• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 1994

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of using Egyptian mallow leaf meal (EMLM) on growth performance and feed utilization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in experiment 1. Four diets containing 0, 5, 15 and 25% EMLM were included at the expense of berseem leaf meal and fed to fingerlings of common carp for 98 days. The results showed that the average daily gain, feed intake and feed coefficient ratio (FCR) were improved (p<0.05) with increasing the level of EMLM in the diet. Fish fed 25% EMLM were similar to control fish (30% berseem leaf meal) in the productive value (PPV%). In experiment 2, five diets were prepared to contain: 1) 30% berseem leaf meal, 2) 25% untreated EMLM, 3) 25% cooked EMLM 4) 25% treated EMLM with 0.5% NaOH and 5) 25% treated EMLM with 1% NaOH. The results showed that diet containing EMLM gave the best growth performance and feed utilization. However, diet containing 1% NaOH treated EMLM superior to the other diets in PPV% and energy utilization. Diets containing 0.5% NaOH-treated EMLM or cooked EMLM decreased the protein utilization compared to those containing EMLM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.155-164
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• 2023

Sedirea japonica is one of the critically endangered species in South Korea mostly due to artificial harms such as illegal collection and habitat destruction. Therefore, artificial propagation through improving germination rate, increasing growth, and controlling flowering is meaningful for the conservation and reintroduction of S. japonica. It is suggested that cytokinins are one of the multi-factors that contribute to plant growth and floral responses. Especially, exogenous cytokinins have been known to induce or promote shoot growth or earlier flowering in orchids. Therefore, it was investigated how the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) influenced the growth and inflorescence of S. japonica. A foliar spray containing BA at 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was applied from 1st July to 30th December 2021. Leaf length, leaf length growth rate, leaf width, and width and length ratio were measured as growth-related factors. Visible inflorescence rate, inflorescence length, the number of flowers per inflorescence, and the distance between the stalks were measured as flowering-related factors. Growth-related factors except for leaf growth rate were not affected by BA treatments, while leaf growth rate was significantly increased by 200 ppm of BA treatment. The visible inflorescence rate increased by 200 ppm of BA treatment, and there seems an optimal concentration and threshold of BA treatment. An iterative experiment with more seedlings and measurement factors would be helpful to figure out the effects of exogenous BA treatment on S. japonica, and it can be applied for mass propagation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.820-828
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• 2015

This study was carried out to determine the effects of vernalization, temperature, and soil water deficit (SD) on mesophyll cells, growth, and yield of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L). The palisade parenchyma and spongy tissues of Chinese cabbage were observed under full irrigation and two weeks of SD treatment. These cells were severely collapsed by four weeks SD treatment. The SD treatment had the greatest influence on the growth of Chinese cabbage among the tested treatment factors (vernalization, temperature, and SD), growth significantly decreased by severe drought treatment (four weeks SD treatment). In addition, the relative growth rate, unit leaf rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf weight ratio were significantly affected by SD treatment; however, other individual factors and their combined treatments did not influence the analyzed growth parameters. The yield under vernalization after high temperature and full irrigation treatments was 3,056 kg/10 a, which was the greatest among all the tested treatments, while four-week SD treatment significantly reduced the yield. Head formation of Chinese cabbage was not altered under SD treatment, and vernalization treatments did not induce bolting. Our results indicated that collapsing mesophyll cells and reduced growth and yield were induced by SD treatment. Thus we suggest that optimal irrigation system should be install to avoid or overcome crippling drought conditions in the open field.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.211-230
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• 1991

The germinatin of e. annuus continued from the middle ofmay to mid-october. The maximum germination occurred on the mid-july. The period bloom of was distingushed amongs the different growth forms ; a orm pr of biennial and a form of pr perennial flowering from the mid-may to mid-september, and a form ps biennial blossom from the beginning of October to earlynovember. the dispersal of seed for(a form pr)occurred from early June to the mid-september. A rotte, germinating from summer to autumn, could classified into several growth forms; individuals without a critical leaf area for bolting until september and October, become a form ps of biennial, whicth did not proceed toreproductive growth unitl the next year, even thought wintering. individuals flowered on 3 years after germination become a form pr of perennial. The growth formular of aform pr of bennial, grown in a pot was w=20.2[1+$3.36{\times}10^3$(-0.062t)]$^{-1}$. The maximum relative growth rate(rgr) was 0.062g/g/day and the maximum net assimlation rate(nar) 0.089g/g/day. Therelative growth among each organ was shown as R=0.12 $T^{1.15}$between the avove-ground part(t) and the below- ground part(r). the relation between the avove-ground part(t) and the ratio of stem weight(wi) was ws/wi=2.56 $T^{0.35}$. n.p.k. was largely distributed on a leaf throughoutthe total growth period. while growing, it tended to decrease on the vegetative organ gut vice versa on the reproductive organ. however, nitrogen was more widely distributed on a leaf then in the reproductive organ.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.38-51
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• 2006

This study was carried out to improve rehabilitation effect by hydro-seeding methods on denuded slopes. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Arudinella hirta, Poa pratensis, and Lolium perenne were used in this study. The results of the germination and growth characteristics by seed coating, slope control and soil mulching treatments are summarized here. Seed coating of those plants had an effect on germination ratio, germination force, $LD_{50}$, and seedling growth of stem, leaf and root. The seed coating effect was highest for I. pseudotinctoria while the seedling growth was best for L. cyrtobotrya. Vermiculite+Talcum was the best coating material for germination and seedling growth of the plants. As the slopes were steeper, germination ratio was lower and seedling growth of stem and root decreased. Lots of seeds and soils were swept away when the slope was steep. Soil mulching was effective for germination, seedling growth of stem and root, and soil stabilization. It was more effective when the slope was steeper. Coir net was the most effective soil mulching material n this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.372-381
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• 2013

The leaf growth and physiological characteristics of Forsythia saxatilis were investigated under different relative light intensities (RLI) and fertilization levels in order to find out the optimum environmental conditions for in-situ restoration. RLI and fertilization were four levels (30%, 43%, 63% of full sun and full sun) and three levels (non-fertilization, 2 times and 3 times of average forest soil in Korea), respectively. According to the increase of fertilization level under all RLI, leaf area increased and leaf dry weight and the ratio of leaf dry weight to leaf area decreased. As the fertilization level increased, photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid under all RLI decreased. And pigment contents were the highest under full sun in the same fertilization level. Foliar nitrogen content under fertilization was higher than that under non-fertilization, and chlorophyll/nitrogen ratio decreased with the increase of fertilization level under all RLI. The increase of photosynthetic rate was observed with the increase of fertilization level at 63% of RLI and full sun, and dark respiration rate under fertilization was lower than under non-fertilization. Apparent quantum yield was lower at non-fertilization than that of fertilization, and it was highest at 63% of RLI under the same fertilization level. In conclusion, leaf growth and physiological characteristics of F. saxatilis could be improved under higher light conditions and fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

An important factor in the production of organic ginseng is the control of $Alternaria$ blight and anthracnose, which mostly affect the leaves in the summer. We compared the effects of a lime-bordeaux mixture (LBM) and agricultural chemicals on the growth characteristics and ginsenoside content in 4-year-old ginseng plants when they were sprayed at 15-day intervals from mid-June to the end of September. The increases in leaf length, and survive-leaf ratio in plants sprayed with LBM were greater than the increases of the control plants, but less than those of agricultural chemicals treatment. The root weight per plant in the plants sprayed with LBM increased more distinctly than that in the control plants, while it was significantly lower than that in plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals. The root yield in plants sprayed with LBM increased by 21% compared to the root yield in the control plants, but decreased by 7% compared to that in plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals because of the decreases in leaf area and survive-leaf ratio. Spraying of LBM had a significant effect on the ginsenoside contents. The total ginsenoside content was highest in the control plants and lowest in the plants sprayed with agricultural chemicals and total ginsenoside contents was great relative to survive-leaf ratio and root weight.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.644-658
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• 2021

Understanding the functional traits of dominant species in urban ecosystems provides insight into species' trait adaptation and ecosystem function in response to fragmented and isolated urban vegetation and reduced biological interactions. This study compared means and variances of environmental factors (geographic, meteorological, and soil attributes) and 4 leaf traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry mass content, and leaf shape index) and 7 reproductive traits (fruit width, fruit length, fruit shape, fruit dry weight, fruit dry matter content, seed weight, and seed ratio) measured of 40 Sorbus alnifolia individuals in four mountainous areas south of Seoul downtown, South Korea. We then performed the multivariate analysis of trait combinations. While the measured environmental factors indicated the individuality of the survey sites, the urban vegetation was drier and had a longer growth period. The leaves of S. alnifolia in the urban areas were smaller and heavier, and the fruits produced longer and lighter seeds, showing the traits affected by long urbanization. The study confirmed changes in the growth and reproduction mechanism of the S. alnifolia population under the urban environment, indicating reduced biological interaction due to vegetation fragmentation and isolation. This study provides limited but distinct ecological information about the function and persistence of key species in cities with a reduced scale of biological interactions and many negative environmental factors such as air pollution.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 1994

Earthworm cast was investigated in this study in order to domestically develop inexpensive and safe plug nursery soil. 20,30,40 and 50% of earthworm cast were added to the nursery soil as vegetable plant growth media, in which peatmoss and vermiculite constituted the rest of the soil. The effects of earthworm cast on the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling were obtained as follows. 1. According to the growth stages, significant differences(p=0.001) were recorded in number of leaves, leaf area and biological dry matter yield per plant(shoor or root dry matter yield per plant). In view of mixing ratios in the nursery soil, number of leaves, leaf area and stem weight per plant showed differences significantly at 1% level and leaf weight, root weight and biological dry weight per plant at 5% level, respectively. 2. The nursery soil with earthworm cast showed increased number of leaves and leaf area per plant compared to the commercial nursery soil particularly in the later stage of this study than in the earlier stage 3. Through the total period of seedling growth, leaf weight, stem weight and root weight per plant in the nursery soil with earthworm cast were genrally higher than those in the control and this trend was apparant in the treatment of more than 40% of mixing ratio with earthworm cast. 4. Although leaf weight per plant was higher than stem weight per plant till the 3rd week, from the 4th week stem weight per plant was getting higher. In the later stage of seedling growth, the stem weight was higher in the earthworm cast mixed treatment than that in the control. 5. There was no significant difference on biological dry matter yield in the earlier stage of this study, however in the later stage, it was higher in the earthworm cast mixed treatment than that in the control.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1019-1025
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to analyze the light traits in a solar light-collector device and its effects on lettuce growth at an early growth stage. The three hyper parameters used were the reflector diameter (2 cm and 4 cm), coating inside the reflector (chrome-coated, non-coated) and distance from the light fiber (15 cm and 20 cm). The results showed that light efficiency, which is the ratio of light intensity inside the fiber to the solar intensity, improved by 41.1 % when using a 2 cm diameter chrome-coated reflector at a distance of 15 cm from the light fiber; whereas it only improved by 20.6% when a non-coated reflector was used. As the reflector size was increased to 4 cm, the light efficiency for the coated and non-coated reflectors increased by 28.5 % and 26.4 %, respectively, hence, no significant difference was observed. When the light fiber was placed at a distance of 20 cm, the increase in light efficiency with coating treatment was 8 % higher than without coating treatment. We also compared the efficiency of light-fiber treatment with that of LED treatment in our lettuce nursery, and observed that the plants exhibited better growth with light-fiber treatment. We observed an average increase of 1.7 cm in leaf height, $7cm^2/plant$ increase in leaf area, and 32 mm increase in root length upon light-fiber treatment as opposed to those observed with LED treatment. These findings indicate that the collector light-fiber is economically feasible and it improves lettuce growth compared with the LED treatment.