• 제목/요약/키워드: RHODOPHYTA

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Splitting blades: why genera need to be more carefully defined; the case for Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

  • Zuccarello, Giuseppe C.;Wen, Xinging;Kim, Gwang Hoon
    • ALGAE
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.205-211
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    • 2022
  • The trend in naming genera based almost exclusively on molecular data, and not on morphological diagnostic characters, is increasing. In bifurcating phylogenetic trees generic cut-offs are arbitrary, but at the bare minimum nomenclatural changes should be supported by multiple phylogenetic methodologies using appropriate models for all the various gene partitions, strong support with all branch support methods, and should also result in adding to our knowledge of the interrelationships of taxa. We believe that a recent taxonomic treatment of the genus Pyropia (Yang et al. 2020) into several genera is unwarranted. We reanalysed the data presented in the recent article, using additional phylogenetic methods. Our results show that many of the newly established genera are not well supported by all methods, and the new circumscription of the genus Pyropia renders it unsupported. We also tested additional outgroups, which were previously suggested as sister to Pyropia, but this did not substantially change our conclusions. These generic nomenclatural changes of the previously strongly supported genus Pyropia, do not shed light on the evolution of this group and have serious consequences in these commercially important algae, that are also governed by a plethora of regulation and by-laws that now need to be amended. We suggest that the over-splitting of groups based only on poorly produced and modestly supported phylogenies should not be accepted and that the genus Pyropia sensu Sutherland et al. (2011) be restored.

Based on morphology and molecular data, Palisada rigida comb. nov. and Laurencia decussata comb. et stat. nov. (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) are proposed

  • Metti, Yola
    • ALGAE
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.15-32
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    • 2022
  • Inspecting herbaria collections of Laurencia rigida highlighted frequent misidentifications between L. rigida and L. heteroclada f. decussata, two poorly studied taxa from Australia. Recent collections of DNA material, including from topotype material, allowed for re-examination of these two taxa using molecular techniques. Detailed morphological and molecular analyses based on two markers (rbcL and COI-5P) strongly supported these two taxa as being distinct from each other and requiring nomenclatural changes. Comprehensive morphological analyses highlighted features useful for accurate identifications. Interestingly, L. rigida was found to belong to the genus Palisada with evidence from both the morphology and molecular data. Therefore, this study proposed recognizing L. rigida as Palisada rigida comb. nov. Molecular data for L. heteroclada f. decussata on the other hand supported its separation from L. heteroclada, with too great a molecular distance to be considered a variety. Morphological characters that best separated P. rigida from L. decussata included seven characters; number of pericentral cells per vegetative axial segment, the presence of secondary pit connections, the presence of lenticular thickenings, tetrasporangia alignment, the presence of corps en cerise, holdfast morphology, and overall plant shape. Morphologically, L. heteroclada f. decussata was also separated from L. heteroclada, particularly by the following characteristics; ultimate branchlets morphologies, lower order branch lengths, primary axis and holdfast morphologies. Therefore, it was proposed that L. heteroclada f. decussata is recognized at a species level as L. decussata comb. et stat. nov.

Phylogeography of the economic seaweeds Chondrus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in the northwest Pacific based on rbcL and COI-5P genes

  • Yang, Mi Yeon;Kim, Myung Sook
    • ALGAE
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.135-147
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    • 2022
  • The red algal genus Chondrus have long been used as raw materials for carrageenan and dietary fiber in health foods. Despite the importance of genetic information in safeguarding natural seaweed resources, knowledge of the population genetics of Chondrus in the northwest Pacific is limited. In this study, genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of 45 populations (777 specimens) of Chondrus from Korea, China, and Japan were evaluated based on mitochondrial COI-5P gene sequences, and phylogenetic relationships were confirmed based on plastid rbcL gene sequences. Molecular analyses assigned the specimens in this study to three Chondrus species: C. nipponicus, C. ocellatus, and C. giganteus; phenotype-based species classification was impossible owing to their high morphological plasticity. We found moderate intraspecific genetic diversity and a shallow phylogeographic structure in both for C. nipponicus and C. ocellatus, and low intraspecific genetic diversity in C. giganteus. Each of the three species exhibited high-level intraspecific gene flow among regions based on the most common haplotypes (CN1 for C. nipponicus, CO1 for C. ocellatus, and CG1 for C. giganteus). Our comprehensive genetic information provides insights into the phylogeographic patterns and intraspecific diversity of the economically important Chondrus species. It also highlights the need to conserve existing natural Chondrus resources through continuous monitoring of genetic diversity and phylogeographic pattern.

Cross-breeding of Neopyropia spp. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) Using CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) Markers (CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) 마커를 적용한 김 교잡육종 기술 개발)

  • Eun-Jeong Park
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.56 no.1
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    • pp.124-132
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    • 2023
  • This study aimed to cross between Korean and Japanese pure lines of Neopyropia strains to establish cross breeding technology and identify a superior variety that harbors the strength of both parents. Four crossing combinations were tried using three methods, resulting in 1,476 single conchocelis colonies. The three co-dominant Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers (EF-1α/Mse I, TOP2/Mse I, car A/ApaL I) were used to distinguish heterozygotic sporophytes and their maternal lines obtained from the inter and intraspecific cross-fertilization within the wild type of Neopyropia strains. Of the 1,476 colonies, 26.9% (218) were heterozygotes obtained from the nuclear CAPS markers. Their maternal line was clearly confirmed using organelle CAPS marker and chimeric thallus was obtained from crossing experiment of Japanese N. yezoensis (♀) and Korean N. yezoensis (♂). The use of CAPS markers improved the efficiency of crossbreeding by quickly screening heterozygotes and maternal lines in the conchocelis phase, which otherwise required pigmentation mutants as genetic markers.

Effects of salinity and irradiance on early developmental stages of Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) tetrasporophytes

  • Jae Woo Jung;Qikun Xing;Ji-Sook Park;Charles Yarish;Jang K. Kim
    • ALGAE
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.151-157
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    • 2023
  • Grateloupia turuturu is a red alga with a flat but firm slippery thallus. Throughout its lifetime, this alga experiences a wide range of environmental stresses in the intertidal rocky shores. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of salinity and irradiance on the early developmental stages of G. turuturu tetrasporophytes. The released carpospores were cultivated at different salinities (S = 15, 25, and 35) and irradiances (50, 100, and 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Germination of carpospores and development of juvenile tetrasporophytes were observed every 5 days and recorded by a digital camera. Discoid crusts were formed at all conditions within 5 days. The discoid crusts at 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1 died within 20 days regardless the salinity. The discoid crusts at S = 35 also died at all irradiance conditions within 25 days. Except for those at S = 35 and 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1, the discoid crusts reached about 8,000-9,000 ㎛2 by day 20. Regardless of irradiance, the upright thalli formation rate from discoid crusts was 85 and 10% at S = 15 and S = 25, respectively. These results suggest that salinity and irradiance are important factors influencing early developmental stages of G. turuturu.

Insight into the species identification and distribution of Grateloupiaceae (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) having Grateloupia filicina-like morphology in the Northwest Pacific

  • Su Yeon Kim;Sung Min Boo;Hawn Su Yoon;Myung Sook Kim
    • ALGAE
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.23-38
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    • 2023
  • Accurately identifying species is the basis of all biological studies. There has been much confusion in the identification of Grateloupiacean species, which have finely pinnate gross morphology similar to Grateloupia filicina (the type species of the family). The objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate species identification and distribution of G. filicina-like species in the Northwest Pacific, based on the rbcL sequences. A total of 118 specimens from 78 sites in Korea and Japan were collected from 2001 to 2021 and analyzed for their rbcL sequences. Additional 341 sequences downloaded from the GenBank were included in our comprehensive dataset. Based on these sequences, we documented the nomenclatural history and geographical distribution of the species, and commented on the application of species name. G. asiatica was the most abundant G. filicina-like species in the Northwest Pacific, and its high degree of morphological variation caused many misidentifications. In particular, G. dalianensis, G. serra, and G. variata require reconsideration of their conspecificity with G. asiatica using more specimens from China. By contrast, G. oligoclora was presumed to be a heterotypic synonym of G. subpectinata. The occurrence of G. acuminata, G. ramosissima, and G. livida in Korea resulted from misidentifications with other species.

A new record of high temperature tolerance species, Pyropia kitoi com. nov.(Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta), from Korea

  • Dong Jin Kim;Paola Romero-Orozco;Gwan Woung Kim;Seong Hyeon Baek;Tae Oh Cho;Boo Yeon Won
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.223-228
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    • 2023
  • Neoporphyra kitoi Ma. Abe, N. Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas. Kobayashi has been known as an endemic species in Japan. Its high temperature tolerance suggests that it could be advantageous for cultivation. In this study, we collected it from the Ulleungdo island, Korea and transferred it into Pyropia for a new combination, identified as Pyropia kitoi(Ma. Abe, N. Kikuchi, Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas. Kobayashi) D.J. Kim, T.O. Cho & B.Y. Won comb. nov. based on morphological and molecular analyses. Pyropia kitoi is also reported as a new record species in the list of Korean macroalgal flora. Although we didn't observe the emergence of new blades from the rhizoidal cells, which is a key character for this species, our molecular analysis of rbcL revealed that our samples from Korea were congruent with "Neoporphyra kitoi" from Japan and were nested within the clade of Pyropia. The gene sequence divergence between the Korean and Japanese samples was 0-0.2%.

Vertical Distribution of Seaweeds in the Rocky Shore Ecosystem in Geomundo, South Coast of Korea: Analyzing Strengths and Weaknesses Using a Survey Method (한국의 남해 거문도 암반조하대의 수심별 해조류의 분포: 조사기법에 따른 장·단점)

  • Jong Il Bai;Sung Il hwang;Sang Jo Han;Bong Jun Seong;Byeong Hyeon Jeon
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.57 no.3
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    • pp.278-291
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    • 2024
  • This study performed three research methods (destructive, non-destructive, and panoramic image analysis) to determine the most useful for identifying seaweed habitat characteristics. Panoramic images are suitable for understanding the overall seaweed distribution. The composition of the main dominant seaweed species showed a significant difference between the destructive and non-destructive methods using Quadrat. The destructive method showed Rhodophyta dominance, whereas the non-destructive was showed Phaeophyta as dominant. Destructive methods are disadvantageous because they destroy natural communities in sea areas where bleaching is severe. Non-destructive methods are disadvantageous because of the difficulty in analyzing small species. Performing 10 surveys using a non-destructive method was found to explain up to 80% of the species identified by the destructive method. However, considering the difficulty of field investigation, repeating the investigation with non-destructive methods at least 6-7 times is necessary to ensure that more than 60% of the destructive methods can be interpreted. To understand the distribution of oceanic marine algae, performing both destructive and non-destructive surveys are necessary, as each has its own merits and demerits.

A Herbological Study on the Bangiaceae Growing in the Korean Coastal Waters (한국 해안에 자생하는 김파래과에 관한 본초학적 연구)

  • Jong-Gil Jeong
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.39 no.4
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    • pp.11-17
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    • 2024
  • Objective : The purpose of this dissertation is to make a list of the Rhodophyta growing naturally in the Korean coastal waters, and to carry out a survey on the current distribution status to investigate the Bangiaceae which can be used as medicinal herbs. Methods : References and research papers about herbology published at home and abroad were examined. Results : A list was made about Bangiaceae plant which were cultivated or grew naturally in Korea, after investigated the data on domestic and foreign Bangiaceae plants. Out of those lists, serviceable plants were selected , their distributions were analysed. 1. A total of 2 genera and 18 species of Bangiaceae were found in the Korean coastal waters among which 1 genera and 4 species(approximately 22%) were medicinal plants. 2. Out of the 18 species of Bangiaceae 16 species belonged to Porphyra, and out of the 4 species of medicinal plants 4 species belonged to Porphyra. 3. Among the medicinal parts 4 species belonged to algae species had cold property, and had salty and sweet flavors. 4. 4 species had the efficacy of Lung, Spleen and bladder meridian had the potency of soften hardness, which helps to remove hard clots generated, cure phlegm in human body. 5. No toxic drugs were detected. Conclusion : There were totaled to 18 genera and 2 species in Bangiaceae in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 1 genera, 4 species, some 22% in total.

Reinboldiella koreana sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) is the correct name for the specimens previously known as Reinboldiella schmitziana in Korea

  • Su Yeon Kim;Chang Geun Choi;Eun Chan Yang;Myung Sook Kim
    • ALGAE
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.149-161
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    • 2024
  • Epiphytic algae are important components of marine ecosystems. Despite the importance of epiphytic algae in marine ecosystems, our knowledge of these taxa is still limited. The marine red algal genus Reinboldiella, which is distributed mainly in the northwestern Pacific region, is characterized by tiny thalli that are epiphytic on various other red algae. Six species of the genus have been reported in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. In this study, 50 Korean Reinboldiella specimens, previously known as Reinboldiella schmitziana, were collected from 11 localities and reexamined to verify their taxonomic status. We describe a new species, Reinboldiella koreana sp. nov., based on rbcL phylogeny and morphological observations. A total of four grateloupiacean species (Pachymeniopsis lanceolata, P. elliptica, Grateloupia turuturu, and G. asiatica) were identified as host species of R. koreana sp. nov. Due to the restricted host range of R. koreana sp. nov., a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using the cox1 marker to confirm the co-phylogenetic relationships between the epiphytic algae and their grateloupiaceanhosts. Two of the four cox1 haplotypes of R. koreana were found in different host species, regardless of which haplotype they were. It indicates that there are no co-phylogenetic relationships between R. koreana and host species.