• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1754-1759
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• 2002

A study was carried out to investigate the nutritive value and utilization of hybrid sorghum and perennial grass species viz. setaria (Setaria anceps) and hybrid napier when intercropped with soybean by growing Jersey crossbred heifers. Fifteen growing crossbred heifers (Jersey${\times}$Red Sindhi) of between 7-10 months age and pre-trial average body weight of 49-50 kg were divided on the basis of weight in to three treatment groups viz. $T_1$-hybrid sorghum+soybean, $T_2$-setaria+soybean and $T_3$-hybrid napier+soybean in a completely randomized block design. Intercropped forages were harvested fresh, chaffed and mixed before they were offered to the heifers. Chemical composition of the herbage, dry matter intake (DMI), body weight gain and nutrient digestibility co-efficients were estimated. The herbage mixtures had crude protein (CP) content in the range of 11.87 to 13.86% and ether extract (EE) contents were 2.91 to 3.11%, respectively. The herbage mixtures were rich in minerals (ash). The gross energy (kcal/g DM) was higher in hybrid napier+soybean, while hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean herbage mixtures had lower value for gross energy. The hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean herbage mixtures had higher contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose, lignin and silica as compared to that of hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture. The heifers fed hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture had significantly (p<0.05) higher $DMI\;g/kg\;W^{0.75}$ ($97.41{\pm}4.34$) as compared to hybrid sorghum+soybean ($88.31{\pm}2.66$) and setaria+soybean ($79.29{\pm}1.06$) herbage mixtures. Nutrients digestibility, DCP percent, DCP intake and nitrogen balance were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the heifers fed on hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture. There was a significant (p<0.05) difference among different herbage mixtures in TDN. The heifers on setaria+soybean herbage mixture had lower average body weight gain (g/day) than those on hybrid sorghum+soybean and hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixtures. Data obtained in this experiment demonstrated that herbage mixture of hybrid napier+soybean was better than hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean herbage mixtures in the nutrition of growing heifers. It had highest nutritive value, better digestibility co-efficients which showed better growth rate and higher feed efficiency. In ranking, hybrid napier+soybean herbage mixture was better followed by hybrid sorghum+soybean and setaria+soybean in nutritive value in the parameters studied. For future wasteland development program in humid-sub tropics of Himachal Pradesh hybrid napier and its intercropping with soybean is recommended for general adoption because of its better adaptability and higher nutritive value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.515-523
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the variability in broiler performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal digestible energy (IDE) between five different maize samples fed with and without xylanase at 16,000 U/kg. Various in vitro characterisations were conducted to determine if any could predict performance or AME. Samples of the maize were harvested in five diverse regions and fed individually in a mash diet as follows (g/kg): test maize 608.3; soya bean meal (SBM) 324.1; poultry fat 25.2; salt 4.6; met 2.6; lys 1.6; thr 0.5; limestone 9.7, dical 18.4; vit/min 5.0; CP 210 and ME (kcal/kg) 3,085. The diets were fed to 720 broilers with 6 replicates, each containing 12 birds per treatment, from 0 to 18 d of age. Maize samples were analysed for starch, protein, crude fibre, fat, protein solubility index (PSI) and vitreousness using near infra red reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). They were also assayed using an in vitro starch digestibility method. The results showed that there was no effect of harvest region on the feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers over the 18 d period (p = 0.959, 0.926, 0.819 respectively). There was an improvement in all parameters with the addition of xylanase (FI p = 0.011; BWG and FCR p<0.001). There was a significant positive effect of xylanase on IDE, AME, IDE Intake (IDEI) and AME intake (AMEI) (p<0.0001 in all cases). Although there was no significant effect of maize source, there was a strong trend towards variability in IDE (p = 0.066) and AME (p = 0.058). There were no significant correlations (p<0.05) between any proximate or physiochemical values and any performance or AME values. This may suggest that none of those selected were suitable predictors for performance or AME. The broilers performed well according to the breed guidelines, with slightly increased FI, increased BWG and similar FCR prior to the addition of xylanase. When FCR and BWG were analysed with FI as a covariate, xylanase addition remained significant suggesting that the improvement in BWG and FCR was driven by an increase in digestibility and nutrient availability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.675-682
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• 2013

One hundred and sixty Taiwan country chickens (d-old chicks) were randomly assigned into four groups with four replicates and equal sex. Basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% of Bazhen powder, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine complex. The study was conducted for 14 wks. Experimental results indicated that Bazhen supplement did not influence feed intake, body weight gain and feed:gain ratio. Compared with control group, the percentage of serum HDL (high-density lipoprotein) linearly increased (p<0.03) and that of VLDL+LDL (very low-density+low-density lipoprotein) linearly decreased (p<0.03) in Bazhen supplemented groups, that 2% Bazhen was significantly different with control group (p<0.05). Chickens fed diets containing 2% Bazhen displayed reduced (p<0.05) serum GOT (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) levels. The IgG, ${\gamma}$-globulin levels and PHA (phytohemagglutinin) skin challenge results in 1% Bazhan supplemented group were higher (p<0.05) than in the control group, the SRBC (sheep red blood cell) and ND (newcastle disease) titers in Bazhen supplemented groups were linear higher (p<0.05) than in the control group. The liver catalase activity and the capacity of scavenging DPPH (${\alpha}$-${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl) radical were linearly increased (p<0.03) in Bazhen supplemented groups, and the 1 and 2% groups were different from the control group (p<0.05). Liver TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) levels in all Bazhen supplemented groups and total glutathione level in the 2% group were reduced (p<0.05) compared to the control group and displayed a linear response (p<0.05). The TBA (thiobarbituric acid) and pH value of the breast muscle after 24 h post-mortem in the Bazhen supplemented groups was linear lower (p<0.05) than in the control group. Results from this study demonstrated that Bazhen supplement in chicken had several beneficial effects, including increased SRBC and ND titers, HDL and IgG, ${\gamma}$-globulin levels, PHA skin challenge result, decreased VLDL+LDL and GOT levels, and displayed antioxidation effects in serum and carcass meat parameters.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.271-284
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dried powders and water extracts of Paecilomyces tenuipes(P. tenuipes) and Cordyceps militaris(C. militaris) on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative capacity and immune status in rats. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 195$\pm$21g were grouped into five according to body weight. Ratw were raised for four weeks with diet containing either 4%, 2%(w/w) of dried P. tenuipes powders(TP-4, TP-2) or water extracts from equal amounts of each 4% P. tenuipes and C. militaris powder(TE-4, ME-4). Food intake, weight gain of all groups were not significantly different from those of control group. Lipid metabolism in general was not significantly different among all the groups. However both dried P. tenuipes powder lowered plasma cholesterol level slightly, water extract groups showed tendency of higher plasma HDL-cholesterol and lower liver cholesterol levels than control. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the experimental groups were lower than control group. Red blood cell(RBC) and liver superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were not generally different among all groups. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activities of all groups were tended to be lower than control group. Proliferation of aplenocytes induced by mitogens, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, were increased in TP-2 group. The TP-4 group showed increased CD8 T cells and MHC class II expression without changes in CD4 T cells, B cells and G/M ratio, suggesting activated cytotoxic T cell activity in vivo. Increase of G/M ratio but not of MHC class II in TP-2 group indicated the possible acute inflammatory reaction by the ingested substances in gastrointestinal tract. ME-4 group showed enhanced cellular immunity without vigorous changes of immune parameters in brief periods. In conclusion, both P. tenuipes and C. militaris stimulated antioxidant capacity and immune status in rats. Among groups, water extract of C. militaris was most effective in both capacities, though dried powder of P. tenuipes at 2% dietary level was more effective in antioxidant activity, as various results by different strains were observed.(Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 271~284, 2001)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2018

Objective: Gelidium amansii (Lamouroux) is a red alga belonging to the family Gelidaceae and is commonly found in the shallow coasts of many East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan. G. amansii has traditionally been utilized as an edible alga, and has various biological activities. The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation of G. amansii could be useful for improving ruminal fermentation. Methods: As assessed by in vitro fermentation parameters such as pH, total gas, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, gas profile (methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ammonia), and microbial growth rate was compared to a basal diet with timothy hay. Cannulated Holstein cows were used as rumen fluid donors and 15 mL rumen fluid: buffer (1:2) was incubated for up to 72 h with four treatments with three replicates. The treatments were: control (timothy only), basal diet with 1% G. amansii extract, basal diet with 3% G. amansii extract, and basal diet with 5% G. amansii extract. Results: Overall, the results of our study indicate that G. amansii supplementation is potentially useful for improving ruminant growth performance, via increased total gas and VFA production, but does come with some undesirable effects, such as increasing pH, ammonia concentration, and methane production. In particular, real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that the methanogenic archaea and Fibrobacter succinogenes populations were significantly reduced, while the Ruminococcus flavefaciens populations were significantly increased at 24 h, when supplemented with G. amansii extracts as compared with controls. Conclusion: More research is required to elucidate what G. amansii supplementation can do to improve growth performance, and its effect on methane production in ruminants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.173-173
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• 2010

$Bi_4Ti_3O_{12}$ ($B_4T_3$) is a unique ferroelectric material that has a relatively high dielectric constant, high Curie temperature, high breakdown strength, and large spontaneous polarization. As a result this material has been widely studied for many applications, including nonvolatile ferroelectric random memories, microelectronic mechanical systems, and nonlinear-optical devices. Several reports have appeared on the use of Mn dopants to improve the electrical properties of $B_4T_3$ thin films. Mn ions have frequently been used for this purpose in thin films and multilayer capacitors in situations where intrinsic oxygen vacancies are the major defects. However, no systematic study of the optical properties of $B_4T_3$ films has appeared to date. Here, we report optical data for these films, determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). We also report the effects of thermal annealing and Mn doping on the optical properties. The SE data were analyzed using a multilayer model that is consistent with the original sample structure, specifically surface roughness/$B_4T_3$ film/Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/c-Si). The data are well described by the Tauc-Lorentz dispersion function, which can therefore be used to model the optical properties of these materials. Parameters for reconstructing the dielectric functions of these films are also reported. The SE data show that thermal annealing crystallizes $B_4T_3$ films, as confirmed by the appearance of $B_4T_3$ peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns. The bandgap of $B_4T_3$ red-shifts with increasing Mn concentration. We interpret this as evidence of the existence deep levels generated by the Mn transition-metal d states. These results will be useful in a number of contexts, including more detailed studies of the optical properties of these materials for engineering high-speed devices.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

Various ${\beta}$-ionone resistant mutants were isolated from the wild-type red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous KCTC 7704. Although the growth of X. dendrorhous KCTC 7704 was strongly inhibited at 0.025 mM ${\beta}$-ionone, one of the ${\beta}$-ionone resistant mutants isolated at 0.1 mM ${\beta}$-ionone by NTG mutagenesis showed rather 70% of relative survival at 0.15 mM ${\beta}$-ionone. Fermentation kinetics study with the mutant was carried out at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 days in 300-mL baffled flasks. The mutant yielded up to 2.3-fold higher carotenoids content(viz. $1.2{\mu}g$ of total carotenoids per mg of dry cells) compared with the wild-type strain. The production of metabolites such as organic acids could be neglected. Studies on the kinetics with various carbon substrates revealed both an increase in final dry cell mass and a higher total carotenoids content in cell mass with glucose when compared to fructose or sucrose. As a further part of study, the effect of pH on the fermentation kinetics was investigated in glucose-limited chemostat at a dilution rate of $0.04h^{-1}$. When compared to steady-state kinetic parameters obtained at pH 4.0, a significant reduction in cell concentration at pH 3.0 and a lower carotenoids content at pH 5.2 were evident.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 2009

Purpose: In multiple blunt trauma patients, transfusion may be a significant therapeutic adjunct to non-operative management. The blood products must be expedited and efficiently to patients in impending shock caused by hemorrhage or traumatic coagulopathy, but the decision to perform blood transfusion has been made empirically, based on the clinician' and has not been guided by objective parameters, but own opinion, that may result in an underestimate of or a failure to detect bleeding, in delayed transfusion, and in a reduced outcome. This article presents quickly assessable predictive factors for determining if a blood transfusion is required to improve outcomes in multiple blunt trauma patients admitted to the emergency room. Methods: In a retrospective review of 282 multiple blunt trauma patients who visited our emergency center by emergency rescuer during a 1-year period, possible factors predictive of the need for a blood transfusion were subjected to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Of blunt trauma patients, 9.2% (26/282), received red blood cells in the first 24 hours of care. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between blood transfused and heart rate (HR) > 100 beats/min, respiratory rate (RR) > 20 breaths/min, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 14, Revised Trauma Score (RTS) < 11, white blood cell count (WBC) < 4000 or > 10000, and initial abnormal portable trauma series (Cspine lateral, chest AP, pelvis AP). A multiple regression analysis, with a correction for diagnosis, identified HR > 100 beats/min (EXP 3.2), GCS < 14 (EXP 4.1), and abnormal trauma series (EXP 2.9), as independent predictors. Conclusion: In our study, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg, old age > 65 years, hemoglobin < 13g/dL, mechanism of injury were poor predictors of early blood transfusion. Initial abnormal portable trauma series, HR > 100 beats/min, and GCS < 14 were quickly assessable useful factors for predicting a need for early blood transfusion in blunt trauma patients visiting the emergency room.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2003

Objectives : In order to examine the antioxidant activities of Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏), the study was done through measurement of parameters such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px), Plasma total lipid, Plasma total triglyceride, Plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol concentrations in rat erythrocytes and plasma. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 3 groups, Normal group(l2 weeks old), pathologically induced group(injected D-galatose 50mg/kg, 1time/day for 6 weeks, CONTROL) and Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏) administered group(D-galactose 50mg/kg and Kyungohkgo extracts 1125.0mg/kg 1time/day for 6 weeks, KOG). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, Plasma total lipid, Plasma triglyceride, Plasma total cholesterol, Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations and GSH-px were measured in rat erythrocytes and plasma. Results : Plasma TBARS concentrations of KOG group were significantly lower than those of control. Red blood cell(RBC) SOD activities of KOG group was increased(F=3.619, p=0.052, ANOVA test), and RBC catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different. RBC GSH-px activities of KOG group was increased(F=6.844, p=0.008, ANOVA test). The changes of Plasma triglyceride was not significantly different. Plasma total lipid of KOG group showed significant decrease compared to the control group(F=19.337, p=0.0001, ANOVA test). Plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of all experimental groups were not significantly different. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is considered that Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏) is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities in D-galactose induced aging rat.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 2004

1. The cell viability was determined by MTT method. Their cytotoxic activities against three cancer cell lines such as A549, MDA-MB-231 and SNU-C4 cell line were tested. Among them, The methanol extract of Saururus chinensis Baill. showed the strongest cytotoxic effect against SNU-C4 cells. These results suggest that the methanol extract of Saururus Chinensis Baill. possessed a potential antitumorous agent. 2. In vitro the antitoxic activity of ethanol extract of Saururus Chinensis Bail on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was evaluate by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetra캐lium bromide) and SRB (sulforhodamine B protein) assays. The number of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were increased and tend to regenerate. These results suggest that Saururus Chinensis Bail extract retains a potential antitoxic activity. 3. Complexation of Cd (II) ion with ligands such as quercetin has been determined by UV-vis spectrophotometric method in tris buffer solution at various pH. It was found that only 1 : 1 Cd-complex is formed by the interaction between catechol moiety in ring B and cadmium [Cd(II)] in aqueous solution. The spectral parameters for Cd-complex were determined by Beer's law at various pH. It has shown that 1 : 1 Cd-complex has a maximum absorbance and red shift by the alkaline pH.