• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.404-412
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• 2021

Despite the plant microbiota plays an important role in plant health, little is known about the potential interactions of the flower microbiota with pathogens. In this study, we investigated the microbial community of apple blossoms when infected with Erwinia amylovora. The long-read sequencing technology, which significantly increased the genome sequence resolution, thus enabling the characterization of fire blight-induced changes in the flower microbial community. Each sample showed a unique microbial community at the species level. Pantoea agglomerans and P. allii were the most predominant bacteria in healthy flowers, whereas E. amylovora comprised more than 90% of the microbial population in diseased flowers. Furthermore, gene function analysis revealed that glucose and xylose metabolism were enriched in diseased flowers. Overall, our results showed that the microbiome of apple blossoms is rich in specific bacteria, and the nutritional composition of flowers is important for the incidence and spread of bacterial disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.398-404
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• 1990

This study was carried out for investigation of morphological characteristics and for analysis of the relationships between morphological indices and proximate compositions of the recommended soybean varieties in Korea. The weight of 100 seeds and weight percentages of seed coat and germ to the whole soybean of 19 varieties were ranged from 12.28 to 25.54g, from 6.02 to 8.29% and from 1.66 to 3.35%, respectively. The average long and short widths and length were $5.95{\sim}7.59mm,\;5.03{\sim}6.95mm\;and\;6.44{\sim}8.38mm$, respectively. The Hunter b values(yellowness) ranged from 15.9 to 21.7 for seed coat and from 17.7 to 23.1 for cotyledon. From the statistical analysis, a strong positive correlation(r>0.97) existed between total weight and cotyledon weight and long width, and between cotyledon weight and long width. Protein content had low correlations(r<0.48) with total weight, cotyledon weight, length and long width.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.70-84
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• 1994

On the basis of the study intended to research by cross-sectional study keeped pace with semi-longitudinal study the growth accelerating phenomena that MGA(Maximum Growth Age) in teenager's body height. The duration of study is from Oct. 1st. 1991 to September 30 1992 and the data are analysed through computer. The body height and MGA of Koreans who had been for during the period from 1898 to 1973 proved transition of the growth accelerating phenomena by research data reported between 1913 and 1990. The results are as follows: 1. Maximum Growth Age The MGA's in body height of male are respectively the age 15.024 in 1913, 14.28 in 1940, 13.65 in 1959, 13.86 in 1967, 12.52 in 1983, 11.39 in 1987, 12.36 in 1990, while those of female are the age of 12.0 in 1940, 12.36 in 1959, 10.45 in 1969, 11.15 in 1985, 10.27 in 1988, 10.23 in 1990 ; these data show that the MGA of the Korean has been getting younger. 2. The correlation of the MGA's in body height are as below ; Male ; r = -0.448(p<0.01) Female ; r = -0.404(p<0.05) 3. The equation of linear regression of MGA's in body height are as below ; Male ; Y(MGA) = -0.0316X(the year)+75.297 Female ; Y(MGA) = -0.035X(the year)+79.986 4. The MGA's in body height are shown in Table 3. 5. From the transition of the growth accelerating phenomena, we can compute the fact that the MGA's has been getting younger by 0.3 year per 10 years. 6. The future growth accelerating phenomena in body height, the MGA's of male are respectively the age 12.25 in 1995, 12.09 in 2000, 11.94 in 2005, 11.78 in 2010, while those of female are the age of 10.16 in 1995, 9.98 in 2000, 9.81 in 2005, 9.64 in 2010, these data show that the MGA of female are more younger than that of male.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study is to identify the gender sensitivity and gender role stereotypes of students in dental hygiene and to provide basic data to expand social awareness of equal gender sensitivity and gender role in dental hygiene and students by identifying the degree of correlation. Methods: The purpose of this study was to study dental hygiene students at colleges in Gyeonggi and Chungcheong areas. The survey was conducted from April 1 to April 30, 2021. The final sample was analyzed on 157 subjects. T-test and ANOVA analysis were performed to compare gender sensitivity and gender role stereotypes according to general characteristics. Equal variances were tested using the Levene statistic, and significant differences between groups were identified through Scheffe's post hoc analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to confirm the correlation between gender sensitivity and gender role stereotypes. Results: Gender sensitivity was 2.69 and gender role stereotypes were 1.83. Among the sub-areas of gender sensitivity, gender role openness was the highest at 2.86, and non-violence was the lowest at 2.50. As for gender role stereotypes, social stereotypes were the highest among sub-areas at 1.71. Among the general characteristics, there was a statistically significant difference in gender sensitivity according to the presence or absence of opposite sex friends (p=0.011). The gender identity openness of gender sensitivity and the physical sub-areas of gender role stereotypes showed the highest positive correlation(r=0.955). Among the sub-areas of gender sensitivity, gender role openness and domestic stereotypes showed the lowest negative correlation (r=-0.404) among the sub-areas of gender role stereotypes. Conclusion: Dental hygiene students should be able to critically analyze and solve problems of not only sexual violence but also gender discrimination and imbalance in social life. For this, environmental factors such as school education and professor guidance must be strengthened.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7424-7432
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of four leadership types to employees that affected by leaders of the University-Industry Collaboration Foundation(UICF). This study has analyzed through structural equation modeling(SEM) using AMOS after surveyed for 178 employees out of 404 employees about IUCF of 35 universities in nationwide. In order to examine the power of influence that leadership types of leader how to improve organizational effectiveness on IUCF, leadership types were classified with transformational leadership(TFL), transactional leadership(TAL), coaching leadership(CL) and servant leadership(SL) as independent variables and job satisfaction(JS), organizational commitment(OC) and self efficacy(SE) as a dependent variables. The results are following; first, job satisfaction and organizational commitment were affected by transformational leadership, transactional leadership and coaching leadership. second, self-efficacy was not statistically significant for power of influence that affected by transactional leadership and servant leadership. third, the employees of UICF in connection with self-efficacy were only weak affected by transformational leadership and coaching leadership. fourth, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and self-efficacy as the three dependant variables were not utterly influenced by servant leadership.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2012

In this study, the stability of cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction of C. obtusa leaf extract was evaluated. The pH, viscosity, and absorbance were measured under the 4 different temperatures (4, 25, 37 and $45^{\circ}C$) and under the sun light during the 12 weeks. The control cream without containing the extract did not show pH change under the different temperatures mentioned above. However, the pH of the cream with the extract was decreased 0.11 at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. Under the $37^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$ and sun light condition, the pH was decreased 0.55, 0.84 and 0.59, respectively. After treating the cream for 12 weeks under the different temperatures, the viscosity was measured for the cream containing the extract and control cream. The values were decreased by 2,404 cPs in average compared to the initial value for the former and control cream were decreased by 1,296 cPs in average for the latter. On the other hand, the viscosity of control cream treated under the $45^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks was decreased (1,915 cPs) relative to the cream containing the extract, which showed 3,810 cPs decrease in viscosity. The cream containing the extract did not show absorbance change at $4^{\circ}C{\sim}37^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. Instead, the absorbance of the cream treated under $45^{\circ}C$ and sun light condition was decreased 32.5 % and 35.2 %, respectively. This decrease in absorbance is relatively small compared to the 54.8 % decrease of the extract sampled from the cream using ethanol solution. This indicates that the extract is stabilized in the cream. In addition, any change in color or smell was not observed through 12 weeks of the experimental time period. Also physical changes as creaming and cohesion were not shown. The results show that the cream containing C. obtusa leaf extract was relatively stable. However, it is concluded that it is still not clear in the stability of the cream containing the extract when it is stored for a long time. Accordingly, it is suggested that further study is needed for the application of the extract to cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.283-290
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• 2000

The present study was carried out to investigate the blood markers of Cheju horses. The blood protein types (biochemical polymorphism) were tested from 73 Cheju native horses (CNH) and 118 Cheju racehorses(CRH) by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (HPAGE), isoelectric focusing (IEF) and starch gel electrophoresis (SGE). At the same time, their phenotypes and gene frequencies were studied. The biochemical polymorphism phenotypes observed with high frequency were A1B-KK(97.3%), ALB-AB(49.3%), AP-SS(100%), ES-II(30.1%), GC-FF(87.7%), HB-BIBI(49.3%), TF-F2R(41.1%), TF-EF2(8.2%), PGD-FF(97.3%), PGM-SS(50.7%), GPI-II(74.0%) in CNH, While A1B-KK(99.2%), ALB-BB(50.8%), AP-SS(99.2%), ES-II(42.4%), ES-IS(14.4%), GC-FF(95.8%), HBB-IB II(39.8%), TF-F2R(21.2%), PGD-FF(77.1%), PGD-SS(4.3%), PGM-SS(72.9%), GPI-II(90.7%) in CRH. Alleles observed with high frequency were $AlB^{K}$(0.986), $ALB^{B}$(0.616), $AP^{S}$(1.000), $ES^{I}$(0.479), $ES^{F}$(0.274), $GC^{F}$(0.938), $GPI^{I}$(0.856), $HB^{BI}$(0.685), $PGD^{F}$(0.993), $PGM^{S}$(0.753), $TF^{F2}$(0.404), $TF^{R}$(0.397) in CNH and $AlB^{K}$(0.996), $ALB^{B}$(0.720), $AP^{S}$(0.996), $ES^{I}$(0.661), $ES^{F}$(0.203), $GC^{F}$(0.979), $GPI^{I}$(0.936), $HB^{BI}$(0.534), $PGD^{F}$(0.864), $PGM^{S}$(0.852), $TF^{F2}$(0.428), $TF^{R}$(0.272) in CRH. $TF^{E}$(0.041) allele and silent gene($ES^{I{^*}}$ : 0.014) were observed in CNH. The mean heterozygosity in CNH and CRH was observed 0.2974 and 0.2864, respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.179-193
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• 2018

This study is aimed to investigate the provenance of raw materials and firing temperature of jar coffins excavated from the Oryang-dong kiln site and Jeonchon tomb site, Naju, Korea. Most of jar coffin samples shows same range of magnetic susceptibility and have gray color, while 404 and 405 of Jeongchon site are reddish yellow. In some samples fired at high temperature, the water absorption at the mouth rim and body part of same jar coffin were 3.50% and 7.56% respectively. It means that heat transfer and equilibrium in the kiln was not properly continued and the heat energy transferred to the mouth rim and the body part was different. In the petrographic analysis, As a tempering materials, biotite, weathered quartz and feldspar were added in the jar coffins of Oryang-dong site, and biotite, polycrystalline quartz and feldspar in it of Jeongchon site. Tempering materials were found more in the body than in the mouth rim of same jar coffin of Oryang-dong site. It seemed that some samples were fired at over 1,000 to $1,100^{\circ}C$, which showed vitrified texture in the scanning electron images and the rest of samples were fired at below $900^{\circ}C$. Due to similarity of chemical compositions, it is estimated that jar coffins of Jeongchon tomb were produced and supplied from Oryang-dong kiln site. However, the slight difference of some trace elements distribution of samples is attributed to the selection of clay depending on the location.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 2019

This study was performed to determine the optimum conditions for the production of gaseous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) from aqueous $ClO_2$ (HCl+$NaClO_2$). When 1 N HCl was reacted with various concentrations of $NaClO_2$ (50,000-500,000 mg/mL), the highest concentration (695 mg/L) of gaseous $ClO_2$ was obtained from the aqueous $ClO_2$ containing $100,000{\mu}g/mL$ $NaClO_2$. Next, the effects of relative humidity (RH; 43, 85, and 100%) and temperature (4, 12, and $25^{\circ}C$) on the production of gaseous $ClO_2$ were investigated. It was observed that the concentration of gaseous $ClO_2$ was increased as RH was decreased, or the temperature was increased. Finally, it was confirmed that the amount of gaseous $ClO_2$ was highly correlated ($R^2=0.9546-0.9992$) with the volume of aqueous $ClO_2$. The results of this study provide useful information for designing a sanitization program using gaseous $ClO_2$ under various environmental conditions.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2017

The high prevalence of pediculosis capitis, commonly known as head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation, has led to the preparation of a community-based pediculicidal ointment, which is made of common household items and the extract of Tinospora crispa stem. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and physicochemical characteristics of the T. crispa pediculicidal ointment. The physicochemical properties of the ointment were characterized, and safety was determined using acute dermal irritation test (OECD 404), while the efficacy was assessed using an in vitro pediculicidal assay. Furthermore, the chemical compounds present in T. crispa were identified using liquid-liquid extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometric (UPLC-qTOF/MS) analysis. The community-based ointment formulation was light yellow in color, homogeneous, smooth, with distinct aromatic odor and pH of $6.92{\pm}0.09$. It has spreadability value of $15.04{\pm}0.98g{\cdot}cm/sec$ and has thixotropic behavior. It was also found to be non-irritant, with a primary irritation index value of 0.15. Moreover, it was comparable to the pediculicidal activity of the positive control $Kwell^{(R)}$, a commercially available 1% permethrin shampoo (P>0.05), and was significantly different to the activity of the negative control ointment, a mixture of palm oil and candle wax (P<0.05). These findings suggested that the community-based T. crispa pediculicidal ointment is safe and effective, having acceptable physicochemical characteristics. Its activity can be attributed to the presence of compounds moupinamide and physalin I.