• Title/Summary/Keyword: RER

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High Expression of Lung Resistance Protein mRNA at Diagnosis Predicts Poor Early Response to Induction Chemotherapy in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

  • Bhatia, Prateek;Masih, Shet;Varma, Neelam;Bansal, Deepak;Trehan, Amita
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.15
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    • pp.6663-6668
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    • 2015
  • Background: Treatment failure in leukemia is due to either pharmacokinetic resistance or cell resistance to drugs. Materials and Methods: Gene expression of multiple drug resistance protein (MDR-1), multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) and low resistance protein (LRP) was assessed in 45 pediatric ALL cases and 7 healthy controls by real time PCR. The expression was scored as negative, weak, moderate and strong. Results: The male female ratio of cases was 2.75:1 and the mean age was 5.2 years. Some 26/45 (58%) were in standard risk, 17/45(38%) intermediate and 2/45 (4%) in high risk categorie, 42/45 (93%) being B-ALL and recurrent translocations being noted in 5/45 (11.0%). Rapid early response (RER) at day 14 was seen in 37/45 (82.3%) and slow early response (SER) in 8/45 (17.7%) cases. Positive expression of MDR-1, LRP and MRP was noted in 14/45 (31%), 15/45 (33%) and 27/45 (60%) cases and strong expression in 3/14 (21%), 11/27 (40.7%) and 8/15 (53.3%) cases respectively. Dual or more gene positivity was noted in 17/45 (38%) cases. 46.5 % (7/15) of LRP positive cases at day 14 were in RER as compared to 100% (30/30) of LRP negative cases (p<0.05). All 8 (100%) LRP positive cases in SER had strong LRP expression (p=<0.05). Moreover, only 53.3% of LRP positive cases were in haematological remission at day 30 as compared to 100% of LRP negative cases (p=<0.05). Conclusions: Our study indicated that increased LRP expression at diagnosis in pediatric ALL predicts poor response to early treatment and hence can be used as a prognostic marker. However, larger prospective studies with longer follow up are needed, to understand the clinical relevance of drug resistance proteins.

$Ausdr\"{u}cke$ $f\"{u}r$ die relationale Stelle und Bewegung der Gegenstande - Lokale $Ausdr\"{u}cke$ im Deutschen und Koreanischen - (개체의 상대적 위치와 이동을 나타내는 표현 - 독일어와 한국어의 공간표현을 중심으로 -)

  • Koo Myung-Chul
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.10
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    • pp.45-66
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    • 2004
  • Die relationale Stelle und Bewegung der $Gegenst\"{a}nde$ lassen sick mil Hilfe anderer $Gegenst\"{a}nde$ beschreiben, die in den $diesbez\"{u}glichen$ Untersuchungen jeweils als 'Thema'und 'Relatum' gekennzeichnet wurden. Neben dem Thema und dem Relatum ist zur Beschreibung der $Raumausdr\"{u}cke$ ein driller Begriff 'Origo', bzw. 'Betrachtspunkt', notwendig, weil dabei der subjektive Aspekt des Sprechers bzw. $H\"{o}rers$ u.a. eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Die Stelle eines Gegenstandes ist durch einen Bezug zu seinem Relatum $auszudr\"{u}cken$. Wenn das Relatum keine intrinsische Orientierung kennt, wird im Deutschen und such im Koreanischen eine deiktische Strategie verwendet, in der sich der Sprecher aus seiner Sicht zwischen rechts (von/neben) und links (von/neben), bzw. vor und hinter entscheidet. Falls das Relatum eine intrinsische Orientierung kennt, wird im Deutschen die deiktische Strategie zwar bevorzugt, ist aber nicht dominant, In einem solchen Fall gilt im Koreanischen sowohl der Sprecher wie auch das Relatum als Betrachtspunkt Bei der Beschreibung der Bewegung sind nicht nor der betreffende Cegenstand (=das Thema) und der Zielort (=das Relatum), sondern auch die Stelle des Sprechers, eventuell auch des $H\"{o}rers$ zu $ber\"{u}cksichtigen$. Im Koreanischen spielt der Sprecher konsistent die Rolle des Betrachtspunktes. Auch im Deutschen fungiert normalerweise der Sprecher als Betrachtspunkt; aber im Falle der Bewegung zum Horer fungiert der Horer als Betrachtspunkt Die Bewegung zum Betrachtspunkt wird durch ein Annaherungsverb wie kommen und oda (오다) bezeichnet, $w\"{a}hrend$ die vom Betrachtspunkt $wegf\"{u}hrende$ Bewegung durch ein Entfernungsverb wie gehen und gada (가다) bezeichnet wird. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Bewegung zum Sprecher durch kommen und oda $ausgedr\"{u}ckt$. Die Bewegung zum $H\"{o}rer$ wird im Koreanischen auch durch gada ausgedruckt, da es sich hierbei um die vom Betrachtspunkt $wegf\"{u}hrende$ Bewegung handelt; in einem solchen Fall wird aber im Deutschen kommen gebraucht, da der $H\"{o}rer$ als Betrachtspunkt fungiert und es sich hier um die Bewegung zum Betrachtspunkt handelt.

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Variable Control in Inductive Inference for Engineering Education (공학교육에서 귀납법 추론을 위한 변수 통제)

  • Hwang, Un Hak
    • Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2014
  • The variable control in the inductive inference for the confirmation and verification when the experimental data are collected is studied by applying the principle of probability inference. The control in engineering experiments is to protect any effect by of intervening variable except primary independent variable on the dependent variable. By the special condition the possibility for developing a phenomenon will be maximized; otherwise, by the extraneous condition the possibility for developing a phenomenon will be minimized. By doing so, the control may provide insurance for the causal relationship between the certain prior event (independent variable) and the post-event (the dependent variable). Some experiments by using both elliptical trainer and tread mill under the variable control are performed in order to find the relations between the energy expenditure, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and the heart rate (HR) against the exercise speed.

The Effect of Squalene on the Cellular Toxicity of 5-Fluorouracil to the Mouse Liver (5-Fluorouracil이 생쥐의 간에 미치는 세포독성에 대한 Squalene의 영향)

  • Kim, Jeong-Sang;Kim, Jae-Sung;Park, Jung-Suk;Choi, Wan-Soo;Choi, Young-Bok;Kim, Jong-Se
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.165-175
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    • 1997
  • This paper aims to prove the effects of Squalene (SQ) on the cellular toxicity of 5-FU to the mouse which pretreated with SQ and then treated with 5-FU. The results of the group A (treated with only 5-FU) are as follows. The nucleus was destroyed at 24 hours and 48 hours group, however, somewhat repaired at 72 hours group. The dilated inner cavity and the irregular lamellae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were observed continually until 72 hours group. The inner cavity of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were dilated in all groups. However, the destroyed and the normal membrane were observed simultaneously at 72 hours group. The inner membrane of the mitochondria were almost repaired at 96 hours group. The results of the group B (treated with 5-FU and squalene) are as follows. The nucleus was a little influenced by the toxicity of 5-FU at 24 hours and 48 hours, RER were observed to keep the typical lamella structure of cisternae from 24 to 72 hours group, but inner cavity kept on dilating. In SER, inner cavity were also observed to flatten from 24 to 72 hours group. Mitochnodria were always shown normal. All cell organelles were simillar to those of normal groups at 96 hours. Accordingly, it can be said that the treatment of 50 prevents the cytotoxicity of 5-FU on cell organelles of liver cell and that is concerned with the formation of membrane system of cell organelles.

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Ultrastructural characteristics of the pancreatic acinar cells in the diabetes-prone BB rat (BB랫드의 췌장 샘포세포의 미세구조적 특징)

  • Jeong, Young-gil;Kim, Kil-soo;Lee, Chul-ho;Won, Moo-ho;Cho, Sung-whan;Kim, Moo-kang
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 1996
  • Functional and morphological characteristics of the exocrine pancreas in genetic model BB rat of insulin dependent diabetes medllitus(IDDM) were carried out. Wistar rat was used as control animal. Flow rate of pancreatic juice, output of amylase and protein, and plasma glucose and insulin levess were examined. Also light and ultrastructural characteristics of the exocrine pancreas were observed. Pancreatic flow rate, output of amylase and protein, and insulin level were lower;glucose level was higher comparing with those of the control Wistar rat. In Wistar rat, exocrine pancreas was typical light microscopically. Zymogen granules and cell organelles were well developed in fine structure. Cell size of the periinsular acini was larger, and number of zymogen granules were more than those of the teleinsular acini. Most acinar cells were dark cells which containe well-developed RER in their cytoplasm. On the other hand, some light cells which have the dilated RER cisterns were found. In BB rat exocrine pancreas, cell size of per-and tele-insular acini similar to that of Wistar rat. The number of light cells occupied 40-50% compairing with that of Wistar rat. Zymogen granules were lower in number than that of Wistar rat and divied into three types in morphological characteristics ; type I showing normal structure, type II showing the wide hallo and small electron dense core in center of the zymogen granule and type III not having the electron dense core in the zymogen granule. The present ratio of type I, type II and type III are less than 5%, 30-40% and more than 50%, respectively.

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On Constructing an Explicit Algebraic Stress Model Without Wall-Damping Function

  • Park, Noma;Yoo, Jung-Yul
    • Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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    • v.16 no.11
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    • pp.1522-1539
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    • 2002
  • In the present study, an explicit algebraic stress model is shown to be the exact tensor representation of algebraic stress model by directly solving a set of algebraic equations without resort to tensor representation theory. This repeals the constraints on the Reynolds stress, which are based on the principle of material frame indifference and positive semi-definiteness. An a priori test of the explicit algebraic stress model is carried out by using the DNS database for a fully developed channel flow at Rer = 135. It is confirmed that two-point correlation function between the velocity fluctuation and the Laplacians of the pressure-gradient i s anisotropic and asymmetric in the wall-normal direction. Thus, a novel composite algebraic Reynolds stress model is proposed and applied to the channel flow calculation, which incorporates non-local effect in the algebraic framework to predict near-wall behavior correctly.

A Study on the Forms of the Baroque Costume -Under the rein of Louis XIV- (Baroque 시대의 복장 형태에 관한 연구 -Louis XIV 세 시대를 중심으로-)

  • 김옥진
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 1980
  • A la suite de notre essal " Etude sur le Costume Byzantin", o nous avions d cel le probl me du costume au niveau de l'art pur qui r pond un besoin primitif consistant ext rioriser et concr tiser les id es dans l'esprit humain, nous avons essay cette fois de consid rer le m me probl me, c'est- -dire le probl me de composition de formes des costumes, travers ceux de Louis XIV et la classe des nobles, relativement l'arri re-plans de la soci t . Le style de costumes baroques consiste pritncipalement embellir l' tre de roi, pare la vie de palais et composer les costumes de la classe des nobles pour accentuer leurs luxe, majest , l gance, dignit etc., tant bas sur r gime monarchique et mercantilisme,en les faisant avec le brocart, le velours et la soierie de couleurs somptueuses, enjoliv s de broderie, ruban et dentelle.

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Ultrastructural Changes Induced by Telluric Acid in the Rat Liver (Telluric Acid가 흰쥐 간조직의 미세구조에 미치는 영향)

  • Son, Serk-Joo;Jeong, Young-Gil;Cho, Seung-Muk;Baik, Tai-Kyung;Choi, Chang-Do;Choi, Wol-Bong
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.83-103
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    • 1995
  • This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of telluric acid on the histological and fine structural changes in the rat liver. Fischer 344 rats($150{\sim}200gm$) were used in this study as control and experimental groups. Telluric acid(5 mg/100 gm of body weight) suspensed in olive oil was given intraperitoneally to the animals of the experimental group and only olive oil to those of the control group. At the intervals of 3, 6 and 12 hours, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after administration, the animals were sacrificed, and livers were obtained from the rats. For light microscopic examination of the liver, sections($5{\mu}m$) were stained with hematoxylineosin(H-E). For electron microscopic examination of the liver, sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, finally examined with Zeiss EM 109 electron microscopes. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the control group, round nucleus. well developed mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) and numerous glycogen particles were observed in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. In the cytoplasmic membranes of the hepatocyte, sinusoidal surface had numerous microvilli and cellular surface is combinated adjacent hepatocyte with desmosomes. The RER cisterns were dilated and zymogen granules were fewer than those of the dark cells. Kupffer cells with irregular nuclear membrane were observed. Fat storing cell and collagenous fiber bundle were observed in the Disse space. 2. Kupffer cell, inflammatory cells in the connective tissue of hepatic triad and lysosome were increased in the 3, 6, and 12 hour experimental group comparing with that of the control group. 3. In the 1 day experimental group, infiltration of inflammatory cells in interlobular connective tissue, dilatation of sinusoidal capillary and increasing of Kupffer cell were observed. Atropic change of hepatocyte and aggregation of glycogen particles in the cytoplasm of hepatocyte were observed. In this group, desmosome near bile canaliculi and collagenous fiber bundle in the Disse space were increased comparing with that of the 12 hours experimental group. In the 2 days experimental group, desmosome, lysosome, peroxisome and collagenous fiber bundle were increased comparing with that of the 1 day experimental group. Furthermore, lamellated bodies were also seen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte. 4. In 3 and 5 days experimental groups, transformations of hepatic cell cord and degeneration of the hepatocyte were markedly inclosed comparing with the all experimental groups. And damaged RER and mitochondria. collagenous fiber bundle were also inclosed comparing with that of the 2 days experimental group. Autophagosome and fat storing cells with large lipid droplets were also observed comparing with that of the 2 days experimental group. Tight junction and desmosome between the hepatocytes were separated. These degenerating changes were severe through the all experimental groups. 5. In the 10 and 20 days experimental groups, arrangement of hepatic cell cords and cell organelles of hepatocytes were similar to those of the control group. However, aggregation of glycogen particles, dilatation of sinusoidal capillary and infiltration of inflammatory cells remained. 6. In the 30 days experimental group, the tissue findings were similar to those of the control grout. But lamellated bodies in some hepatocytes and lysosome were remained in the cytoplasms of the Kupffer cells. In the 60 days experimental group, these all changes were recovered as the control group. In conclusion, telluric acid would directly induce the degenerative and necrotic changes on the hepatic tissue. However, these changes were perfectly recoverd in the 60 days experimental group as the control group.

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Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide on the Mouse Liver with Toxicated by Carbon Tetrachloride (사염화탄소로 중독된 생쥐의 간독성에 대한 키토산올리고당의 효과)

  • Hwang, Koo-Yeon;Yoon, Jung-Sik;Kim, Young-Ho;Chung, Min-Ju;Roh, Young-Bok
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.363-376
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    • 1999
  • This study aims to demonstrate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver toxicated by carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$. A healthy male ICR mouse that weighted $27{\pm}2gm$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into three groups; the group A; the pretreated group with chitosan oligosaccharide, the group B; the simultaneous group, the group C; treated only the $CCl_4$. The group A was simultaneously treated with chitosan oligosaccharide and $CCl_4$ after pretreated with chitosan oligosaccharide for 7 days. The group B injected $CCl_4$ and chitosan oligosaccharide to the intraperitoneal. The group C injected with only $CCl_4$ to the intraperitoneal. The results were as follow: In the group A, the nuclear membrane and the mitochondria were observed almost normal in shapes at overall the time. Some lamellae of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) destructed until 48 hours but ribosome attached. The destructed lamellae reformed at 72 hours but the smooth membrane vesicles not observed. The lysosomes observed at 72 hours. At 96 hours, all organelles showed in normal shapes. In the group B, changes of nuclear membranes were relatively lighter than group C. Mitochondria observed normal shape through the time. Parts of RER reformed the lamellae, other parts dilated inner cavity. And lipid droplet observed around the 24 hours. Glycogen and lysosome observed 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively. In the group C, nuclear membrane was irregular and nuclear cytoplasm condensed through the time. The lamellae of RER destructed from 24 to 96 hours. Smooth membrane vesicles observed in the cytoplasm at 48 ours. Mitochondria was less effected by toxic. And from the 24 hours, the variable sizes of lipid droplets observed in tile cytoplasm. These results suggest that chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates the toxic effect of the carbon tetrachloride in the mouse liver.

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Effect of Aspirin on the Fine Structure of Rat Gastric Mucosal Cells (Aspirine투여(投與)가 Rat의 위점막(胃粘膜) 세포(細胞)에 미치는 미세형태학적연구(微細形態學的硏究))

  • Jang, In Ho
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.1
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    • pp.201-214
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    • 1983
  • A study was undertaken on rats in order to clarify the gastric mucosal, morphologic response to oral and subcutaneous administration of acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin). Aspirin was administered orally (oral group) and subcutaneously (subcutaneous group) at does rate of 60 mg per kg of body weight per day to 40 normal rats. On the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 15th day of administration, in addition to clinical observation, 5 rats each from the both groups were sacrificed and examined macroscopically, histologically and electron-microscopically for the morphological changes of gastric mucosal cells with the following results. Although the clinical, macroscopic and histological changes were not significant, marked ultrastructural changes were observed. Parietal and chief cells were affected most severely by the administration of aspirin ; parietal cells showed increase in the number of SER and intracellular canaliculi, where-as in chief cells fragmentation, luminal dilatation, decrease in the number and structural abnormalities of RER were seen. Relatively mild changes were observed in mucous, mucous neck and basal-granulated cells. Although the degree of changes was milder than those of oral group, the similar changes were also observed in the subcutaneous group. From these results, it would be concluded that aspirin injury of gastric mucosa is effected not only by the direct injury to the mucosa but also indirectly by the blood concentration of aspirin.

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