• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1009-1018
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• 2002

The Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF) concept has been applied to numerically simulate the combustion processes and pollutant formation in the direct injection diesel engine. Due to the ability for interactively describing the transient behaviors of local flame structures with CFD solver, the RIF concept has the capabilities to predict the auto-ignition and subsequent flame propagation in the diesel engine combustion chamber as well as to effectively account for the detailed mechanisms of soot formation, NOx formation including thermal NO path, prompt and nitrous 70x formation, and reburning process. Special emphasis is given to the turbulent combustion model which properly accounts for vaporization effects on the mixture fraction fluctuations and the pdf model. The results of numerical modeling using the RIF concept are compared with experimental data and with numerical results of the commonly applied procedure which the low-temperature and high-temperature oxidation processes are represented by the Shell ignition model and the eddy dissipation model, respectively. Numerical results indicate that the RIF approach including the vaporization effect on turbulent spray combustion process successfully predicts the ignition delay time and location as well as the pollutant formation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.613-619
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• 2003

The polyketide backbone of rifamycin B is assembled by the type I rifamycin polyketide synthase (PKS) encoded by the rifA-rifE genes. In order to produce novel analogs of rifamycin via engineering of the PKS genes, inactivation of the ${\beta}-ketoacyl:acyl$ carrier protein reductase (KR) domain in module 8 of rifD, by site-specific mutagenesis of the NADPH binding site, was attempted. Module 8 contains a nonfunctional dehydratase (DH) domain and a functional KR domain that is involved in the reduction of the ${\beta}-carbonyl$ group, resulting in the C-21 hydroxyl of rifamycin B. This mutant strain produced linear polyketides, from tetraketide to octaketide, which were also produced by a rifD-disruption mutant as a consequence of premature termination of the polyketide assembly. Another attempt to replace the DH domain of module 7, which has been considered nonfunctional, with a functional homolog derived from module 7 of rapamycin-producing PKS also resulted in the production of linear polyketides, including the heptaketide intermediate and its precursors. Premature release of the carbon chain assembly intermediates is an unusual property of the rifamycin PKS. that is not seen in other PKSs such as the erythromycin PKS.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.939-948
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 ATM 네트워크에서의 접속된 ABR 서비스에 대해 공정한 대역폭을 할당하는 새로운 비율 기반 전송률 제어 알고려즘을 제안한다. 기존 ABR 서비스에서는 일정률로 전송률을 증가, 감소를 하면서 대역폭을 할당하나 제안된 알고리즘에서는 이용 가능한 대역폭을 퍼지 추론을 하여 접속된 호에 대해 전송률을 공평하게 분할하는 기법이다. 퍼지 추론은 입력 변수로 버퍼 상태, 버퍼 변화율을 사용하고 출력 변수로 전체 전송률을 사용한다. 이 추론된 결과값은 동작 중에 있는 ABR 서비스 호에 공평하게 분배되어 진다. 모의 실험 결과 기존의 E EPRCA 방식보다 제안된 방식이 링크 효율면에서 RIF, RDF가 1일 경우 0.17%, 1/4 경우 6%, 1/16 경우 38.6%, 1/32 경우 82.4%의 향상을 보였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제83권1호
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• pp.20-30
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• 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a threat to public health and is the leading cause of death globally. Isoniazid (INH) is an important first-line agent for the treatment of TB considering its early bactericidal activity. Resistance to INH is now the most common type of resistance. Resistance to INH reduces the probability of treatment success and increases the risk of acquiring resistance to other first-line drugs such as rifampicin (RIF), thereby increasing the risk of multidrug-resistant-TB. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s showed high success rates for INH-resistant TB cases receiving regimens comprised of first-line drugs. However, recent data have indicated that INH-resistant TB patients treated with only firs-tline drugs have poor outcomes. Fortunately, based on recent systematic meta-analyses, the World Health Organization published consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant TB in 2019. Their key recommendations are treatment with RIF-ethambutol (EMB)-pyrazinamide (PZA)-levofloxacin (LFX) for 6 months and no addition of injectable agents to the treatment regimen. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of excluding resistance to RIF before starting RIF-EMB-PZA-LFX regimen. Additionally, when the diagnosis of INH-resistant TB is confirmed long after starting the first-line TB treatment, the clinician must decide whether to start a 6-month course of RIF-EMB-PZA-LFX based on the patient's condition. However, these recommendations are based on observational studies, not randomized controlled trials, and are thus conditional and based on low certainty of the effect estimates. Therefore, further work is needed to optimize the treatment of INH-resistant TB.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제80권3호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2017

Background: A disputed rpoB mutation is a specific type of rpoB mutation that can cause low-level resistances to rifampin (RIF). Here, we aimed to assess the frequency and types of disputed rpoB mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from South Korea. Methods: Between August 2009 and December 2015, 130 patients exhibited RIF resistance on the MTBDRplus assay at Asan Medical Center. Among these cases, we identified the strains with disputed rpoB mutation by rpoB sequencing analysis, as well as among the M. tuberculosis strains from the International Tuberculosis Research Center (ITRC). Results: Among our cases, disputed rpoB mutations led to RIF resistance in at least 6.9% (9/130) of the strains that also exhibited RIF resistance on the MTBDRplus assay. Moreover, at the ITRC, sequencing of the rpoB gene of 170 strains with the rpoB mutation indicated that 23 strains (13.5%) had the disputed mutations. By combining the findings from the 32 strains from our center and the ITRC, we identified the type of disputed rpoB mutation as follows: CTG511CCG (L511P, n=8), GAC516TAC (D516Y, n=8), CTG533CCG (L533P, n=8), CAC526CTC (H526L, n=4), CAC526AAC (H526N, n=3), and ATG515GTG (M515V, n=1). Conclusion: Disputed rpoB mutations do not seem to be rare among the strains exhibiting RIF resistance in South Korea.

• Annals of Laboratory Medicine
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.569-577
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• 2018

Background: The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) infection represents a global public health emergency. We evaluated the usefulness of a newly developed multiplexed, bead-based bioassay (Quantamatrix Multiplexed Assay Platform [QMAP], QuantaMatrix, Seoul, Korea) to rapidly identify the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and detect rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance-associated mutations. Methods: A total of 200 clinical isolates from respiratory samples were used. Phenotypic anti-TB drug susceptibility testing (DST) results were compared with those of the QMAP system, reverse blot hybridization (REBA) MTB-MDR assay, and gene sequencing analysis. Results: Compared with the phenotypic DST results, the sensitivity and specificity of the QMAP system were 96.4% (106/110; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9072-0.9888) and 80.0% (72/90; 95% CI 0.7052-0.8705), respectively, for RIF resistance and 75.0% (108/144; 95% CI 0.6731-0.8139) and 96.4% (54/56; 95% CI 0.8718-0.9972), respectively, for INH resistance. The agreement rates between the QMAP system and REBA MTB-MDR assay for RIF and INH resistance detection were 97.6% (121/124; 95% CI 0.9282-0.9949) and 99.1% (109/110; 95% CI 0.9453-1.0000), respectively. Comparison between the QMAP system and gene sequencing analysis showed an overall agreement of 100% for RIF resistance (110/110; 95% CI 0.9711-1.0000) and INH resistance (124/124; 95% CI 0.9743-1.0000). Conclusions: The QMAP system may serve as a useful screening method for identifying and accurately discriminating MTBC from non-tuberculous mycobacteria, as well as determining RIF- and INH-resistant MTB strains.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 1993

항생제 내성변이 균주 HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$과 CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$를 종자피복방법(種子被覆方法)으로 땅콩에 접종(接種)하여 3처리(處理)의 온도(溫度)에 생육(生育)시켜 근권(根圈)에서 접종균주(接種菌株)의 밀도(密度)와 근류형성(根瘤形成) 경합(競合)등에 관하여 조사하였다. 접종균주(接種菌株)는 땅콩의 생육(生育)과 함께 증식(增殖)되었고 식물체(植物體) 뿌리 g당(當) 증식속도(增殖速度)는 파종후(播種後) 10~15일(日) 사이에 가장 빨랐다. 온도간(溫度間) 증식속도(增殖速度)는 $28^{\circ}C$>$34^{\circ}C$>$22^{\circ}C$순(順)이었으며 접종균주간(接種菌株間)에는 HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ 균수(菌洙)가 CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$ 균주(菌株)보다 $22^{\circ}C$와 $28^{\circ}C$에서는 더 높았고, $34^{\circ}C$에서는 비슷하였다. HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ 및 CB756 $str^{r}if^{r}$ 균주(菌株)를 단일접종시(單一接種時) 처리(處理)한 모든 온도(溫度)에서 근류(根瘤)의 대부분이 각 균주(菌株)에 의하여 점유(占有)되었으나, 2개(個) 균주(菌株)를 혼합접종시(混合接種時)에는 $22^{\circ}C$와 $28^{\circ}C$에서는 HCR-46 $str^rcep^r$ 균주(菌株)에 의한 근류(根瘤) 점유율(占有率)이 CB756 $str^{r}rif^{r}$에 비(比)하여 월등(越等)히 높았고 $34^{\circ}C$에서는 2균주(菌株)가 비슷한 비율(比率)로 점유(占有)하였다. 식물체(植物體) 건물중(乾物重), 근류형성능(根瘤形成能), 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量), 질소고정력(窒素固定力)은 대체로 $28^{\circ}C$>$34^{\circ}C$>$22^{\circ}C$순(順)이었으며, CB756 $str^{r}if^{r}$ 균주(菌株)보다 HCR-46 $str^{r}cep^{r}$ 또는 이들 2개혼합(個混合) 균주(菌株) 접종(接種)이 더 높았다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2002년도 제24회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.24-32
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• 2002

The autoignition and subsequent flame propagation of initially nonpremixed turbulent system have been numerically analyzed. The unsteady flamelet modeling based on the RIF (Representative Interactive Flamelet) concept has been employed to account for the influences of turbulence on these essentially transient combustion processes. In this RIF approach, the partially premixed burning, diffusive combustion and formation of pollutants(NOx, soot) can be consistently modeled by utilizing the comprehensive chemical mechanism. To treat the spatially distributed inhomogeneity of scalar dissipation rate, the multiple RIFs are employed in the framework of EPFM(Eulerian Particle Flamelet Model) approach. Computations are made for the various initial conditions of pressure, temperature, and fuel composition. The present turbulent combustion model reasonably well predicts the essential features of autoignition process in the transient gaseous fuel jets injected into high pressure and temperature environment.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2002

The autoignition and subsequent flame propagation of initially nonpremixed turbulent system have been numerically analyzed. The unsteady flamelet modeling based on the RIF (representative interactive flamelet) concept has been employed to account for the influences of turbulence on these essentially transient combustion processes. In this RIF approach, the partially premixed burning, diffusive combustion and formation of pollutants(NOx, soot) can be consistently modeled by utilizing the comprehensive chemical mechanism. To treat the spatially distributed inhomogeneity of scalar dissipation rate, the multiple RIFs are employed in the framework of EPFM(Eulerian particle flamelet model) approach. Computations are made for the various initial conditions of pressure, temperature, and fuel composition. The present turbulent combustion model reasonably well predicts the essential features of autoignition process in the transient gaseous fuel jets injected into high pressure and temperature environment.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2000

The present study is mainly motivated to investigate the vaporization, auto-ignition and combustion processes in the high-pressure engine conditions. The high-pressure vaporization model is developed to realistically simulate the spray dynamics and vaporization characteristics in high-pressure and high-temperature environment. The interaction between chemistry and turbulence is treated by employing the Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF) Model. The detailed chemistry of 114 elementary steps and 44 chemical species is adopted for the n-heptane/air reaction. In order to account for the spatial inhomogeneity of the scalar dissipation rate, the multiple RIFs are introduced. Numerical results indicate that the RIF approach together with the high-pressure vaporization model successfully predicts the ignition delay time and location as well as the essential features of a spray ignition and combustion processes.