• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1996

The characteristics of the flow of pure HFC refrigerants(R32, R125, and R134a) and their mixtures through capillary tubes were investigated experimentally. Two capillary tubes with 1.2mm and 1.6mm inner diameter and 1.5m length were adopted as test sections. Mass flow rates and temperatures and pressures were measured for several condensing temperatures and degrees of subcooling at capillary tube inlet. The effects of the condensing temperature, inner diameter of capillary tube, and subcooling on the mass flow rate of refrigerants were discussed, and the mass flow rates of HFC refrigerants were compared with that of R22. The pressure and temperature distributions along the capillary tube compared with that of R22. The pressure and temperature distributions along the capillary tube show that there is a metastable equilibrium state in the flow through the tube. Underpressure for vaporization increases as refrigerant mass flux increases and inlet subcooling decreases. Empirical correlation was suggested to predict underpressure for vaporization of the HFC refrigerants.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 1999

This paper describes the cycle performance of heat-pump system using R-22 and R-290. Experiments were performed in the smooth tube with inside diameter of 10.07mm and outside diameter of 12.07 mm and grooved inner tube having 75 fins with a height of 0.25mm Condensing temperatures were held constantly between 318K and 328 K while evaporating temperatures were varied from 257 K to 288 K mass velocities from 51 to $280 kg/m^2s$. From the experiments it was known that the evaporating temperature and condensing temperature had more affected by the compressor shaft power than the tube geometries. Cooling capacity of the R-22 and R-290 had similar values in the smooth and grooved inner tubes. The coefficient of performance(COP) was calculated using the compressor shaft power volumetric refrigeration capacity compression ratio and cooling capacity. The COP of the R-290 had slightly higher values than that of R-22 The major parameters affecting the heat pump cycle performance wee the refrigerant proper-ties and operating conditions rather than the geometric shapes of the heat exchanger

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 1998

Experimental results for forced convection condensationof Refrigerant-22 and ternary Refrigerant-407c(HFC-32/125/134a 23/25/52 wt%) considered as a substitute R-22 inside horizontal micor-fin tubes are presented. The test section was horizontal double-tubed counterflow condenser with a length 4000 mm micro-fin tube having 9.53 mm OD., 0.2 mm fin height and 60 fins. The refrigerants R-22 and R-407c were cooled by a coolant circulated in a surrounding annulus. The range of parameters of mass velocity was varied from 102.1 to 301.0kg/($\textrm{m}^{2}.s$) with inlet quality 1.0. Both refrigerant R-22 and its alternative refrigerant R-407c were tested within the same range of parameters. At the given experimental conditions for R-22 and R-407c the pressure drops for R-407c were considerably higher than those for R-22 at micro-fin tubes. Over the mass velocity range tested the PF(penalty factor)was lower than the increasing ratio of heat transfer area by fins. Based on the data correlation was proposed for predicting the frictional pressure drops for R-22 and R-407c for a duration of condensation inside a horizontal micro-fin tube.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.542-549
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• 2008

The evaporation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of R-22 and R-407C in a horizontal copper tube were investigated experimentally. The main components of the refrigerant loop are a receiver, a compressor, a mass flow meter, a condenser and a double pipe type evaporator (test section). The test section consists of a smooth copper tube of 6.4 mm inner diameter. The refrigerant mass fluxes were varied from 100 to $300\;kg/m^2s$ and the saturation temperature of evaporator were $5^{\circ}C$. The evaporation heat transfer coefficients of R-22 and R-407C increase with the increase of mass flux and vapor quality. The evaporation heat transfer coefficients of R-22 is about $5.68{\times}46.6%$ higher than that of R-407C. The evaporation pressure drop of R-22 and R-407C increase with the increase of mass flux. The pressure drop of R-22 is similar to that of R-407C. In comparison with test results and existing correlations, correlations failed to predict the evaporation heat transfer coefficient of R-22 and R-407C. therefore, it is necessary to develope reliable and accurate predictions determining the evaporation heat transfer coefficient of R-22 and R-407C in a horizontal tube.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.91-100
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• 1996

Experimental results for forced convection condensation of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures inside a horizontal smooth tube are presented. The mixtures of R-22+R-134a and pure refrigerants R-22 and R-134a are used as the test fluids and a double pipe heat exchanger of 7.5mm ID and 4800mm long inside tube is used. The range of parameters are 100-300kg/h of mass flow rate, 0-1.0 of quality, and 0, 33, 50, 67, and 100 weight percent of R-22 mass fraction in the mixtures. The heat flux, vapor pressure, vapor temperature and tube wall temperature were measured. Using the data, the local and average heat transfer coefficients for the condensation have been obtained. In the same given experimental conditions, the liquid heat transfer coefficients for NARMs were considerally lower than that of the pure refrigerant of R-22 and R-134a. Local heat transfer characteristics for NARMs were different from pure refrigerant R-22 and R-134a. In some regions, local heat transfer coefficients for NARMs were increased in the following order ; Bottom$\rightarrow$Top$\rightarrow$Side. The condensation heat transfer coefficients for NARMs increased with mass velocity, heat flux, and quality, but were considerably lower than that of pure refigerant R-22 and R-134a.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.94-99
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• 1995

본 연구는 태양열 열펌프시스템에 의한 약 6평 규모의 실내의 난방방법으로서 간접 난방인 온수순환난방과 직접난방인 복사난방의 성능을 분석하였다. 태양열 열펌프의 최대의 열적성능을 나타낼 수 있도록 알루미늄 롤 본드형 태양열 집열기의 면적을 조절하였으며 집열효과를 극대화하기 위하여 온도감응 자동팽창밸브의 용량을 변화시켰다. 본 실험에서 적용된 태양열 열펌프 난방은 서울지방 봄 가을철의 외기온도에서 실내온도가 18~2$0^{\circ}C$로 유지되도록 설계제작되었다. 태양열 열펌프시스템에 적용된 작용유체는 온수순환 난방에는 R-12냉매. 그 대체냉매는 R-134a 및 혼합냉매, 복사난방에는 R-22냉매이었다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.870-876
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• 2005

This study of the performance characteristics of natural refrigerants such as R-290 (propane), R-6OOa (iso-butane) and R-1270 (propylene) has investigated to compare with conventional HCFC's refrigerant R-22 for water-cooled heat pump system. The experimental apparatus has basic parts of cycle that uses the water as a heat source. The Performance of the water-cooled system using hydrocarbon refrigerants had been getting better than R-22 from start-up to the similar evaporating temperature after stabilizing system. Through the above it is possible that hydrocarbon refrigerants could be drop-in alternatives for R-22.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.692-700
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• 2001

Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of R22, R134a, R407C, and R410A were measured experimentally for a horizontal plain and a microfin tube. Experimental apparatus was composed of 3 main parts: a refrigerant loop, a water loop and a water-glycol loop. The test section in th refrigerant loop was made of a copper tube of 9.52 mm outer diameter and 1 m length for both tubes. The refrigerant was heated by passing hot water through an annulus surrounding the test section. Tests were performed at a fixed refrigerant saturation temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ with mass fluxes of 100~300 kg/$m^2$s. Test results showed that at similar mass flux the flow boiling HTCs of R134a were similar to those of R22 for both plain and microfin tube. HTCs of R407C were similar to those of R22 for a plain tube but lower than those of R2 by 25~48% for a microfin tube. And HTCs of R410A were higher than those of R2 by 20~63% for a plain tube and were similar to those of R22 for a microfin tube. In general, HTCs of a microfin tube were 1.8~5.7 times higher than those of a plain tube.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.706-716
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• 2002

R410A and R407C are considered to be alternative refrigerants to R22 for the air-conditioners. Experimental investigation is made to study the condensation heat transfer characteristics of slit fin-tube heat exchanger using alternative refrigerants R410A and R407C. R407C, a non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture, exhibited a quite different condensation phenomenon from those of R22 and R410A and its condensation heat transfer coefficient was much lower than that of R22 and R410A. Between the R22 and R410A, the condensation heat transfer coefficient of R410A, near-azeotropic refrigerant mixture, was a little higher than that of R22. R410A also showed the lowest condensation pressure drop across the test section. For all refrigerants, the condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increase as the mass flux increases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.408-415
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• 1998

This study presents experimental results on the shut-down and start-up characteristics of a residential split-system air-conditioner with capillary tube, using R410A as a R22 alternative refrigerant. During shut-down, the transient characteristics are evaluated by measuring the high side and low side pressures and temperatures of the system. The dynamic behavior of the system after start-up is also investigated at the high temperature cooling test condition. All experiments are performed in psychrometric calorimeter. The cooling capacity, power consumption, dehumidification capacity and cycle characteristics after start-up are analyzed.