• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.1 s.72
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• pp.71-79
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• 1995

The mechanism of cadmium adaptation and detoxification in Rhizopus oryzae was investigated. The lag phase was lengthened as the concentration of cadmium increased. Detoxication of cadmium were postulated to be primarily operated by the induction of two cadmium binding proteins and increment of inorganic polyphosphate pools in adaptation phase. After adaptation, inorganic polyphosphate system has been involved in turnover and compartmentalization. The secondary system for cadmium adaptation and detoxification might be derepression of ACPase activity and the synthesis of phosphatidyl serine. It has been considered that the overall changes for cadmium adaptation and detoxfication eventually influence on the morphology, resulting in the dispersed filamentous type which may be the most advantageous form.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2023

Sitophilus oryzae L. (Rice Weevil) is a stored pest of rice that causes extensive loss throughout the world. We tested the leaf powders of 12 plant species viz., Chrysanthemum sp., Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus grandis, Citrus limon, Gliricidia sepium, Gymnema sylvestre, Hemigraphis colorata, Michelia champaca, Moringa oleifera, Murraya koenigii, Polyalthia longifolia, and Sauropus androgynus at dosages of 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00g against the adult rice weevil and mortality was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12 and 2l days after treatment (DAT) by direct contact toxicity for their adulticidal effect. We observed 100 percent adult mortality in C. zevlanicum and M. koenigii among the tested leaf powders. In addition, the first-time tested H. colorata and S. androgynus also caused high mortality compared to other plants. All the plant powders caused moderate to high adult mortality. Hence, these plants could be effective botanical insecticides against S. oryzae as they comprise a potential source of bioactive chemicals and are generally free from toxicants. Applications of these natural derivatives in S. oryzae control could reduce the cost of control methods and storage of rice contamination. Therefore, the present study indicates that some plant extracts can be used as an alternative to toxic synthetic chemicals in the management of rice weevils.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.176-182
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• 1999

Whole soybean cereal was fermented with four fungal strains (Mucor and Rhizopus) in pilot meju fermentation system. The pH range of the fermented soybean cereal was $7.16{\sim}8.38$, the contents of reducing sugar and amino-nitrogen were $0.54{\sim}2.64%,\;93{\sim}312mg%$, respectively, and that of free fatty acid ranged $0.06{\sim}2.00%$. The components of the amino acid, organic acid, free sugars and fatty acid showed distinctive patterns among four groups of fermented soybean cereals. Amylase activity and carbohydrate degradation rate of R. oryzae, protease and protein degadation rate of R. stolonifer was higher than other strains. But lipase and lipid degradation rates of four strains were similar. The odor concentrates of the soybean cereals fermented with Mucor strains were similar to Aspergillus strains, but Rhizopus were possessed of the flavor components of Bacillus and Aspergillus. Soysauce, made from M. hiemalis and R. stolonifer fermented soybean cereal showed excellent sensory evaluation and it was proposed that the two strains will be useful in Korean soysauce process.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

This study is for the application of functional antibacterial packaging to fresh food. Zeolite/Zinc-polypeptide was coated on PP film at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, degree of dispersion was verified through FESEM and FT-IR analysis. In addition, the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the films were analyzed according to the control group and the concentration of coating materials. As a result, the degree of dispersion of coating material was irregular but wide, depending on the concentration of Zeolite/Zinc-polypeptide on the surface of PP film. The antibacterial effect against E. coli was over 99.9%, and the growth of R. oryzae was inhibited about 70%. Therefore, it was confirmed that Zeolite/Zinc-polypeptide had antibacterial and antifungal properties against E. coli and R. oryzae even after coated on PP film. In conclusion, Zeolite/Zinc-polypeptide coating film is expected to be effective in preventing corruption and improving the shelf life of fresh food as a functional packaging material. In order to be applied to various fresh foods in the future, storage experiments are additionally required with temperature and humidity conditions according to fresh foods.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.22-28
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• 1998

Twenty six derivatives of bis-aromatic ${\alpha},{\beta}$-unsaturated ketones as substrate(S) were synthesized and their fungicidal activities in vivo against rice blast(Pyricularia oryzae), tomato leaf blight(Phytophtora infestans) and barley powdery mildew(Erysiphe graminis) were examined. The quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) between the fungicidal activities($pI_{50}$) and a physicochemical parameters of substitued($R_{2}$) phenyl backbone group in 2-thienyl and 2-furyl substituents were analyzed with regression equations. The activities of substituted($R_{2}$) phenyl backbone in 2-thienyl substituents, $1{\sim}10$ would depend largely on the resonance(R>0), molecular refractivity($M_{R}<0$) and optimal length of substituent(($L_{1})opt.=5.50{\AA}$). Whereas, in case of 2-furyl substituents, $10{\sim}26$ optimal molar attraction constant ($F_{opt}=0.49{\sim}l.11$), optimal steric($Es_{opt}=1.78$) constant and indicator variables(Io & Ip) for position of substituents. The fungicidal activity relationship of 2-thienyl substituents against Pyricularia oryzae and Phytophtora infestans have been a reciprocal proportioned.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the production process and the chemical composition of saccharogenic mixed grain beverages (SMGBs). Various SMGBs were prepared through saccharification with Aspergillus (A.) oryzae CF1003 (A), A. acidus KACC46420 (B), Rhizopus (R.) delemar KACC46149 (C), R. oryzae KACC45714 (D), R. oryzae KACC46148 (E), A~E mixed strains (F), A. oryzae CF1001 (G), A. acidus CF1005 (H) and A+H mixed strains (I)-starter at $53^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The saccharogenic power of the strains was higher in samples F and G. The soluble solid ($^{\circ}Brix$) of SMGBs were the highest in Sample C. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content of various SMGBs showed a range of 77.9~80.7%, 3.7~7.5%, 0.37~0.97% and 1.81~7.47%, respectively. The viscosity of various SMGBs were in the range of 60~528. Further, free amino acid contents of SMGBs were in the range of 347~1,352 ${\mu}g/$ 100 g, respectively. From these results, we could secure the possibility and basic information for the development of SMGBs products. For future studies, we need to improve the taste and functionality of the products.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 1989

A series of novel 1,3-substituted-5-chloropyrazole-4-carboxylic acid oxime esters was synthesized. Their chemical strictures were elucidated on $^1H,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and IR spectra, Fifteen such compounds were screened for their antifungal activity against R. solani, P. oryzae, B. cinerea, P. graminearum, P. capsici and G. cingulata. The results showed that pyrazole-oxime esters with electron withdrawing groups(III, XIII, XIV) had better biological activities than these with electron releasing groups.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.78-81
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• 2011

Soft rot caused by Rhizopus oryzae occurred on unshiu orange (Citrus unshiu Marc.) sampled from commercial markets in Jinju, Korea, 2010. The first symptom of soft rot on orange is a water-soaked appearance of the affected tissue. The infected parts later disintegrated into a mushy mass of disorganized cells followed by rapid softening of the diseased tissue. The lesion on orange was rapidly softened and rotted, then became brown or dark brown. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the causal fungus on potato dextrose agar was $30^{\circ}C$ and growth was still apparent at $37^{\circ}C$. Sporangiophores were $6{\sim}20\;{\mu}m$ in diameter. Sporangia were globose and $40{\sim}200\;{\mu}m$ in size. The color of sporangia was brownish-grey to blackish-grey at maturity. Sporangiospores were sub-globose, brownish- black streaked and $4{\sim}10\;{\mu}m$ in size. Columella were globose to sub-globose and $85{\sim}120\;{\mu}m$ in size. On the basis of mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and the ITS sequence analysis, the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus oryzae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of soft rot caused by R. oryzae on unshiu orange in Korea.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1986

도열병균에 의한 벼의 목 및 잎도열병에 효과가 좋은 새로운 살균제의 개발을 시도하였다. 농약으로 예상되는 몇몇 3-oxo-1, 2-benzisothiazole-1, 1-dioxide의 새로운 유도체들을 합성하고, 이들 유도체들의 도열병균 (Pyricularia oryzae)에 대한 항균성을 agar medium dilution 방법에 의해 측정하였다. 3-oxo-1, 2-benzisothiazole-1, 1-dioxide의 5 원자 고리의 3개 구조 단위중에서 가장 항균성이 큰 단위는 $R-S-C=N-SO_2-$단위이며, 3개 구조 단위의 항균성 순서는 $RS-C=N-SO_2-\;{\geq}\;RO-C=N-SO_2-\;>\;-CNR-SO_2-$였다. 30개 후보화합물 가운데서 14개의 유도체가 도열병균에 효능이 좋은 것으로 알려진 oryzemate 보다 우수한 항균성을 나타냈다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1175-1182
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional characteristics of fermented mixed grain beverages obtained using different microbial species and to evaluate their suitability for consumption. Various fermented mixed grain beverages were prepared through fermentation with Aspergillus (A.) oryzae CF1003 (A), A. acidus KACC46420 (B), Rhizopus (R.) delemar KACC46149 (C), R. oryzae KACC45714 (D), R. oryzae KACC46148 (E), A-E mixed strains (F), A. oryzae CF1001 (G), A. acidus CF1005 (H) and A+H mixed strains (I). The visual appearance, flavor, taste, and the antioxidant capacity of each fermented beverage were then assessed. The chromaticity and aesthetic quality of the fermented beverage was measured and all fermented beverages appeared yellow. The C-, G-, H- and I-fermented beverages received scores of 3.319, 3.206, 3.170 and 3.025 points, respectively, following a sensory evaluation, while the others received less than 3 points. The polyphenol content of the different beverages were similar, while the flavonoid content significantly differed. In particular, the flavonoid content of the C- and E-fermented beverages was significantly higher than other beverages. Although the electron donating ability and reducing power of the fermented beverages was very low, the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of all beverages (except the E-fermented beverage) increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Specifically, the SOD-like activity from the F-fermented beverage at 10,000 ppm was more than 50%. Interestingly, the antioxidant activities of the beverages were unrelated to their polyphenol or flavonoid levels. This study also found that the aesthetic qualities of G- and H-fermented beverages were the highest and that this was completely independent of their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, our results suggest that further studies are required to develop mixed grain-derived fermented beverages that can also fulfill a useful functional purpose.