• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of cultivars and to establish the hydroponic cultivation method of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) f3r autumn season. Considering the rate of germination, plant height is 25 cm interior and exterior and leaf blade and petiole attitude is erect the best two cultivars 'Artlars', 'Dimple' were selected among the 19 cultivars tested. Seed germination was more than $90{\%}$ in both cultivars of 'Artlars', 'Dimple'. Seed rate of germination drops more or less, but it was cultivar that 'Mahoroba' cultivars is becoming in export standard production, and 'Premium', 'Platon' cultivar which plant height of leaf blade and petiole attitude is erect is about 20 cm was thought by suitable cultivars to domestic. Plant height relationship difference that follow to planting distances decreased according as planting distances growth than $12{\times}11$ cm to $12{\times}15$ cm. In the meantime, the increase of leaf area and fresh weight was increasing transplanting distance. The yield per ha of 14,890 kg in the $12{\times}11$ cm was $67{\%}$ increased than that in the $12{\times}9$ cm. Therefore, $12{\times}11$ cm spacing is considered optimum planting distance for spinach hydroponic cultivation in autumn season.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 1994

The authors studied therapeutic effects and related clinical data retrospectively on a series of 48 consecutive patients with head injury who were referred to physical therapy and occupational therapy, Kosin University Medical Center during 1 year, from March, 1993. through March, 1994. The conclusions were as follows : 1. Average age of the subject patients was 50.6 years, their age remped from 14 to 72 years, and the incidence between male and femele was 1:1.1. 2. In respect to the educational level high school graduates showed the highest incidence 18 (39.1 %) of 46 cases, and in respect to economy level, middle class revealed the highest incidence, 31(64.6 %) in 48 cases. 3. The HBP was the most common cause of spontaneity injury, disclosing 19 cases in 35 patients(54.3%), whereas the main cause of traumatic injury was a traffic accident, 7 cases ( 53.8 %) in 13 patients. 4. As for the region of injury in the cases of spontaneity ICH was 14 persons (40%). In the cases of trauma, hematoma was seen in 6 cases(42.2 %) in 48 total cases ICH was seen in 17 cases (35.4 %) to be the most common region. 5. Among 35 persons, spontaneity CBR was the highest region of injury, 13 cases(37.1 %) ; the side of paralysis in extremities the right side showed higher incidence, 18 cas (1.4 %) as compared to the left, 16 cases(45.7%). In the case of traumatic injury, CBR was the highest region of injury, 4(30.8% )in 13 cases and as for the paralysis side, right side showed higher incidence 7 cases(53.8%) as compared to the left side 5 cases(38.5%). 6. In respect to recurrence, HBP was seen in 5 cases to be the most common cause, and as for the region of injury, CBR was the highest. 7. A period of rehabilitation therapy in the cases of physical therapy the highest term was 1-2 month, 14 persons(29.2%). As for occupational therapy within 2 week-term was the highest, 24 persons(50%). 8. Physical strenth grade M.T in the cases of the upper extrimities before therapy, the low mark(grade 0) was 30 cases(62.5%), compared to the high mark(above grade 3)seen in 1 case(2.1%), And after therapy, the lowest mark(grade 0)was seen in 5 cases(10.4%) where as the high mark(above grade 3)was seen in 29 cases(60.4%). In the case of the lower extremities before therapy, the mark(below grade 1)was 37 cases(77.1 %), while the high mark(above grade 3)was seen n 4 cases(8.4%). And after therapy the low mark(below grade 1)was seen in 5 cases (10.4 %) and the high mark (above grade 3)was seen in 29 cases(60.4 %). 9. Before therapy conigtive function-level evaluation utilized R.L.A.L, the low mark(below level 3)was seen in 9 cases(18.8%), while the high mark(above level 7)was seen in 18 cases(37.5%). And after therapy the low mark (below level 3)was 4 cases(8.3%) and high mark(above level 7)was seen in 38 cases(79%). 10. After rehabilitation therapy, patients who were able to walk independently were 29 persons(60.4%), among which 16 cases(55.2%) depended on cane. The ratio between the cases who were able to walk and unable to walk was 1.5:1.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2011

Using the materials collected from nine farms in a three-way cross system to produce commercial pigs produced from F1 sows (Landrace $\times$ Large White) $\times$ Duroc, the power of individual discrimination and parentage of the 13 microsatellite (MS) marker set that has been suggested for individual/brand identification (traceability) was empirically tested. Initially, genotypes of the parental population ($F_1$ sows and Duroc), and commercial pigs were determined and the genotype frequency and polymorphic index were estimated using the Cervus 2.0 program. The probability of identity among genotypes of random individuals, that random half sibs and that of full sib individuals, based on the genotypes from 91 $F_1$ sows and Duroc were expected to be $4.94{\times}10^{-34}$, $8.16{\times}10^{-23}$ and $2.01{\times}10^{-08}$, respectively, using the API-CALC version 1.0 program. When commercial pigs were included, the estimates increased to $3.74{\times}10^{-35}$, $5.48{\times}10^{-25}$ and $2.96{\times}10^{-11}$, respectively. For the empirical verification of the estimated powers of individual discrimination and parentage, the parentage test was performed for 452 commercial pigs using PAPA version 2.0, and individuals with the same genotype were investigated using the Cervus version 2.0 program. Parents for all commercial pigs were successfully estimated and no identical individual was identified in the pedigree. Although the individual discriminating power was not fully verified because of the lack of individuals corresponding with the theoretical power, the 100% efficiency of parentage test was clearly confirmed. Therefore, we believe that the 13 MS marker set in conjunction with management record/information for the pig production kept in a farm/brand should be useful in the pork traceability in a brand unit.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.353-360
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• 2009

When 14 microsatellite (MS) markers were applied in the identifying test for 480 Hanwoo, the discriminating power was estimated as $3.43{\times}10^{-27}$ based on the assumption of a random mating group (PI). This rate is 1,000 times higher than that of 60 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. On the other hand, the power of the 60 SNP markers was estimated as $4.69{\times}10^{-20}$ and $8.02{\times}10^{-12}$ on the assumption of a half-sib mating group ($PI_{half-sibs}$) and a full-sib mating group ($PI_{sibs}$), respectively. These powers were 10 times and 10,000 times higher than those of the 14 MS markers. The results indicated that the total number of alleles (MS vs SNP = 146 vs 120) acted as a key factor for the discriminating power in a random mating population, and the total number of markers (MS vs SNP = 14 vs 60) was a dominant influence on the power in half-sib and full-sib populations. In the Hanwoo population, in which it was assumed that the entire population is the enormous half-sib group formed by the absolute genetic contribution of a few nuclear bulls, there will be only a 10 times difference in the discriminating power between the 14 MS markers and the 60 SNP makers. However, the probability of not excluding a candidate parent pair from the parentage of an arbitrary offspring, given that only the genotype of the offspring ($PNE_{pp}$) was 1,000 times higher as shown by the 14 MS markers than that by the 60 SNP markers. The strong points of SNP makers are the stability of the variation (low mutation rate) and automation of high-throughput genotyping. In order to apply these merits for the practical and constant Hanwoo identity test, research and development are required to set a cost-effective platform and produce a homemade apparatus for SNP genotyping.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.97-110
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• 2012

In case of the axial line bikeway, the residents in the riverside use it frequently but those in the city center hardly do as the axis is formed along the riverside of the Han river. This situation happens due to the inefficient connectivity between the bikeway that leads to the riverside and that in the city center, which means the administrative policies have been focused on the facilities rather than on raising connectivity of the bikeway networks in the south of the Han River. Also, this is the point of time when a reasonable improvement plan is needed to raise the accessibilities of the bikeways in Seoul, not just a utilization of those in the south of the Han River. This study intends to analyse the connectivity between Gangseo (west of the Han River) and Gangdong (East of the Han River) districts by comparing the current spatial structure in the southern areas of the Han River and that after the installation of the axial line, and that after installation of the ordinary bikeway respectively with use of the Space Syntax Model, and to predict resultant changes there of. The Space Syntax Model was used as the major method of analysis in this study to find out characteristics of the bikeways in the south of the Han River. Consequently, as the analysis shows that when the bikeways in the Gangseo and Gangdong-gu districts are connected, the accessibility of the bikeways in the south of the Han River will improve while the spatial structure intelligibility will be lowered, it can be said the prediction rate in the all areas is low compared with the current status. It is analyzed that the intelligibility of the current bikeways in the south of the Han River appeared highest when compared with those of plans for installation of the axial line and ordinary bikeway because they don't interconnect with other areas.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2011

Purpose: The SUV is a widely used semi-quantitative index in PET for the estimation of radio-tracer accumulation in VOI. In this study, SUVs from three different PET/CT scanners were assessed, and differences between SUVs were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The PET/CT scanners which were assessed in this study were GEMINI, GEMINI TF 64 (Philips) and Biograph True Point True V 40 (Siemens). The NEMA PET phantom (Data Spectrum Corp., USA) was used to evaluate SUVs. The NEMA PET phantom has6.8 kg weight and three hot inserts. Two different activity distributions for the background and inserts were tested. The activity ratio were 3.7:3.7:7.4:11.1 MBq (1:1:2:3) and 1.85:7.4:9.25:11.1MBq (1:4:5:6) for each of background, insert 1, insert 2 and insert 3. Acquisition time was 2 minutes per bed position and NEMA PET phantom could be covered by two bed positions for all PET/CT scanners. The SUVs from each PET/CT scanner were compared with calculated true value. Results: For both activity ratios, all scanners showed similar results. The differences between each scanner were insignificant. Each scanner showed 91.2%, 85.9% and 87.2% of true SUV for GEMINI, GEMINI TF 64, Biograph True Point TrueV, respectively. Conclusion: For all scanners, SUVs were slightly lower than true value. However, the difference between scanners was insignificant. The SUVs from these scanners would be clinically meaningful if their consistent underestimation is kept in mind.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2017

Nitrogen (N) loading from domestic, agricultural and industrial sources can lead to excessive growth of macrophytes or phytoplankton in aquatic environment. Many studies have used stable isotope ratios to identify anthropogenic nitrogen in aquatic systems as a useful method for studying nitrogen cycle. In this study to evaluate the precision and accuracy of denitrification bacteria method (Pseudomonas chlororaphis ssp. Aureofaciens ($ATCC^{(R)}$ 13985)), three reference (IAEA-NO-3 (Potassium nitrate $KNO_3$), USGS34 (Potassium nitrate $KNO_3$), USGS35 (Sodium nitrate $KNO_3$)) were analyzed 5 times repeatedly. Measured the ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{18}O-NO_3$ values of IAEA-NO-3, USGS 34 and USGS35 were ${\delta}^{15}N:4.7{\pm}0.1$‰ ${\delta}^{18}O:25.6{\pm}0.5$‰, ${\delta}^{15}N:-1.8{\pm}0.1$‰ ${\delta}^{18}O:-27.8{\pm}0.4$‰, and ${\delta}^{15}N:2.7{\pm}0.2$‰ ${\delta}^{18}O:57.5{\pm}0.7$‰, respectively, which are within recommended values of analytical uncertainties. Also, we investigated isotope values of potential nitrogen source (soil, synthetic fertilizer and organic-animal manures) and temporal patterns of ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{18}O-NO_3$ values in river samples during from May to December. ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$ and ${\delta}^{18}O-NO_3$ values are enriched in December suggesting that organic-animal manures should be one of the main N sources in those areas. The current study clarifies the reliability of denitrification bacteria method and the usefulness of stable isotopic techniques to trace the anthropogenic nitrogen source in freshwater ecosystem.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2017

Benzovindiflupyr is a new pyrazole carboxamide fungicide that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase of mitochondrial respiratory chain. This study was carried out to develop an analytical method for the determination of benzovindiflupyr residues in agricultural commodities using LC-MS/MS. The benzovindiflupyr residues in samples were extracted by using acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of benzovindiflupyr standard solution was 0.99 over the calibration ranges ($0.001{\sim}0.5{\mu}g/mL$). Recovery tests were conducted on 5 representative agricultural commodities (mandarin, green pepper, potato, soybean, and hulled rice) to validate the analytical method. The recoveries ranged from 79.3% to 110.0% and then relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 9.1%. Also the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of interlaboratory validation ranged from 83.4% to 117.3% and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 9.0%. All results were followed with Codex guideline (CAC/GL 40) and Ministry of Food and Safety guideline (MFDS, 2016). The proposed new analytical method proved to be accurate, effective, and sensitive for benzovindiflupyr determination and would be used as an official analytical method.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 2002

The Remote Procedure Call(RPC) has been traditionally used for Inter Process Communication(IPC) among precesses in distributed computing environment. As distributed applications have been complicated more and more, the Mobile Agent paradigm for IPC is emerged. Because there are some paradigms for IPC, researches to evaluate and compare the performance of each paradigm are issued recently. But the performance models used in the previous research did not reflect real distributed computing environment correctly, because they did not consider the evacuation elements for providing security services. Since real distributed environment is open, it is very vulnerable to a variety of attacks. In order to execute applications securely in distributed computing environment, security services which protect applications and information against the attacks must be considered. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the performance of the Remote Procedure Call with that of the Mobile Agent in IPC paradigms. We examine security services to execute applications securely, and propose new performance models considering those services. We design performance models, which describe information retrieval system through N database services, using Petri Net. We compare the performance of two paradigms by assigning numerical values to parameters and measuring the execution time of two paradigms. In this paper, the comparison of two performance models with security services for secure communication shows the results that the execution time of the Remote Procedure Call performance model is sharply increased because of many communications with the high cryptography mechanism between hosts, and that the execution time of the Mobile Agent model is gradually increased because the Mobile Agent paradigm can reduce the quantity of the communications between hosts.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2001

This study was to examine whether the in vitro friability, motility and intact acrosome of frozen-thawed bovine and human sperm can be improved by adding Pentoxifylline (PF) or Fertilization Promoting Peptide (FPP). Human semen was frozen ultra-rapidly using Test yolk-buffer (TYB) freezing medium. Additive (PF, FPP) effects in frozen-thawed bovine and human sperm were analyzed by microscopic count for sperm motility and coomassie brilliant blue staining method f3r sperm acrosome intact. The in vitro motility of frozen-thawed bovine sperm with 5 mM PF treatment group (50.0%) was significantly higher than that of control (34.0%) (P＜0.05). In the frozen-thawed bovine sperm was examined, the intact acrosome rate of 50 nM FPP treatment (49.0%) was significantly higher than those of control (30.0%) and 25 nM FPP (38.0%) treatment groups (P＜0.01). In human semen, when in vitro motility of sperm with PF addition prior to freezing was examined, the result of 5 mM treatment group (51.0%) was significantly higher than those of control and 2.5 mM treatment group (39.0, 40.0%) (P＜0.01). In addition, 50 nM (75.5%) FPP adding in all treatment procedures for human semen freezing (before freezing, freezing and after thawing) was significant effect on maintenance of the sperm intact acrosome percentage (control: 45.0; 25 nM: 53.0; 100 nM: 68.0%) (P＜0.01). Also, the intact acrosome rate of human sperm with FPP (65.0%) was significantly higher than that with PF (43.0%) (P＜0.05), although sperm motility was slightly higher in PF treatment group. These results suggest that improved sperm motility and intact acrosome of frozen thawed bovine and human sperm can be obtained by addition of PF or FPP, and that the enhanced in vitro viability, motility and intact acrosome can be obtained by addition of FPP in all semen freezing procedures.