• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2006

Landscape structure, habitat types, vegetation structure and biodiversity in the Bokha stream chosen as a reference stream were investigated to get ecological information necessary for restoration of urban stream degraded by excessive artificial interference. Landscape structure showed a slight change between before and after flooding. Habitat types of nine sorts were identified based on ecological information obtained from field survey such as micro-topography, hydrological characteristics, disturbance regime, and so on. Each habitat holds specific organisms to each site. Consequently, the number of plant communities, and species of benthos and fish increased as the kinds of habitat type increase. Ordination of habitat types based on vegetation, benthos, and fish data reorganized them into three groups of pool types of two kinds depending on whether they are connected to the water course or not and riffle one. Vegetation showed different stratification and species composition depending on topographical position in relation to disturbance cycle. Based on the results from this study, relationship between environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity was discussed and a restoration plan was suggested in a viewpoint of vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2002

This study aims to understand wetland distribution and type-specific classification features with a focus on Tumen River downstream in China by adjusting and improving the classification system used in Korea with a reference to international wetland classification systems and their criteria & methods. In this study, wetland types were determined based on hydrology, vegetation, and soil conditions, which are the most basic elements of wetlands. Also, topography analytical map, vegetation analytical map, and soil analytical map for wetland classification were developed and used based on currently available topography map, vegetation map, and soil map. In addition, codes were defined based on topography, location, hydrology, and vegetation. The result shows that, in the Tumen River downstream, wetlands are often found near natural revetment and terrace land & river-bed lakes. In the discovered wetlands, riverine, lacustrine, and inland wetlands were mostly found at system level. Riparian and human-made wetlands were also identified. At a sub-system level, perennial and seasonal wetlands were found to a similar degree. At a class level, perennial open water, herbal plants, and shrubs were mostly found and sandy plain, hydrophytes, and forest tree types were also observed. An overall detailed classification shows that a total of 17 wetland types were found and a large distribution of sand dunes and river-bed lakes, which are scarce in Northeast Asia, indicates that other rare wetland types such as palustrine seasonal sand plain wetland and lacustrine seasonal sand plain wetland may be discovered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2023

This study investigated and analyzed the effects of vegetation on the roadside slopes at the expressway construction sites in order to evaluate the vegetation recovery regarding soil type and revegetation technique. We selected two study sites with an area of 1,000 m² located in the construction sites of the Korea Expressway Corporation, named Hwado-Yangpyeong Expressway Section 3 and Saemangeum-Jeonju Expressway Section 7. The revegetation was monitored in three plot groups (earth, soft rock, and hard rock slopes), and scored based on the guideline of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. The revegatation was generally lower in the Hwado-Yangpyeong site than that of the Saemangeum-Jeonju site. The field monitoring indicated that the revegetation varied with slope aspect and environmental characteristics between plots. the Saemangeum-Jeonju site showed a high overall evaluation score, but there was a slight difference in the score for each plot. This seems to be due to the differences in geographical conditions, construction methods, and site environment between two sites. This study can provide basic information to understand the short-term effects of revegetation techniques in the roadside slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.74-83
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was investigate to the influence of forest roads characteristics and environment factors on the soil erosion, stability and vegetation survival of cut slope in forest roads. The results obtained could be summarized as follows; 1. The correlated factors between slope erosion and variables in cut slope were altitude, convex, degree of slope, length of slope and soil depth. In the stepwise regression analysis, length of slope and soil hardness was a high significant and its regression equation was given by -89.6136 + 15.0667X14 + 16.6713X15($R^2$ = 0.6712). 2. The main factors influencing the stability of cut slope were significant in order of coverage, middle, convex, length of slope and north, and its discriminant equation was given by -1.019 + 0.064X22 - 0.808X8 - 0.622X24 + 0.742X11 - 0.172X14 - 0.545X6 ($R^2$ = 0.793). 3. The centroids value of discriminant function in the stability and unstability estimated to 1.244 and -1.348, respectively. The boundary value between two groups related to slope stability was -0.1038. The prediction rate of discriminant function for stability evaluation of was as high as 91.3%. 4. The dominant species of invasion vegetation on the cut slope consist with Carex humilis, Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, and Ixeris dentata in survey area. The rate of vegetation invasion more increased by time passed. 5. The life form of invasion vegetation in cut slop showed to $H-D_1-R_{2,3}-e$ type of the hemicryptophyte of dormancy form, dissem inated widely by wind and water of dissminule type, moderate extent and narrowest extent of radicoid type, erect form of growth form. 6. The correlated factors between forest enviroment and coverage appeared north, passage years and middle position of slope at 5% level. The forest environment factors influencing the invasion plants in survey area were shown in order to altitude, passage years, rock(none), forest type(mixed) and stone amount. The regression equation was given by 17.5228 - 0.0911X3 + 3.6189X28 15.8493X22 19.8544X25 + 0.3558X26 ($R^2$ = 0.4026).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.481-495
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• 2022

This study was designed to identify the actual state of naturalized plants and invasive alien species that cause disturbances to the ecosystem, plants which are introduced after forest restoration, and explore the implications resulting from the project. Onsite examination included 29 sites which have been subjected to forest restoration by the Korea Forest Service. Once these were chosen, activity took place twice a year in the spring (May-June) and in the summer (August-September) in 2020 and 2021. Areas not relevant to the project sites were excluded from this activity so that we could identify the plants that could be understood to have been introduced or brought into the site after the actual forest restoration. And the correlation was analyzed, between the naturalized flora within the project sites and the working types applied to the site through confirmation of completion of the restoration project. The naturalized plants appearing on the entire site cover a total of 109 taxa, which includes 29 families, 80 genera, 108 species and 1 subspecies, while invasive plants included 3 families, 7 genera and 8 species. The number of classifications and the naturalization rate gradually decreased over time, after the project. While there was no significant difference between the number of classification groups and the naturalization rate for naturalized plants between project sites, given the number of taxa of naturalized plants, organized by type of damage, there were relatively more naturalized plants that appeared in the severed section of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range, as well as at quarry and facility sites. Seeding apparently results in naturalization rates as high as 15.545%, on average, based on comparisons of naturalization rates by sowing, seeding, planting, herb planting, and sod pitching channels, all of these being methods of vegetation for planting/greening of bareland and slopes within the project areas. With no seeding, it was 9.167%, higher than the average. As for other vegetation, there was no significant difference depending on application of the working type. This means that unlike the plants subjected to planting, the working type of seed planting which makes it difficult to identify whether a certain plant is a naturalized plant greatly affects the introduction of naturalized plants to the restoration sites, even when using herb planting and sod pitching to control plants and results. Therefore the study suggests that there be inspection by experts of seeds when sowing within restoration sites. The results of this study suggest good practices that will help to direct effective vegetation restoration and follow-up management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2006

In case of leaving artificial slopes resulting from large-scale constructions, there may be secondary damage caused by soil loss due to erosion and collapse. Furthermore, slope-restoring constructions have a few problems such as monotonous landscape and difficult succession of secondary vegetation due to reckless use of exotic grass, despite attaining the initial purpose of revegetation. To settle this problem, selected plants deemed to be proper for revegetation were used on one of thin vegetation base methods, CODRA SYSTEM, and made seeding mixture experimental plots considering germination rates differing in each season. Native herbs, native shrubs and exotic herbs contents were increased by 30% and 50% respectively, centered on seeding quantity(30g/$m^2$) used as design standard in the seed spray method, in order to figure out proper quantity for revegetation in each season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-47
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• 2004

In order to study changes in vegetation pursuant to rooftop revegetation plantation methods, plantation methods for rooftop revegetation were divided into two types through an analysis of recent trends. Then, Planted plants and invasive plants on sites where the planting methods were introduced were monitored. Planting methods were divided into mono-layer meadow cover type and multi-layer planting cover type. They showed some differences in terms of the availability of wetland, the structure of vegetation layers, the planted species, and the material of mulching. According to the results of monitoring the two sample sites for different plantation methods, the number of invasive plants was higher in multi-layer planting cover type and the ratio of naturalized plants was higher by 30% in average in mono-layer meadow cover type. The main reason for such a result is that the natural soil used in the multi-layer planting cover type likely contained some seeds. Moreover, it's harder for invasive plant seeds to germinate in volcanic rocks than in natural soil. Also, it is attributable to wetlands available in multi-layer planting cover type and diverse living environments created by multi-layer planting. The reason of the ratio of naturalized plants being higher by at least 10% in mono-layer meadow cover type is the character of naturalized plants being stronger in unfavorable conditions than nature plants are. Accordingly, the germination rate in the volcanic rock mulching has likely contributed in raising the introduction and germination of naturalized plants. The results showed that multi-layer planting cover type using wetland creation and nature soil can increase the number of invasive plants and lower the ratio of naturalized plants. However, since seeds contained in the natural soil can affect the growth of planted plants, this needs to be clarified, It was judged that mono-layer meadow cover type may affect more greatly on the germination and growth of invasive plants than on those of planted plants, Its potential adoption in highly urbanized areas was examined. By complementing with the mutual benefits of each plantation method, it appeared possible to shift to a rooftop revegetation system suitable to the site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.62-76
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• 2001

This study is to offer the basic information and materials for the restoration of the urban forest and the ecologically healthy and continuous green belt through the investigation and the analysis on the vegetation in Hwasan Park, Chonju-City. The flora of Hwasan Neighborhood park was composed of 86 families 230 genera, 261 species, 35 varieties, 1 formae or 298 Taxa. Among them, calculation of Pte-Q Index represented 0.60, Fisher's Index. Some characteristics of the plants in this area have represented such as Th-D1-R5 type in biological type, erect form(64.6%) in growth type, 30 taxa in naturalized plants. The life form spectra investigated from Hwasan neighborhood park was recognized as the following M"17.4%, N:11.4%, E:0.3%, Ch:0%, H:29.8%, G:6.7%, HH:0%, Th:34.2%. By the Z-M method 5 plant communities and 3 afforestation were recognized; Quercus variabilis community, Q.acutissima community, Q.serrata community, Sorbus alnifolia community, Pinus densiflora community, P.rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation and Larix leptolepis afforestation. The actual vegetation map constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data. The pattern of successional trend of tree species might be suggested: L. leptoleipis, P. rigida and P. densifloralongrightarrowQ.variabilis and Q.acutissimalongrightarrowS.alnifolia and Q.serratalongrightarrowCarpinus tschonoskii community. Three measurements of species diversity (richness index(SR), Shannon-Wiener index(H'), evenness index(J')) and their relationship with community type were studied in the surveyed plant communities. Q.serrata community was higher in SR, H', J' than the other communities, whereas R.pseduo-acacia afforestation was low. Finally, The vegetation of the Hwasan neighborhood park must not allowed any more. Nothing ca be better than native states in preserving the ecosystems.tems.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.582-590
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• 2010

Baekdudaegan field survey has been proposed and presented as a various plan such as field survey analysis, management and restoration plan, etc. Whereas, the concerns of the Jeongmaek has increased continuously, nevertheless there is no research of present condition for Jeongmaek. This paper is to contribute to suggest for management and restoration as a basic study of vegetation structure in Yongso valley. We set up 30 plots($100m^2$) to verify the vegetation structure. As a result of classification analysis used by DCA, the type of 5 communities i.e. Pinus densiflora community, Betula schmidtii community, Populus maximowiczii community, Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community were the most representative of Yongso valley vegetation communities. P. densiflora community was mainly distributed in the ridge of mountain, ridge of steep slope and stony area. In that reason, they avoid to compete with B. schmidtii community and Q. spp. community. In addition, the appearance of Rhododendron micranthum was mainly characteristics in the P. densiflora community. Species diversity indices(H') of groups were ranged from 0.7914~0.9942, the tree ages were 30~115 years. According to these results, the forests of Yongso valley not only form muti-layer vegetation structures but also have a great ecological value for protection and preservation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.115-124
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• 2019

In a climate change environment where heat damage and drought occur during a rainy season such as in 2018, a vegetation-based LID system that enables disaster prevention as well as environment improvement is suggested in lieu of an installation-type LID system that is limited to the prevention of floods. However, the quantification of its performance as against construction cost is limited. This study aims to present an experiment environment and evaluation method on quantitative performance, which is required in order to disseminate the vegetation-based LID system. To this end, a 3^rd quartile huff time distribution mass curve was generated for 20-year frequency, 60-minute probable rainfall of 68mm/hr in Cheonan, and effluent was analyzed by recreating artificial rainfall. In order to assess the reliability of the rainfall event simulator, 10 repeat tests were conducted at one-minute intervals for 20 minutes with minimum rainfall intensity of 22.29mm/hr and the maximum rainfall intensity of 140.69mm/hr from the calculated probable rainfall. Effective rainfall as against influent flow was 21.83mm/hr (sd=0.17~1.36, n=20) on average at the minimum rainfall intensity and 142.27mm/hr (sd=1.02~3.25, n=20) on average at the maximum rainfall intensity. In artificial rainfall recreation experiments repeated for three times, the most frequent quartile was found to be the third quartile, which is around 40 minutes after beginning the experiment. The peak flow was observed 70 minutes after beginning the experiment in the experiment zone and after 50 minutes in the control zone. While the control zone recorded the maximum runoff intensity of 2.26mm/min(sd=0.25) 50 minutes after beginning the experiment, the experiment zone recorded the maximum runoff intensity of 0.77mm/min (sd=0.15) 70 minutes after beginning the experiment, which is 20 minutes later than the control zone. Also, the maximum runoff intensity of the experiment zone was 79.6% lower than that of the control zone, which confirmed that vegetation unit-type LID system had rainfall runoff reduction and delay effects. Based on the above findings, the reliability of a lab-level rainfall simulator for monitoring the vegetation-based LID system was reviewed, and maximum runoff intensity reduction and runoff time delay were confirmed. As a result, the study presented a performance evaluation method that can be applied to the pre-design of the vegetation-based LID system for rainfall events on a location before construction.