• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the taste composition and antioxidant properties of cheonggukjang containing Korean red ginseng (RGC), as compared to either general cheonggukjang (GC) or non-fermented boiled soybeans (BS). Amylase activity was the highest (576.7 unit/g) in RGC, whereas protease activity was the highest (326.0 unit/g) in GC. The total soluble sugar contents of BS, GC, and RGC were 2,027.5, 905.5, and 837.5 mg/100 g, respectively. RGC had the highest amount of total amino acids (2,127.4 mg/100 g) and essential amino acid (50.9%) among the samples. The ratio of sweet to bitter components was higher in RGC than in GC. Although the extracts of RGC had higher radical scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) than BS or GC, regardless of the extract concentration, the ethanol extract of RGC showed the highest scavenging ability (92.4%) at 2.0 mg/mL. The chloroform extracts from GC and RGC showed their greatest superoxide dimutase-like activities at 17.2 and 19.7% at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, respectively. Regardless of the samples, the nitrite scavenging ability was positively correlated to the extract concentration, and RGC had highest ability among samples under the same extract concentrations.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2010

Purpose: Remnant gastric cancer (RGC) are generally detected at advanced stages or infiltration of adjacent organs. We retrospectively reviewed the surgical outcomes and clinicopathologic results of remnant gastric cancers that have operated during fourteen years in one institution of Korea. Materials and Methods: 34 patients who were diagnosed with RGC at Ajou University Hospital from April 1995 to October 2009 were enrolled. We analyzed the features of previous operation, and according to these results, surgical outcomes and clinicopathologic results for RGC were analyzed. Results: Of 34 patients, 20 patients had previously undergone distal gastrectomy for malignant disease, and 14 patients for benign disease. The period between previous operation and surgery for RGC in the patients underwent operation for malignant disease was shorter than that in benign patients (P<0.001). In surgical field, 31 patients (91.0%) were resected and curative resection was possible in 23 patients (67.6%). When 31 patients who underwent resection for RGC were divided into previous malignant and benign disease, there was no significantly different in terms of surgical outcomes and pathologic findings between two groups. Meanwhile, the patients who recently (after 2005) underwent surgery for RGC showed less advanced stage compared with the patients who underwent surgery before 2004. Conclusions: Resection was possible in the higher proportion (91.0%) of patients diagnosed with RGC compared with previous reports. The cause of previous operation did not effect on the surgical outcomes for surgery of RGC. Recent trend of RGC is to increase the proportion of early stage gastric cancer. Therefore, surgeons should consider curatively surgical resection for RGC the regardless of pattern of previous operation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.536-539
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• 2003

백삼 가공품과 홍삼 가공품의 사포닌 분포 내용과 함량을 비교하기 위하여 시판되고 있는 백삼 농축액(WGC)과 홍삼 농축액(RGC)을 각각 1종 선정하여 조 사포닌의 함량과 개별 ginsenoside의 함량분포를 조사하였다. Shibata의 방법과 우리나라 식품공전에 따라 측정한 조 사포닌의 양은 WGC가 각각 10.65와 21.77%이었으며 RGC는 5.80와 10.94%이였고, HPLC에 의한 총 사포닌의 양은 WGC가 7.40와 10.64%, RGC는 3.31와 3.13%로서 백삼 농축액의 사포닌 함량이 홍삼 농축액의 경우 보다 전반적으로 높았다. HPLC로 분석한 인삼 사포닌, ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Rd,\;Re,\;Rf,\;Rg_1,\;20(S)\;Rg_3,\;20(R)Rg_3,\;20(S)\;Rh_1$ 그리고 $20(R)\;Rh_1$ 이었으며 대부분 홍삼농축액 보다는 백삼농축액의 함량이 높았으며, 특히 ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rg_1$ 그리고 $Rb_2$은 백삼 농축액에 3배 이상 더 함유되어 있었다. 또한 protopanaxadiol group과 protopanaxatriol group의 비율(PD/PT)에 있어서는 농축액간의 차이는 크지 않았다. 홍삼의 특유 사포닌으로 알려진 20(S)- 및 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$가 WGC와 RGC에 비슷하게 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$의 조 사포닌 조제법에 따라 RGC에서 0.48과 0.47% WGC에 0.40와 0.53%, 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$도 RGC에 0.10과 0.11%, WGC에 0.14와 0.22%이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.541-553
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• 2023

Retinal prostheses have shown some clinical success in restoring vision in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. However, the post-implantation visual acuity does not exceed that of legal blindness. The reason for the poor visual acuity might be that (1) degenerate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are less responsive to electrical stimulation than normal RGCs, and (2) electrically-evoked RGC spikes show a more widespread not focal response. The single-biphasic pulse electrical stimulation, commonly used in artificial vision, has limitations in addressing these issues. In this study, we propose the benefit of multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation. We used C57BL/6J mice and C3H/HeJ (rd1) mice for the normal retina and retinal degeneration model. An 8 × 8 multi-electrode array was used to record electrically-evoked RGC spikes. We compared RGC responses when increasing the amplitude of a single biphasic pulse versus increasing the number of consecutive biphasic pulses at the same stimulus charge. Increasing the amplitude of a single biphasic pulse induced more RGC spike firing while the spatial resolution of RGC populations decreased. For multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation, RGC firing increased as the number of pulses increased, and the spatial resolution of RGC populations was well preserved even up to 5 pulses. Multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation using two or three pulses in degenerate retinas induced as much RGC spike firing as in normal retinas. These findings suggest that the newly proposed multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation can improve the visual acuity in prosthesis-implanted patients.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제14A권3호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2007

가비지 컬렉션은 자바 가상 머신의 핵심적인 기능으로서 개발자들이 겪는 메모리 관리의 어려움을 줄여준다. 본 논문에서는 임베디드 자바 가상 머신을 위한 가비지 컬렉터인 GenGC와 GenRGC의 성능을 평가하고 분석한다. 성능 평가를 위하여 썬 마이크로시스템즈사에서 개발한 실제 임베디드 자바 가상 머신인 CVM을 플랫폼으로 사용하며, SpecJVM98을 벤치마크 프로그램 집합으로 사용한다. 첫째, GenGC와 GenRGC의 성능을 비교하기 위하여 힙의 크기 및 각 영역의 크기를 변화시키면서 가비지 컬렉션 수행 시간 및 지연 시간을 비교한다. 둘째, GenRGC의 성능을 보다 세밀하게 분석하기 위하여 힙의 구성 요소 중 블록과 프레임의 크기를 변화시키면서 가비지 컬렉션 수행 시간 및 지연 시간을 측정하여 분석한다. 셋째, GenRGC를 사용하기 위하여 필요한 저장 공간의 크기를 분석하고, GenRGC가 제한된 메모리를 가지는 임베디드 환경에서 적합하다는 것을 보인다. CVM은 가장 대표적인 임베디드 자바 가상 머신이므로, 이와 같은 성능 연구는 실제 응용 환경에서 가비지 컬렉터의 성능을 보다 정확히 예측할 수 있다는 점에서 큰 의미를 갖는다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2009

For successful visual perception by visual prosthesis using electrical stimulation, it is essential to develop an effective stimulation strategy based on understanding of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses to electrical stimulation. We studied RGC responses to repetitive electrical stimulation pulses to develop a stimulation strategy using stimulation pulse frequency modulation. Retinal patches of photoreceptor-degenerated retinas from rd1 mice were attached to a planar multi-electrode array (MEA) and RGC spike trains responding to electrical stimulation pulse trains with various pulse frequencies were observed. RGC responses were strongly dependent on inter-pulse interval when it was varied from 500 to 10 ms. Although the evoked spikes were suppressed with increasing pulse rate, the number of evoked spikes were >60% of the maximal responses when the inter-pulse intervals exceeded 100 ms. Based on this, we investigated the modulation of evoked RGC firing rates while increasing the pulse frequency from 1 to 10 pulses per second (or Hz) to deduce the optimal pulse frequency range for modulation of RGC response strength. RGC response strength monotonically and linearly increased within the stimulation frequency of 1~9 Hz. The results suggest that the evoked neural activities of RGCs in degenerated retina can be reliably controlled by pulse frequency modulation, and may be used as a stimulation strategy for visual neural prosthesis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2012

홍삼 특유의 prosapogenin 성분을 극대화 시키기 위해 홍삼의 증숙, 건조 및 추출 공정을 최적화하여 식초에 첨가할 홍삼 농축액을 제조하였다. 농축액을 0-1%의 범위로 첨가한 홍삼 발효 쌀 식초의 경우 정치 배양 20일차에 초산발효가 종료 되었으며 홍삼 농축액의 함유량이 높을수록 pH 감소속도가 늦고 감소량 또한 control에 비해 적음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 산도의 경우 농축액 농도 별 초산 생성 속도에는 차이는 있으나 농축액 함유량이 산도 변화 량에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 1%의 홍삼 농축액을 후 첨가한 식초의 경우 71.75 mg/g의 조사포닌 함량을 가진 반면에 0-1% 범위의 농축액을 주모에 첨가하여 초산 발효를 동시에 진행한 경우 발효 진행 중 상당한 조사포닌 손실이 있음을 확인하였다. 이 두 식초를 가지고 관능검사를 진행한 결과 향기, 맛 및 전체적인 평가에서 농축액과 초산발효를 동시에 진행시킨 홍삼발효식초가 더 좋은 선호도를 나타내었다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제33권1_2호
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• pp.105-109
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• 2006

하이퍼큐브의 정규적이며 계층적인 구조적 특성을 갖고 있기 때문에 진단 알고리즘 개발에 효율적으로 적용될 수 있다. Kranakis와 Pelc[1]은 HADA/IHADA와 적응적 큐브분할 방법과는 다르게 결함을 모두 포함할 수 있는 최소의 RGC-링으로 임베딩 하여 진단을 수행하는 HYP-DIAG 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 HYP-DIAG의 첫 번째 단계에서 얻어진 RGC-링들의 신드롬을 분석함으로서 테스트 라운드를 줄일 수 있는 새로운 알고리즘을 제안하고 이를 분석하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.456-461
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• 2009

Proteomic analyses of differentially expressed proteins in rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) following S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an NO donor, treatment were conducted. Of the approximately 314 protein spots that were detected, 19 were differentially expressed in response to treatment with GSNO. Of these, 14 proteins were up-regulated and 5 were down- regulated. Notably, an increase in GAPDH expression following GSNO treatment was detected in RGC-5 cells through Western blotting as well as proteomics. The increased GAPDH expression in response to GSNO treatment was accompanied by an increase in Herc6 protein, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, GSNO treatment resulted in the translocation of GADPH from the cytosol to the nucleus and its subsequent accumulation. These results suggest that NO stress-induced apoptosis may be associated with the nuclear translocation and accumulation of GAPDH in RGC-5 cells.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.219-225
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• 2010

Purpose: The long-term survival rate of gastric cancer patients after surgery has recently increased as a result of making an early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Therefore, the incidence of remnant gastric cancer is increasing. This study was performed to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with remnant gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to December 2009, twenty-nine patients with remnant gastric cancer and who underwent surgery at Pusan National University Hospital were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed their medical records. We also divided them into two groups: the remnant gastric cancer (RGC)-B group (first operation for benign disease) and the RGC-M group (first operation for malignant disease). Results: The RGC-B group included ten patients and the RGC-M group included nineteen patients. The mean interval between the first and second operations was 17 years. The curative resection rate was 93.1% (27/29). The postoperative complication rate was 20.7% (6/29) and there was no perioperative mortality. Ten (37%) of twenty-seven patients experienced recurrence after curative resection and eight patients (27.6%) expired due to aggravation of remnant stomach cancer. An advanced TNM stage and non-curative resection were the negative prognostic factors for survival for patients with remnant stomach cancer (P=0.0453 and P<0.001). The RGC-M group showed a shorter interval (P<0.001) and the RGC-B group had more advanced TNM stage (P=0.003). Conclusions: Long-term follow-up should be considered not only for patients who undergo an operation for malignant disease, but also for the patients who underwent an operation for benign disease. When remnant gastric cancer is diagnosed, curative resection is essential to improve the survival.