• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.292-300
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• 2013

In this study, we examine the palatability and physicochemical properties of rice in the year, when there was 10% increase in yield compared to normal year due to daily temperature range and sunshine hours. The results of the analysis of rice yield over the last 20 years (1993-2012) showed 10% difference between the yield in 2000, which was normal, and that in 2001. With regard to the crop weather condition during the ripening period in 2001 compared to 2000, the daily range and sunshine hours were higher, but the mean temperature was similar. The rice yield in 2001 was 9.8% higher than that in 2000 due to the increased number of spikelets per panicles and ratio of ripened grain. In terms of chemical traits, protein, Mg, and K contents decreased in 2001 compared to 2000, but amylose content increased. Trough and final viscosity assessed with a Rapid Visco Analyser were significantly higher in 2001 than 2000. The quality of cooked rice was measured through the Toyo Mido Meter Glossiness Value (TGV) instead of a palatability score because a sensory test produces relative comparison values rather than absolute values. The correlation coefficients between the sensory evaluation parameters and the TGV in several rice materials harvested in two years showed a highly significant positive correlation ($r=0.81^{**}-0.89^{**}$, n=27-47). TGV was also significantly higher in 2001 than in 2000. The results suggested that the palatability of cooked rice was good in 2001 with about 10% increase in rice yield compared to normal year in 2000 due to daily temperature range and sunshine hours.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of 13 different application levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorous($P_2O_5$) and potassium($K_2O$) fertilizer at pasture establishment on the winter survival, early spring growth and dry matter(DM) yield, and contents of crude protein(CP) and carbohydrate resewes(CH0-R) of grasses in Suwon from September, 1987 to June, 1988. Winter survival of grasses was high (ca. 90 %) in the plots of N 80 kg, N 120 kg and $K_2O$ application, regardless of $P_2O_5$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were low as 76 % and 64 %, respectively. Close relationships were observed between winter survival and N & $K_2O$ fertilizer. Early spring growth was vigorous in N-fertilized plots. Heading rate at the first harvest was 50-70 % in all N-plots, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low as 20-26 % and 15-18 %,respectively. The DM yield of first harvest was higher in the plots of N 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ levels, and those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low (P < 0.05). The regrowth yleld was not significantly affected by fertilizer levels. The CP content was increased with increasing N level, but CHO-K contents (35-39 %)was not affected by fertilizer levels.Winter survival, early spring growth, DM yield and CP content were significantly influenced by N fertilizer at pasture establishment, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ application. In this experiment, the compensation effect for spring yield was observed with more N application than usual in next early spring when deficient amount of fertilizer (especially N) was applicated at pasture establishment. Also the optimum application levels of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ fertilizer could be recommended as 80, 200 and 70 kg $ha^{-1}$ in new establishing pasture, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

The aim of the present work was to develop simultaneous methods of quantification of carazolol, azaperone, and azaperol residues in livestock and fishery products using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Samples were extracted from beef, pork, chicken, egg, milk and shrimp using acetonitrile (ACN); while flat fish and eel were extracted using 80% ACN. For purification, ACN saturated n-hexane was used to remove fat composition. The standard calibration curves showed good linearity as correlation coefficients; $r^2$ was > 0.99. Average recoveries expressed were within the range of 67.9-105% for samples fortified at three different levels ($0.5{\times}MRL$, $1{\times}MRL$ and $2{\times}MRL$). The correlation coefficient expressed as precision was within the range of 0.55-7.93%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0002-0.002 mg/kg. The proposed analytical method showed high accuracy and acceptable sensitivity based on Codex guideline requirements (CAC/GL71-2009). This method can be used to analyze the residue of carazolol, azaperone, and azaperol in livestock and fishery products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.739-745
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• 2017

In all mammalian species, progesterone is essential in the preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy. $20{\alpha}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ($20{\alpha}$-HSD) predominantly converts progesterone into its biologically inactive form $20{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone ($20{\alpha}$-OHP), and plays a crucial role in the termination of pregnancy and initiation of parturition. In this study, we characterized the expression and localization of $20{\alpha}$-HSDinthe testis of MediKinetics $Micropigs^{(R)}$. The testes were collected at days 6, 9, 12, 18, and 21 after birth. The $20{\alpha}$-HSD mRNA was found to be expressed in the testis at day 6 after birth by RT-PCR. The highest level of mRNA expression in the testis was detected on day 21 after birth. However, the mRNA was not detected in the placenta after parturition. Western blot for $20{\alpha}$-HSD reveal that the specific 37-kDa band was detected in immature pig testis. However, this band was not detected in testis tissue at day 6 after birth. In the immunohistochemical analysis of the testis, $20{\alpha}$-HSD was detected in the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Taken together, our study shows for the first time that the $20{\alpha}$-HSD mRNA and protein are expressed in pig testis after birth. Further investigation is required to elucidate the functional mechanisms of $20{\alpha}$-HSD in pig testis after birth.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2008

The flow rate measurements in a multi-phase flow pipeline were evaluated quantitatively by means of a clamp-on sealed radioisotope based on a cross correlation signal processing technique. The flow rates were calculated by a determination of the transit time between two sealed gamma sources by using a cross correlation function following FFT filtering, then corrected with vapor fraction in the pipeline which was measured by the ${\gamma}$-ray attenuation method. The pipeline model was manufactured by acrylic resin(ID. 8 cm, L=3.5 m, t=10 mm), and the multi-phase flow patterns were realized by an injection of compressed $N_2$ gas. Two sealed gamma sources of $^{137}Cs$ (E=0.662 MeV, ${\Gamma}$ $factor=0.326\;R{\cdot}h^{-1}{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}Ci^{-1}$) of 20 mCi and 17 mCi, and radiation detectors of $2"{\times}2"$ NaI(Tl) scintillation counter (Eberline, SP-3) were used for this study. Under the given conditions(the distance between two sources: 4D(D; inner diameter), N/S ratio: $0.12{\sim}0.15$, sampling time ${\Delta}t$: 4msec), the measured flow rates showed the maximum. relative error of 1.7 % when compared to the real ones through the vapor content corrections($6.1\;%{\sim}9.2\;%$). From a subsequent experiment, it was proven that the closer the distance between the two sealed sources is, the more precise the measured flow rates are. Provided additional studies related to the selection of radioisotopes their activity, and an optimization of the experimental geometry are carried out, it is anticipated that a radioisotope application for flow rate measurements can be used as an important tool for monitoring multi-phase facilities belonging to petrochemical and refinery industries and contributes economically in the light of maintenance and control of them.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2006

Background : Even though two-month rifampicin (RMP, R) and pyrazinamide (PZA, P) treatment has some advantages over isoniazid (INH, H) treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), it was withdrawn from the list of treatment regimens for LTBI because of reported cases of severe hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of hepatotoxicity of RMP and PZA treatment excluding INH in a Korean population. Method : TIn order to recruit patients who were prescribed RMP and PZA excluding INH, 256 INH-resistant tuberculosis patients were investigated through retrospective medical record analysis. A standard four-drug regimen was changed to a RMP/PZA-containing regimen excluding INH in 64 patients (RZ+ group). In the same study period, 146 patients who were prescribed an INH/RMP/PZA-containing standard regimen were randomly selected as a control (HRZ+ group). Clinical characteristics including liver diseases and the frequency of drug-induced hepatitis were compared between the RZ+ and HRZ+ groups. Result : The mean age of patients in the RZ+ group was 50.2 (${\pm}16.2$) and the male-to-female ratio was 36:28. The frequency of underlying liver diseases was 10.9% (7/64), which was not significantly different from that of the HRZ+ group (4.1%, 6/146). Even though the treatment duration of RZ+ ($5.5{\pm}4.8months$) was longer that than that of HRZ+ ($2.7{\pm}2.3months$), the frequency of toxic hepatitis was not significantly different between RZ+ and HRZ+ groups, 3.5% (2/57) and 7.1% (10/140), respectively. Conclusion : Hepatotoxicity was mild and occurred in a minor proportion of patients in a Korean population prescribed an RMP/PZA-containing regimen. A future prospective study including more patients is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 1978

This study aims to brew apple wine containing lower concentration of alcohol by fermentation and to retain $CO_2$ gas in apple wine, and investigation for the possibility of storage at room temperature was performed. A Saccharomyces sp. was proved to be acceptable for production of base wine as its higher fermentation rate at $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. However, B-2 was most reasonable for post-fermentation of apple wine as this strain strongly ferments sugars at low temperature $(4^{\circ}C)$. The yield of apple juice increased by maceration of apple pulps. The yield was about 5 % more than that of the unmacerated juice, whereas acid content was decreased by 10% compared with control. When stored apple wine containing 9% alcobol was introduced $1{\sim}3%$ sucrose at $7{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ for 100 days or more, the $CO_2$ pressure of apple wine in bottle shows $3kg/cm^2$ by bottle-pressure meter. It showed good storage of the wine at room temperature. $CO_2$ gas pressure in apple wine containing 6% alcohol, $5{\sim}10%$ hop extract, and 2% sugar was $2kg/cm^2$, he result also showed possibility of storage. Whereas 6% concentration of alcoholic apple wine without hop extract caused unusual fermentation during storage at the same condition. The desirable conditions for high quality apple wine should have $CO_2$ pressure of $2kg/cm^2$ or more and should be added $1{\sim}2% sugar to base wine. From these results, it can be concluded that the brewing of lower alcoholic apple wine is possible.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2006

The sulphur spinel $FeCr_{2-x}M_xS_4$(M=Ga, In) have been studied with Mossbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer. The XRB patterns for samples $FeCr_{2-x}M_xS_4$(M=Ga, In: x=0.1, 0.3) reveal a single phase, which the Ga and In ions are partially occupied to the tetrahedral (A) site. The Neel temperature for the Ga substituted samples increases from 180 to 188 K, with increase from x=0.1 to 0.3. While, it decreases from 173 to 160 K, for the In substituted samples of the x=0.1 and 0.3, respectively. The Mossbauer spectra were collected from 4.2 K to room temperature. We have analyzed the Mossbauer spectra using eight Lorentzian lines fitting method for the $FeCr_{2-x}In_xS_4$(x=0.1) at 4.2 K, yielding the 1311owing results; $H_{hf}=146.0kOe,\;{\Delta}E_Q=1.88mm/s,\;\theta=36^{\circ},\;\phi=0^{\circ},\;\eta=0.6$, and R=1.9. The Ga ions enter into the both sites octahedral (B) and tetrahedral (A), simultaneously the same amounts of Fe ions migrate from the A to the B site, this result is an agreement with XRD results, too. The ${\Delta}E_Q$ of the A and B site in Mossbauer spectra of the samples $FeCr_{2-x}Ga_xS_4$(x=0.3) are 0.83 and 2.94mm/s, respectively. While they are 0.56 and 2.36mm/s for the $FeCr_{2-x}In_xS_4$(x=0.3). It is noticeable that the ${\Delta}E_Q$ for the Ga doped samples are larger than that of the corresponding In doped samples, in spite of the larger ionic radius for In ions. The bond lengths of Cr-S, for the Ga and In doped samples (x=0.3) are found to be 2.41 and $2.43\;{\AA}$, respectively. We interpret that the larger covalence effect from the smaller bond length induces a large asymmetric charge distribution. Finally, it gives a large quadrupole interaction.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 1994

The experiment was conducted in 1993 to find out a simple prediction method of weeds and to make the prediction models of weeds in paddy fields. The annuals producing fine seeds were apt to emerge at sampling soil only, on the contrary the perennials and the annuals producing large seeds tended not to emerge at sampling soil due to the miss of seeds at sampling. There was no appropriate regression between a total number of weeds emerged at sampling soil and that of weeds occurred in fields. The important annual weeds occurring in fields were able to predict by the number of weeds emerged at sampling soil, but it was difficult to predict the important perennial weeds. In case of Bidens tripartita producing large seeds and Eleocharis kuroguwai producing large tubers, the prediction coefficients were high as above 1.0, and that of Echinochloa crus-galli and Sagittaria pygmaea were comparatively high as 0.175 and 0.172, respectively. However the coefficients of the other weeds were much low as below 0.08. The prediction models for 9 species were made. The model of six species including E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, R. indica, B. tripartita, E. triandra and S. pygmaea were linear regression with high significance, however that of 3 species including C. difformis, S. juncoides and E. kuroguwai were curve regression with high significance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.89-119
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• 2004

This study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli having probiotic characteristics to be used as health adjuncts with fermented milk products. Acid tolerant strains were selected in Lactobacilli MRS broth adjusted to pH 4.0 from 80 healthy persons (infants, children and adults). And bile tolerant strains were examined in Lactobacilli MRS broth in which 1.0% bile salt was added. By estimation above characteristics, the strains No. 27, which was isolated from adult feces, was selected and identified as Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius based on carbohydrate fermentation and 16S rDNA sequencing. It was used as a probiotic strain in fermented milk products. The pH of fermented milk decreased from pH 6.7 to 5.0 and titratable acidity increased from 0.3% to 1.0% by L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (isolation strain 20, 35, and 37), when incubated for 36 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The number of viable cell counts of fermented milk was maximized at this incubation condition. The SDS-PAGE evidenced no significant change of casein but distinct changes of whey protein were observed by isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius for titratable acidity being incubated by $0.9{\sim}1.0%$ at $37^{\circ}C$. All of the strains produced 83.43 to 131.96 mM of lactic acid and 5.39 to 26.85 mM of isobutyric acid in fermented products. The in vitro culture experiment was performed to evaluate ability to reduce cholesterol levels and antimicrobial activity in the growth medium. The selected L. salivarius subsp. salivarius reduced $23{\sim}38%$ of cholesterol content in lactobacilli MRS broth during bacterial growth for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. All of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had an excellent antibacterial activity with $15{\sim}25$ mm of inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, S. enteritidis KCCM3313, S. typhimurium M-15, and S. typhimurium KCCM40253 when its pH had not been adjusted. Also, all of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had partial inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, E. coli KCTC0115 and S. enteritidis KCCM3313 when it had been adjusted to pH 5.7. The selected strains were determined to have resistances of twelve antibiotic. Strains 27 and 35 among the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius showed the highest resistance to the antibiotics. Purified ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was obtained by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography, Mono-Q ion exchange chromatography and HPLC column chromatography from L. salivarius subsp. salivarius 27. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 8,994 units/mg protein, representing an 17.09 folds purification of the original cell crude extract. The molecular weight of enzyme was identified about 53,000 dalton by 12% SDS-PAGE. Optimal temperature and pH for activity of this enzyme were $40^{\circ}C$ and 7.0 respectively. The enzyme was found to be stable between 25 and $50^{\circ}C$. ${\alpha}$-galactosidase activity was lost rapidly below pH 5.0 and above pH 9.0. This enzyme was liberated galactose from melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, and also the hydrolysis rate of substrate was compound by HPLC. These results indicated that some of the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (strain 27 and 35) are considered as effective probiotic strains with a potential for industrial applications, but the further study is needed to establish their use as probiotics in vivo.