• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.750-756
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• 2009

Stable, spherical, polystyrene particles were synthesized in ab initio dispersion polymerization by using the poly(methacrylic acid)[PMAA] macro-RAFT agent. The presence of the PMAA macro-RAFT agent on the polystyrene (PS) particles was confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The PS particle size was influenced by the concentration of the RAFT agent and monomer due to the initial nucleation. When the concentration of the PMAA macro-RAFT agent was increased from 2 to 10 wt% relative to the monomer, the average particle size decreased from 2.31 to 1.36 ${\mu}m$, the conversion decreased from 93.3 to 88.9%, the weight-average molecular weight increased from 46,300 to 150,200 g $mol^{-1}$ and the PDI decreased from 2.79 to 1.94, respectively. In particular, the incorporation of 10 wt% of PMAA macro-RAFT agent produced monodisperse PS spheres of 1.36 ${\mu}m$ with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.44%. Thus, the PMAA macro-RAFT agent worked as a reactive steric stabilizer providing monodisperse, micron-sized, PS particles.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

서 김해평야에 위치하는 연장 2km의 철도제방은 정규압밀점토인 연약지반 상에 건설되었다. 연직 배수재를 타입하고 단계시공으로 1단계의 시공을 한 직후에 제방은 종방향 균열이 생겨 원호활동의 징조가 나타났다. 이 단계에서 piled raft로 설계변경하고 제방을 완공하였다. 여러 측점에 다양한 계측기를 설치하여 제방 시공 중 piled raft의 거동을 관찰하였다. 이 결과를 정리하여 piled raft 기초의 안전성을 분석한 결과를 이 논문에 기술하였다. 말뚝 무리가 마찰말뚝으로 작용할 때에는 piled raft 기초는 정규압밀점토에서도 안전하고 경제적인 설계가 될 수 있다는 것을 계측결과로 부터 알게 되었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2012

말뚝과 raft의 하중 분담 효과를 고려한 Piled Raft 기초의 설계는, 말뚝의 지지력만을 고려하여 설계하는 기존의 말뚝기초 설계 방식에 비해 경제적인 설계를 가능하게 해준다. 일반적으로 Piled Raft 기초 거동의 해석 및 설계는, 해석의 복잡성으로 인해 주로 컴퓨터를 이용한 수치 해석을 이용하고 있으며, 하중 분담 효과에 대한 해석 또한 개별적 상황에 따른 수치해석의 결과로 이루어진다. 본 연구에서는 기초 요소의 하중-침하 특성을 고려하여 Piled Raft 기초에서의 수직하중에 대한 raft와 말뚝의 하중 분담 효과를 평가할 수 있는 모델을 제안하고자 하였다. 기초의 비선형적 거동을 고려하여 말뚝과 raft의 거동을 각각 쌍곡선(hyperbolic curve) 형태의 정규화된 하중-침하 곡선(normalized load-settlement curve)으로 표현하고, 이를 통해 기초의 침하에 따른 말뚝과 raft의 하중 분담 정도를 평가할 수 있는 모델을 제시하였다. 또한 제시한 모델의 적용성을 평가하기 위하여 Piled Raft 기초에 대한 원심모형실험 결과와 비교하였다. 그 결과, 제시한 모델과 원심모형실험 결과로부터 나타난 침하에 따른 하중 분담률의 변화 양상이 전체적으로 유사한 형태를 보였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2012

말뚝지지 전면기초 설계에 있어 전면기초의 지지력은 반영되지 않은 무리말뚝기초의 지지력으로써 많은 부분 설계가 이루어지고 있다. 이는 다른 지지력 메커니즘을 갖는 무리말뚝기초와 전면기초가 동시에 작용되는 말뚝지지 전면 기초의 지지력특성으로 각각의 무리말뚝기초와 전면기초의 지지력 특성은 변화하게 되며, 변위장 중첩 및 지중응력증가 등으로 대변되는 무리말뚝 - 지반 - 전면기초 상호작용 및 이에 따른 지지력특성 변화는 말뚝지지 전면기초의 설계에 있어 중요한 요소로써 작용한다. 본 연구에서는 말뚝지지 전면기초에서 발생하는 지지력요소들의 상호작용을 규명하기 위해 원심모형시험을 이용한 전면기초, 단독 말뚝기초, 무리말뚝(16본; $4{\times}4$), 말뚝지지 전면기초(16본; $4{\times}4$) 하중-재하 시험을 수행하였으며, 단단한 점성토지반과 연약한 점성토 지반에서의 무리말뚝-지반, 무리말뚝-지반-전면 기초의 상호작용을 하중단계에 따른 지지력 특성변화를 기준으로 분석하였다. 실험결과 말뚝지지 전면기초의 상호작용에 의해 무리말뚝기초 및 전면기초의 지지력 변화에 대한 영향은 작은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.47-50
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• 2002

Raft is a distinctive membrane domain enriched in a certain class of lipids, cholesterol, and proteins observed on the plasma membrane. Growing evidence has revealed that such membrane domains play key roles in signal transduction, fertilization, development, transmitter release, and so on. Recently, we have isolated raft-like detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fraction from bovine photoreceptor rod outer segments. Transducin and its effecter, cGMP-phosphodiesterase, elicited stimulus-dependent translocation between detergent-soluble membrane and DRM. This suggested potential importance of such distinct membrane domains in vertebrate phototransduction. Here, we will discuss physiological meaning of the translocation of major components of cGMP cascade to raft-like membrane in phototransduction. We would like to propose a hypothesis that raft-like membrane domains on the disk membrane are the place where cGMP cascade system could be quenched.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.115-131
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• 2012

Paper presents an improved solution algorithm based on Finite Element Method to analyse piled raft foundation. Piles are modelled as beam elements with soil springs. Finite element analysis of raft is based on the classical theory of thick plates resting on Winkler foundation that accounts for the transverse shear deformation of the plate. Four node, isoparametric rectangular elements with three degrees of freedom per node are considered in the development of finite element formulation. Independent bilinear shape functions are assumed for displacement and rotational degrees of freedom. Effect of raft thickness, soil modulus and load pattern on the response is considered. Significant improvement in the settlements and moments in the raft is observed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.417-428
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• 2017

The micropile has been mainly used under the concept of supplementing structural support or reinforcing soft ground. For the micropiled-raft system which uses a micropile and a raft in combination in particular, it is generally considered as ground reinforcement rather than foundation components considering the bearing capacity of the micropile in many cases. In this study, the bearing capacity mechanism of the micropiled-raft system is investigated through a physical model test and numerical method. The numerical results have shown that not only the slender-pile-effect of the micropile, but also the ground reinforcement effect, increase the bearing capacity considerably. The bearing capacity formula of the micropiled-raft system is derived based on the failure mechanism obtained through model tests. The formula is verified and proposed as a design chart.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.415-422
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• 1999

This paper describes a new optimum design approach for piled raft foundations using the genetic algorithm. The objective function considered is the cost-based total weight of raft and piles. The genetic algorithm is a search or optimization technique based on nature selection. Successive generation evolves more fit individuals on the basis of the Darwinism survival of the fittest. In formulating the genetic algorithm-based optimum design procedure, the analysis of piled raft foundations is peformed based on the 'hybrid'approach developed by Clancy(1993), and also the simple genetic algorithm proposed by the Goldberg(1989) is used. To evaluate a validity of the optimum design procedure proposed based on the genetic algorithm, comparisons regarding optimal pile placement for minimizing differential settlements by Kim et at.(1999) are made. In addition using proposed design procedure, design examples are presented.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2007

The piled-raft foundation, a new design concept, is one of the most effective kinds of foundation for reducing settlement of structures. An alternative piled-raft system with disconnection cap and a sand cushion between the pile and raft was also investigated to compare the influence of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement. Load-settlement relation curves were used to evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity. In the numerical analyses, a plane strain elasto-plastic finite element model (Mohr-Coulomb model) was used to present the response of the piled-raft foundation.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2004

For the structural foundation above the soft clay layer conditions, the design charts are first presented for the evaluation of both bearing capacity and total settlement in the basic raft foundation system. wad settlement relationship curves are used to evaluate the ultimate soil bearing capacity. The total settlement is evaluated by applying various traditional factors into the ultimate bearing capacity. Then, the parametric studies are carried out for the piled-raft foundation system. In the numerical analysis, the elasto-pastic finite element model(Mohr-Coulomb model) is used to present the foundation response and design charts, which enable the determination of the raft size and pile length and spacing.