• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.918-926
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• 1999

This study was an investigation of nutrient intake and food habit of college students in Taegu. A total of 200 apparently healthy college students living in Taegu were selected for the study. The 24-hour recall were obtained from subjects. The following anthropometric measurements were made on all participants: weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and bioimpedence. Dietary habits and energy expenditure were examined through questionnaires. Among the subjects 8.3% were obese and 17.7% were underweight in male and 38.8%, respectively. The average intake of nutrients and energy were below the RDA in male(except protein, vitamin C and phosphate) and female(except vitamin C and phosphate), whereas phosphorus intakes well exceed the RDAs for both groups. Lowest mean intake as percentile of RDA were calcium and riboflavin in male, and calcium and iron in female. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality was 0.735 for males and 0.730 for females. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) were under 1.0 for vitamin A(0.91), B2(0.628), Ca(0.074), Fe(0.845) in male students and vitamin B2(0.752), Ca(0.649), Fe(0.594) in female students. The alcohol consumption level was negatively correlated (p<.05)with thiamin, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate, and energy consumption in male students. Also the alcohol consumption was negatively correlated (p<.05) with milk consumption in male students. Thus, unfavorable nutritional patterns of alcohol drinkers put them at double jeopardy regarding micronutrient intake and bone health. In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake in the college student in Taegu is considerably lower than RDA. Another important finding of this study is that an unacceptable calcium and iron status was prevalent in a high percentage of subjects in the college student.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the nutritional knowledge, 2) the use of nutritional supplements, and 3) nutrient intakes of male elite bodybuilders (n=20). Participants carried out a comprehensive survey, anthropometric assessment, and 1 day food record. Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects were analyzed using Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program (Can-pro 3.0). The mean age of the subjects was 23.4 years. The mean duration of exercise was 5.3 years. The average scores of nutritional knowledge were 71.0%. The subjects were gathered nutrition information from nutrition book (65%), mass communication (50%), friends (50%) and coach (30%) in order. Ninety percentage of the subjects reported that they were taking nutritional supplements. Major reasons for taking nutritional supplements were to improve performance and to build-up muscle. The most frequently taken nutritional supplements were protein powder (85%), multivitamin/mineral (75%), BCAA (60%) and glutamine (55%) in order. The average daily energy intakes of the subjects were 4,248.7 kcal. The mean intake of protein was 370.3 g/day (3.93 g/kg BW). The ratio of total energy intake from carbohydrate, protein and lipid was 51 : 34 : 15. The intakes of most vitamin and minerals through food and nutrition supplements were much higher than those of each nutrient of the RDAs. Especially, vitamin B complex and vitamin C intakes were ranged from 500 to 3,000% of KNHNES. More research needs to be conducted to determine the optimal amounts of carbohydrates, protein, lipid and micro-nutrients for the bodybuilders.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.185-197
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• 1991

An eating behavior research was done with 50 females at a buffet styled restaurant during their lunch time. Of the respondents, 52.0% were professional and 54.0% were graduate school graduates. Of the respondents, 58.0% of the company were friends and 24.0% were relatives. The average time period of eating was $93.0{\pm}23.4$ minutes. The average frequency of taking food was $4.0{\pm}1.1$ and the average frequency of taking food after satiety was $1.4{\pm}0.8$. It is significant that lower frequency of food consumption was directly proportional to the age groups of respondents. The average selected food items were $30.4{\pm}7.1$ out of 175 and the average weight of the consumed food was $995.0{\pm}240.9$ g. The older age group chose a similar number of food items, but the amount of each food item was considerably less than younger. So the younger the age group was, the more they ate. The average food items at one time was $7.1{\pm}2.2$ and the average food weight time was $233.7{\pm}69.7$ g. The percentage of respondents who evaluated themselves as 'ate too much' was 70.0% and those who evaluate themselves 'ate properly' was 14.0%. Most of them were satisfied with the buffet service. The average of number of food items consumed by respondents before cooking was $50.5{\pm}8.9$. The consumption of calories and nutrients was compared with the Korean Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances. The consumed calories were 60.9% of RDAs, protein 104.4%, calcium 77.1%, iron 129.8%, vitamin A 66.5%, thiamin 96.0%, riboflavin 95.7%, niacin126.6% and ascorbic acid 112.3%. This data exceeded 1/3 of the Korean Daily RDAs tremendously and tells us extreme overeating. The energy ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 51.6: 29.9: 18.5. Caloric consumption of animal food was 27.9% and the consumption rate of the other nutrients from animal food was considerably high. But the consumption rate of vitamin A was 90.9% from vegetable groups. Accoding to this study, buffet service gives some advantages. It gives customers an good opportunity to vary their food intake, which enhances eating experiences and can cause an improvemont of food habits. But overeating is a problem. Therefore, we think it is necessary for those women who have influence over their family's food selection, to have nutrition education about a desirable order of eating a meal, food selection, and health problems due to overeating at buffet styled restaurant. There should be some improvement in the management of buffet service. For example, proper temperature, texture, and freshness of the food should be maintained. Prevention of mixed food smells should be considered as well. To lower the price it is desirable to reduce the number of similar items and to use seasonal food as much as possible. A buffet styled restaurant with less food items with cheaper prices is recommended. Various traditional food should be developed for the menu items. We expect buffet services to be sutable to maintain good health and to be popular to any eater.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.659-666
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 식생활 양상이 서로 다를 것으로 생각되는 농촌, 어촌, 도시 지역별 각각 137명, 100명, 117명을 대상으로 직접면담과 24시간 회상법에 의한 식사섭취 조사를 실시한 후 현재 우리나라에서 권장량이 설정되어 있는 칼슘, 인, 철, 아연을 중심으로한 무기질의 섭취 상태를 비교${\cdot}$ 평가함으로써 대상자 특성별 영양지도에 필요한 기초 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 농촌, 어촌, 도시 지역 대상자들의 평균 연령은 긱각 55.5세, 57.0세, 47.9세였다. 지역별 1일 총 식품섭취량은 유의한 차이가 없었으나 곡류, 당류, 채소류, 버섯류, 어패류, 우유류, 유지류의 섭취량은 유의한 차이를 보여 곡류, 버섯류, 채소류는 농촌지역이, 어패류는 어촌지역이, 당류, 우유류, 유지류 섭취량은 도시지역이 높았다. 영양권장량 대비 에너지, 칼슘, 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_6$ 섭취 비율은 지역별 유의한 차이를 보여 에너지와 비타민 $B_6$는 농촌지역이, 칼슘과 비타민 A는 도시지역이 높았으며, 어촌지역은 칼슘, 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_6$ 섭취비율이 세 지역 중 가장 낮았다. 전체대상자의 권장량 대비 무기질 섭취비율은 칼슘 $60.1\%$, 인 $123.9\%$, 철 $95.2\%$, 아연 $73.1\%$로 칼슘과 아연 섭취가 낮았다. 지역별 비교에서 칼슘 섭취비율은 농촌과 어촌이 각각 $58.2\%$와 $53.5\%$로 도시 지역의 $67.9\%$보다 유의하게 (p<0.01) 낮았다. 칼슘은 채소류, 버섯류, 과일류, 육류, 어패류, 우유류를 통한 섭취량이 지역별 유의한 차이를 보여 채소류, 버섯류, 육류는 농촌지역이, 어패류는 어촌지역이, 과일류와 우유류는 도시지역이 가장 높았다. 권장량 대비 무기질 섭취비율을 $75\%$ 미만, $75\~125\%,\;125\%$ 이상으로 분류하여 지역별 분포 차이를 살펴보았을 때 아연은 권장량의 $75\%$ 미만을 섭취한 대상자가 어촌 및 도시가 농촌보다 유의(p<0.05)하게 많았으며, 전체대상자 중 권장량의 $75\%$ 미만을 섭취한 대상자는 칼슘 $74.9\%$, 아연 $63.8\%$로 높았다. 전체 대상자의 칼슘 섭취에 기여한 식품은 멸치, 배추김치, 우유, 두부, 쌀, 아이스크림, 미역, 요구르트, 미꾸라지, 파 순이었으며, 이상의 10가지 식품을 통해 전체 칼슘 섭취량의 $53.5\%$가 공급되었다. 인, 철, 아연은 쌀을 통한 공급량이 각각 무기 질 섭취량의 $15.5\%,\;22.1\%,\;35.9\%$로서 가장 높았다. 아연은 쌀 이외에 돼지고기, 쇠고기, 팥, 개고기, 닭고기, 우럭, 두부, 차조, 배추김치를 통해 총 아연 섭취량의 $64.4\%$를 섭취하였다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때 어촌지역의 식품 및 영양소 섭취 수준이 가장 낮았으며, 세 지역 모두 칼슘과 아연의 섭취가 권장량에 미치지 못하였다. 칼슘은 농촌과 어촌의 섭취량이 도시지역보다 낮았으며, 권장량의 $75\%$ 미만의 아연을 섭취하고 있는 대상자는 어촌 및 도시가 농촌보다 유의 (p<0.05)하게 많았다. 따라서 칼슘과 아연 섭취를 증가시키기 위해서는 농촌지역은 어패류와 우유류, 어촌지역은 채소류와 우유류, 도시지역은 채소류와 같이 지역에 따라 각 무기질의 공급이 취약한 식품을 선택적이고 집중적으로 섭취할 수 있도록 영양지도를 차별화시켜야 할 것이다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.333-344
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• 2004

To investigate current status of the elderly meal service program, community centers nationwide were surveyed for congregate meal services. The survey was conducted during the month of December 2002 by mail using self-developed questionnaire on administration, staffs, funding, and meal service management. Only 95 out of 356 community centers (27%) answered and returned the questionnaires, and congregate meal menus were also collected from 20 centers for 492 days. Results were analyzed using SAS package program. In more than half of the elderly congregate meal service programs, following criteria were used in multiple form to allow participation; 65 years old or older, low income, or living alone. All centers served lunch, most of them free of charge, and 88.4% of them provided service 5 days a week. About 79% of the total cost occurred on the congregate meal service was supported by the government. Most of the menus served at congregate meal service were Korean style dish with rice. On the average, each meal provided 3 side dishes including kimchi, in addition to soup or stew. Only 19% of the centers have employed dietitian working for meal service programs; meal menus were prepared by social welfare workers or other non-dietetic personnels in more than 80% of the centers. Food purchasing and food hygiene control was also practiced mainly by social welfare workers or cooks. This study suggests that dietetic professionals are needed to better manage meal service programs for the elderly in both aspects, food hygiene and nutrition. Development of more nutritious menus and determination of appropriate serving sizes for the elderly meal service programs are necessary to meet the RDAs and dietary action guide for the elderly.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the correlation among growth development, bone mineral density, and nutrient intakes in preschool children. A total of 62 preschool children measured the anthropometric characteristics and the bone mineral density of carpus using DEXA. The questionnaires categorized to determine health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes were filled out by children's mothers. The average ages of the study subjects were 62.4 months in boys and 62.1 months in girls. The birth height and weight of the subjects were 50.9 cm and 3.4 kg in boys and 50.3 cm and 3.3 kg in girls, respectively. The average height, weight, % body fat, and obesity index were 111.7 cm, 19.6 kg, 15.0%, -2.1% in boys and 109.4 cm, 18.7 kg, 17.5%, 0.2% in girls, respectively. The bone mineral density in carpus was 0.25 g/cm$^2$ in boys and 0.24 g/cm$^2$. In girls. Proportions of children having regular meals were 69.0%, 94.7%, and 69.0% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. The major reasons for irregular meal were poor appetite and lack of time for breakfast and snacks for dinner. Most of the children(52.6%) had breakfast with the whole family together, and all the children had lunch and dinner with a part of the family. Most of the children answered they had snack more than once a day, and 64.3% had an unbalanced diet. The intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean RDAs. Average bone mineral density in carpus was positively correlated to the body weight, the total body water, the lean body mass, and the obesity index, respectively(p＜0.01, p＜0.01, p＜0.01 and p＜0.01). The body weight, the total body water, and the lean body mass showed the significant negative correlations with the animal iron intake(p＜0.05, p＜0.01 and p＜0.01). The bone mineral density in the distal carpus was negatively correlated to the animal protein intake and the animal iron intake(p＜0.05 and p＜0.05). And the bone mineral density in the ultradis carpus and the average bone mineral density in the carpus were positively correlated to the plant calcium intake(p＜0.05 and p＜0.05). Therefore, more systematic studies to investigate the roles of protein, iron, and calcium in growth development of preschool children were required.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the long term effects of breast feeding on growth, bone development and nutrient intakes in preschool children. Subjects were 62 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density of carpus were measured using DEXA. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the boys was 62.4 months and that of the girls was 62.1 months. Average birth height and weight of the subjects was 50.9 cm and 3.4 kg for boys and 50.3 cm and 3.3 kg for girls, respectively. The average height, weight, $\%$ body fat, and obesity index were 111.7 cm, 19.6 kg, $15.0\%$, $-2.1\%$ in boys and 109.4 em, 18.7 kg, $17.5\%$, $0.2\%$ in girls, respectively. Forty children were fed colostrum, 21 were fed breast milk, 29 were fed formula, and 12 were fed mixed milk. There was no significant difference in growth status between children who were fed colostrum and those who were not. Children who had mixed feedings were significantly taller than those who did not (p <0.001), and children who had colostrum had significantly higher bone mineral density than those who did not ($0.25 \pm 0.04 g/ cm^2$ vs. $0.23 \pm 0.04 g/cm^2$, p < 0.05). However, the different feeding methods did not show any difference in bone mineral density. Except vitamin $B_6$, folic acid and vitamin E, vitamin, mineral and calorie intakes did not meet the Korean RDAs. Calcium intake was especially lower than recommendations by as much as $62\%$ and $70\%$ in boys and girls, respectively. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes between children who had colostrum and those who did not. However, children who were formula consumed significantly more animal fat than those who did not (p < 0.05). Neonatal feeding and breast or formula feeding seems to associate with height, bone mineral density and animal fat intakes in preschool children, based on the results of this study. A longitudinal study is needed to clarify this relationship.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.952-962
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• 2005

To explore the relationship between economic status and food and nutrient intake patterns, the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey result was analyzed. Dietary intake data of 6,978 Korean adults of 20 years and older who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used along with their demographic data. Economic status of the subjects was classified into the following 4 groups based on the self-reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) in 2001 : low < $100\%$ MLE $\leq$ middle < $200\%$ MLE $\leq$ high < $300\%$ MLE $\leq$ higher, Individuals in the higher income class had significantly higher mean intake for most of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, and a higher percentage of energy intake from fat. In addition, they consumed more animal foods including meats, eggs, fish/shellfish, milk/dairy products and fats. On the other hand, the mean intakes of individuals in the lower economic class for calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than $75\%$ of RDAs. And, there was a predominant difference in contribution of fat to total energy intake among the groups of different economic status. These results showed that household income is an important factor influencing the food and nutrient intake patterns of the Korean adult population. Although individuals at different age classes may respond differently to a change in economic status, developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs for those nutritionally vulnerable groups should consider the economic status as an important factor to customize and differentiate the content of the Program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $952\∼962$, 2005)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2005

This survey was carried out to obtain the information concerning nutritional status, including factors of food habits and nutrient intake of the long-lived elderly men and women living in Ganghwa-gun. In order to assess the quality of dietary intake among the elderly, a survey was conducted during December 2003 of 103 subjects who were over 85 years of age. Dietary nutrient intake data were obtained through the 24 hr recall method. Chi-square test and t-test were the main data analysis method. Their dietary habits such as three meals a day and a regular meal time have shown that they have generally good eating habits. Average daily calorie intake ($\%$ RDA) was 1233.2 kcal ($68.8\%$) for male and 1215.8 kcal ($75.8\%$) for female which were lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans. Energy intake of females got closer to RDA than that of male. Protein intake was 49.3 g for male and 46.9 g for female (which was $82.3\%$ RDA for male and $85.1\%$ RDA for female) for elderly person, the proportion of animal protein to total protein intake were $45.2\%$ for male and $39.0\%$ for female. Average CPF ratio of energy intake for both male and female were 68.7 : 16.1 : 15.2 and 69.6 : 15.4 : 15.0. SFA : MUFA : PUFA ratio of the subject was 0.78 : 1.03 : 1.00 for male and 0.64 : 0.92 : 1.00 for female. Calcium intakes for both males and females were 321.3 mg and 377.2 mg. Vitamin A was the nutrient found to be least sufficient. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals for both males and females were lower than RDA except vitamin C and Zn for female, especially $\%$ RDAs of vitamin A, Ca for male and vitamin A for females were less than $50\%$ of RDA. In conclusion, long-lived elderly in Ganghwa areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin E. These results suggest that nutritional guidelines for older Koreans should focus on the maintenance of adequate energy intake. In addition, selection of foods with high protein and calcium, such as dairy food, should be emphasized, particularly in the long-lived elderly.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 1985

A survey of 113 children, aged 4 to 6 years, of the San Cheon a day care center, located in the upland, over populated, poor area of Seoul City, was conducted from July 28 to September 6, 1982, to investigate the dietary and nutritional status, and prevalence of parasitic inpection. House size was 10.1 Pyung; number of households per house, 3.1; number of family member per household, 4.8; and number of family members living together per room, 3.7; on the average. Only 49% of households possess own houses and the others live in the rented houses. About 40% of mothers were engaged income-producing activities within or outside of the home. Mean values of height, weight, arm circumference, girth of chest, and girth of head ranged from 98.4 to 102.2% of KIST mean. However, 13% of the subjects were assessed as undernutrition for 'weight for height'. Mean value of hemoglobin was $12.9{\pm}2.9\;g/dl$ and mean hematocrit value was $35.2{\pm}5.5%$; 17.9% of the subjects were proven to be anemic according to the criteria of the WHO. The positive prevalence of parasitic inpection was 3.3%, significantly lower than that observed in any other area, probably because of community parasitic control project. Intakes of energy and nutrients except thiamin and ascorbic acid were far below RDAs. Carbohydrates for energy provided 71. 2 to 73.8% of total energy intake; protein accounted 11.3 to 12.2%; fat provided 14.5 to 16.6%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, evening meal and snack, on the average, in a percentage of 22.0; 23.4; 24.4; 30.2. There was significant correlation between pattern of food consumption and nutrient intakes. The nutrient intakes and quality of foods were highly correlated to the maternal factors, especially mother's educational level. The study suggested that development of nutrition guides for mother and children would be needed to improve nutritional status of those young children.