)를 제조하였으며 이를 이용하여 embedding 시키지 않은 homogeneous $rac-Et[Ind]_2ZrCl_2$ 촉매(이하 homogeneous 촉매)를 사용하여 중합한 결과와 비교해 보았다. Embedded 촉매시스템을 사용하여 중합하는 경우, 공단량체의 종류에 상관없이 모든 공단량체 농도에서 촉매의 공중합 활성이 homogeneous 촉매보다 우수하였으며 embedding 과정이 균일계 메탈로센 촉매 활성점의 특성에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 각 촉매시스템으로부터 생성된 고분자의 $T_m$과 NMR 분석 결과로 볼 때, embedded 촉매의 공단량체 삽입 능력은 homogeneous 촉매와 비슷하거나 조금 나은 수준의 결과를 보였으며, embedded 촉매로 중합한 공중합체는 겉보기밀도와 morphology가 우수하여, 스티렌을 이용한 촉매 embedding 방법이 담지 촉매를 이용하여 중합하는 효과를 보일 수 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2014

CDK2 is a key regulator of cell cycle progression. In this study, we screened for miRNAs targeting CDK2 using a luciferase-3'-untranslated region reporter assay. Among 11 hit miRNAs, miR-509-3p reduced CDK2 protein levels and significantly inhibited cancer cell growth. Microarray, Western blotting, and luciferase reporter analyses revealed additional targets of miR-509-3p, including Rac1 and PIK3C2A. Overexpression of miR-509-3p induced G1 cell-cycle arrest and inhibited colony formation and migration. RNAi experiments indicated that the growth-inhibitory effects of miR-509-3p may occur through down-regulation of CDK2, Rac1, and PIK3C2A. Targeting of multiple growth regulatory genes by miR-509-3p may contribute to effective anti-cancer therapy.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 추계종합학술대회 논문집(1)
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• pp.189-192
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• 2000

This paper proposes a fuzzy-based random access controller with a superimposed frame structure (F$^2$RAC) fur voice/data-integrated wireless networks. F$^2$RAC adopts mini-slot technique for reducing contention cost, and these mini-slots of which number may dynamically vary from one frame to the next as a function of the traffic load are further partitioned into two regions for access requests coming from voice and data traffic with their respective QoS requirements. And F$^2$RAC is designed to properly determine the access regions and permission probabilities for enhancing the data packet delay while ensuring the voice packet dropping probability constraint. It mainly consists of the estimator with Pseudo-Bayesian algorithm and fuzzy logic controller with Sugeno-type of fuzzy rules. Simulation results prove that F$^2$RAC can guarantee QoS requirement of voice and provide the highest throughput efficiency and the smallest data packet delay amongst the different alternatives including PRMA［1］, IPRMA［2］, and SIR［3］.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6305-6309
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• 2013

Background: TIAM2, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is closely associated with cell adherence and migration. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TIAM2 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Materials and Methods: A small interference RNA (siRNA) was introduced to silence the expression of TIAM2. Invasion and motility assays were then performed to assess the invasion and motility potential of NSCLC cells. GST-pull down assays were used to detect activation of Rac1. Results: TIAM2 was highly expressed in NSCLC cells. Knockdown of TIAM2 inhibited the invasion and motility, and suppressed activation of Rac1. Further experiments demonstrated that knockdown of TIAM2 could up-regulate the expression of E-cadherin, and down-regulate the expression of MMP-3, Twist and Snail. Conclusions: Our data suggest that TIAM2 can promote invasion and motility of NSCLC cells. Activation of Rac1 and regulation of some EMT/invasion-related genes may be involved in the underlying processes.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.144-144
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• 2003

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.91-107
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• 2023

An effective approach to promoting sustainability within the construction industry is the use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as a substitute for natural aggregates. Ensuring the frost resilience of RAC technologies is crucial to facilitate their adoption in regions characterized by cold temperatures. The main aim of this study was to use the Random Forests (RF) approach to forecast the frost durability of RAC in cold locations, with a focus on the durability factor (DF) value. Herein, three optimization algorithms named Sine-cosine optimization algorithm (SCA), Black widow optimization algorithm (BWOA), and Equilibrium optimizer (EO) were considered for determing optimal values of RF hyperparameters. The findings show that all developed systems faithfully represented the DF, with an R² for the train and test data phases of better than 0.9539 and 0.9777, respectively. In two assessment and learning stages, EO - RF is found to be superior than BWOA - RF and SCA - RF. The outperformed model's performance (EO - RF) was superior to that of ANN (from literature) by raising the values of R² and reducing the RMSE values. Considering the justifications, as well as the comparisons from metrics and Taylor diagram's findings, it could be found out that, although other RF models were equally reliable in predicting the the frost durability of RAC based on the durability factor (DF) value in cold climates, the developed EO - RF strategy excelled them all.