• 제목/요약/키워드: R%26D Process

검색결과 130건 처리시간 0.034초

관절염 여성의 신체적 불편과 산후조리 경험정도와의 관계 연구 (A Study on the Relationship between the Present Physical Symptom Distress and Experience of Sanhujori, the Traditional Postpartal Care in Korea - Centered on Women of arthritis -)

  • 정영미;유은광
    • 여성건강간호학회지
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.111-132
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    • 1999
  • This correlational descriptive study sought to define the relationship between the experience of Sanhujori, Korean tradition non-professional postpartal care after delivery and abortion and present physical symptom distress of arthritis female who visited to outpatient clinic of rheumatic internal medicine at three hospital located in Seoul, Pusan, Chongju, Korea. Data from a convenience sample of 98 women who orally agreed to be respondent were collected from September 1, 1998 to October 31, 1998 for two months by way of interview with semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis consisted of frequency, percentage, mean, S. D., Pearson Correlation Coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc by SPSS. The results of the study were as follows ; Mean age of participants as 52.8 years and mean number of children 3.3. Mean frequency of child birth was 3.1 times per woman, 67.4% of respondents had menopause, 57.0% did not have Sunhujori after abortion. The health status implies the subjective health status women perceived, which came from the three points of view of the present, comparative with other of same age and changed after delivery. The respondents of 76.1% perceived them as unhealthy and the main sites of physical symptom distress were upper & lower extremities including knee and hand 34.8%, shoulder 26.5%, waist 22.4%. Women perceived the etiology of the arthritis as 'did Sanhujori wrongly' 36.7%, 'aging process' 24.5%, 'stress' 16.3%, 'overwork' 15.3%, 'Immunocompromize' & 'physical constitution' 7.1% respectively, 'character' 3.1%, 'genetic' 2.0%, 'malnutrition' 1.0%. The mean period of Sanhujori after delivery was 20.4 at the first child and 18.1 at the second child. The higher frequency of child birth, the shorter period of Sanhujori. For the subjective evaluation of whether the women did Sanhujori well or not, the rate of 'did Sanhujori well' was the highest rank in the first child and the rate of 'did not particularly Sanhujori well' was the highest rank in the last child. There was a significant positive correlation between physical function disability and rheumatoid arthritis symptom at the level of 1% of significance statistically(r=.406). And a positive correlation between physical function disability and Sanhubyung symptom at the level of 5% of significance statistically(r=.224). There was a significant positive correlation among rheumatoid arthritis symptom, Sanhubyung symptom and menopause symptom at the level of 1%-5% of significance statistically. Most of all, the correlation between Sanhubyung symptom and menopause symptom was the higher than others. There was a negative correlation between the present physical symptom distress and experience of Sanhujori(r=.-130), however it was not significant statistically. However, there was a positive correlation between subjective health status and experience of Sanhujori at the level of 1% of significance statistically(r=.328). In conclusion, this finding reconfirmed the positive relationship between the perceived health status and experience of Sanhujori after delivery among women of arthritis. It provides a challenge to the professional care givers to study further on the effects of Sanhuiori after abortion or delivery on the physical symptom distress from the variouis aspects through the cross-sectional and longitudinal research. The strategy for the development of the appropriate intervention for primary prevention of sequele after childbirth and quality of care for desirable health outcomes for postpartal women with considering deeply on the relationship between women's health and postapartal care.

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댐.제방 붕괴에 대비한 홍수위험지도 및 EAP 작성 (Flood Hazard Map and EAP Establishment Against Dam/Levee Failure)

  • 한건연;김극수
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.291-295
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    • 2006
  • 비상대처계획(EAP, Emergency Action Plan) 수립 및 홍수위험지도 작성의 목적은 댐.제방 붕괴 등 비상상황이 발생하였을 때 하류부의 생명과 재산 손실을 최소화하기 위한 것으로서 댐 운영 및 관리책임자가 극한홍수 및 지진발생 조건하에서 댐의 물리적, 지형적, 구조적 특성에 따른 발생 가능한 비상상황을 예상하고 이에 효율적으로 대처하기 위한 가능한 최선의 사전계획을 수립하는 것이다. 또한, 댐의 비상상황에 대처하기 위한 비상대처계획 수립 의무화 및 이에 대한 실제적인 모의훈련 등에 필요한 기초자료를 체계적으로 제공하고자 함에 있다. 국내에서 EAP를 수립하여야 할 대상 댐 저수지는 한국수자원공사에서 관리하는 다목적댐, 생공용수댐과 한국농촌공사에서 관리하는 농업용저수지, 한국수력원자력주식회사에서 관리하는 수력발전댐 및 지방자치단체에서 관리하는 댐 등이 해당된다. 제방의 경우 인구가 밀집되어 있는 전 지역이 그 대상이 될 수 있다. EAP의 주요 내용에는 만약에 발생할 수 있는 붕괴 사고시 인명의 손실이나 재산상의 피해를 발생시킬 수 있는 댐 저수지들에 대해서는 EAP를 수립하거나 갱신하기 위한 지침들이 포함되어 있어야 한다. 댐으로부터의 하류 연안지역의 개발이나 소유권은 다양하며, 이로 인해 댐의 운영이나 붕괴로 인한 잠재적 인명손실 또한 다양할 수 있다. 따라서 모든 EAP는 댐, 저수지 하류부 현장 조건에 맞도록 구성되어야 한다. EAP 수립의 주체는 댐 및 저수지 관리자이며 EAP에는 비상상황 확인, 평가, 등급분류, 비상연락체계 및 경보전달체계 수립, 비상시 응급행동요령, 홍수범람예측지도 작성, 비상주민대피계획 및 훈련방안, 부록, 주기적 또는 필요시마다 보완 계획 등이 포함되어야 하며, EAP의 주요 구성요소인 홍수위험지도에는 홍수위험정보 및 대피정보를 제시함으로써 실제 주민 대피계획시 실제적이고 효율적인 대피계획 수립에 활용될 수 있다. 있는 기술가치평가 모형의 구축이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 효율적인 R&D 투자 정책 수립과 정부정책수립에 기여하고자 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process, 계층 분석 과정)기법을 이용, 수자원의 지속적 확보기술의 특성에 따른 4개의 평가기준과 26개의 평가속성으로 이루어진 2단계 기술가치평가 모형을 구축하였으며 2개의 개별기술에 대한 시범적용을 실행하였다.하는 것으로 추정되었다.면으로의 월류량을 산정하고 유입된 지표유량에 대해서 배수시스템에서의 흐름해석을 수행하였다. 그리고, 침수해석을 위해서는 2차원 침수해석을 위한 DEM기반 침수해석모형을 개발하였고, 건물의 영향을 고려할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 본 연구결과 지표류 유출 해석의 물리적 특성을 잘 반영하며, 도시지역의 복잡한 배수시스템 해석모형과 지표범람 모형을 통합한 모형 개발로 인해 더욱 정교한 도시지역에서의 홍수 범람 해석을 실시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 모형의 개발로 침수상황의 시간별 진행과정을 분석함으로써 도시홍수에 대한 침수위험 지점 파악 및 주민대피지도 구축 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 있을 것으로 판단되었다.4일간의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략은 존재하므로 이러한 전략을 개발 및 활용할 수 있으며, 특히, 한국주식시장에 적합한 거래전략은 반전거래전략이고, 이 전략의 유용성은 투자자가 설정한 투자기간보다 더욱 긴 분석기간의 주

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구아니딘 디나이트라아마이드 결정의 합성 및 특성 분석 (Synthesis and Characterization of Guanidine Dinitramide Crystal)

  • 김우람;권윤자;조영민;박영철
    • 공업화학
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.737-742
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    • 2015
  • 친환경 고체산화제 GDN (guanidine dinitramide, $NH_2C(NH_2)NH_2N(NO_2)_2$)을 ADN (ammonium dinitramide, $NH_4N(NO_2)_2$)과 구아니딘 카보네이트(guanidine carbonate, $NH_2C(=NH)NH_2{\cdot}1/2H_2CO_3$)를 이용하여 부산물을 최소화시킨 고순도, 고수율로 합성하였으며, 이때 결정화 용매와 합성 과정에 따라 ${\alpha}$-form과 ${\beta}$-form을 각각 얻었다. 이들의 화학적 조성과 함량은 동일하지만, 구조적인 형태가 다르다는 것을 Raman-IR과 TGA-DSC 분석을 통해 관찰하였다. 특히 열특성(TGA-DSC)에 있어서 ${\alpha}$-form과 ${\beta}$-form 결정은 매우 큰 차이를 보였다. 흡열온도는 $100^{\circ}C$ 부근으로 유사한데 비하여, 발열최고온도에서는 ${\alpha}$-form은 $155.7^{\circ}C$이었으며, ${\beta}$-form은 $191.6^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 또한 발열량도 ${\alpha}$-form은 536.4 J/g이었으나, ${\beta}$-form은 1310 J/g으로 2.5배 가까이 증가하는 형태를 나타냈다. 특히 열분해되는 패턴이 ${\alpha}$-form은 1단계 분해과정을 거치면서 급격히 질량이 감소하는 반면, ${\beta}$-form은 2단계 분해과정을 보이며 서서히 질량이 감소하는 특성이 관찰되었다.

기계설계분야 중견 엔지니어의 일과 학습에 관한 내러티브 연구 - 엔지니어의 직무관련 학습의 맥락과 공학교육에 대한 시사점 찾기 (A narrative research on the job and the job-related learning of a mechanical engineer - an exemplary study on the characteristic of job-related learning of engineer in work place and it's implication on engineering education)

  • 임세영
    • 대한공업교육학회지
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.1-26
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    • 2013
  • 이 연구는 기계설계 분야의 중견엔지니어 한 사람을 중심으로 그가 수행하는 구체적인 과업은 무엇이며 그와 관련하여 이루어지는 학습은 무엇인지, 일터에서 이루어지는 직무관련 학습의 맥락은 무엇인지 내러티브 연구방법에 의해 탐구하였으며, 이것이 공학교육에 주는 시사점을 논의하였다. 연구결과 연구참여자는 취업 후 수입대체를 위한 초창기 반도체 검사장비 개발을 위해 독립적으로 개발할 장비에 관한 기초지식을 습득하고 장비의 개념설계를 하였으며, 볼 타입 반도체 검사장비개발 동료들과 함께 장비의 구체설계를 하였고, 근무하던 회사의 폐업 후 잔류 엔지니어들과 함께 창업, 인터뷰 당시 이 기업의 경영자로 일하였다. 그가 엔지니어로서 수행한 주요 실무는 공학적 문제해결이었으며, 비형식적 학습의 과정이었다. 그는 실무수행 과정에서 프로젝트 관리, 자기주도적 과업수행, 기능분석, 추론과 검증, 긴밀한 협동, 대화와 토론, 시행착오, 암묵적 경험지식의 체계화, 총체적 사고, 환경변화의 지각과 기술수요 예측, 인간관계와 업무의 조화, 리더십 등을 경험하였다. 이를 바탕으로 공학교육이 프로젝트 학습, 자기주도적 학습, 대화와 토론 능력 교육을 위한 협동학습, 성찰학습, 실무적 경험을 이론화하는 학습, 인간관계와 리더십 교육 등을 강화해야 한다는 시사점을 얻었다.

미세역학적 시험법을 이용한 단-섬유 형태 형상기억합금/에폭시 복합재료의 계면특성 및 응력-경화 감지능 (Interfacial Properties and Stress-Cure Sensing of Single-Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Fiber/Epoxy Composites using Electro-Micromechanical Techniques)

  • 장정훈;김평기;왕작가;이상일;박종만
    • 접착 및 계면
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.20-26
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    • 2008
  • 형상기억합금(SMA)의 구조는 부가된 온도 혹은 응력에 의해 마텐자이트로부터 오스테나이트로의 변화가 가능하다는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 형상기억합금섬유의 자체 형상회복력으로 인해 응력과 온도가 적용되는 동안에 응력이나 경화 모니터링 센서 또는 작동기로서 사용되었다. 초탄성 현상은 연속적인 기계적 하중 하에서나 온도변화 중에 응력-변형률 곡선에서 확인되었다. 반복하중 실험을 통해 응력-변형률 곡선에서 나타난 초탄성 현상 구간이 나타나는 응력 이력현상이 발생함을 확인하였다. 이것은 형상기억합금섬유 혹은 에폭시에 함침된 형상기억합금섬유 복합재료가 반복하중으로 계면물성 저하로 인한 형상기억 회복 성능의 저하를 의미한다. 강성도가 큰 에폭시 사용과 형상기억합금섬유의 표면처리 이후 형상기억합금섬유와 에폭시 사이의 계면결합력의 증대에도 불구하고 유사한 불완전한 초탄성을 보여 주었다. 단-형상기억합금섬유/에폭시 복합재료 내부에 남은 잔류 열과 이에 따른 잔류 응력으로 인해 에폭시에 함침된 단-형상기억합금섬유에서는 경화과정에서 불완전한 회복을 나타났다.

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벤처기업에 대한 환경적 요소가 역량 및 성과에 미치는 영향: 벤처기업 확인제도 혜택과 벤처기업 내부 역량의 이중매개효과를 중심으로 (The Effect of Environmental Factors on Competency and Performance of Venture Companies: The Double Mediating Effect of Venture Firm Confirmation System Benefits and Venture Firm Internal Competencies)

  • 박다인;김대진
    • 벤처창업연구
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.241-253
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    • 2023
  • 현재 급변하는 환경 속에서 각 국가는 일자리 창출 및 기술 경쟁력 강화를 위한 노력을 지속하고 있다. 특히 벤처기업 및 창업기업에 대한 지원과 활성화 정책은 국가 경쟁력을 높이는 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 경쟁 심화로 비즈니스 수명이 짧아지고 고객들의 요구가 다양화되는 환경의 불확실성이 확대되는 가운데 기업은 적절한 대처를 해야 한다. 우선 기업은 스스로 내부 역량을 강화하는 노력을 하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 벤처기업은 내부 자원 및 역량 등이 부족하여 외부 환경으로부터의 지원이 기업의 생존으로 연결될 만큼 중요하다고 볼 수 있다(Timmons, 1994). 기업의 경쟁력 강화를 위해 국가 차원에서 재정지원 및 인증제도를 운용하고 있다. 그러나 재정지원은 상황에 따라 기업의 자생력을 낮출 수 있으므로 연구개발 지원 및 창업교육과 같은 비 재정적 지원이 벤처기업 성장에 장기적으로 도움이 된다고 보았다(Aghion et al., 2012; 전미미·고강혁, 2021). 비 재정적 지원은 사업화, 시설, 공간, 보육, 인력, 인증제도 등으로 구분되는데 본 연구에서는 인증제도인 벤처기업 확인제도의 혜택을 중심으로 확인하였다. 이를 위해 2021년도 벤처기업정밀실태조사 데이터 및 벤처기업의 매출액 데이터를 활용하였으며, SPSS 26.0 패키지와 SPSS PROCESS MACRO를 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 벤처기업의 경영환경 수준은 벤처확인제도 혜택이나 벤처기업 역량 수준을 높이는 데는 긍정적인 영향을 주지만, 실질적인 경영성과로 이어지기는 어려운 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 벤처기업의 경영환경 수준과 경영성과 간 관계를 벤처기업 역량 수준이 매개하는 것으로 확인되었다. 결과적으로 단순히 벤처기업의 경영환경 수준이 긍정적이거나 벤처기업에 친화적일지라도 외부 환경으로부터의 지원을 잘 소화할 수 있는 내부 역량이 있는 기업이 경영성과를 높인다고 할 수 있다.

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Xylose 이성화 효소의 고정화 및 이성화당의 생산 (Immobilization of Xylose Isomerase and Trial Production of High Fructose Corn Syrup)

  • 전문진;임번삼
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.222-230
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    • 1983
  • 본 연구에서는 저자등이 분리한 바 있는 Streptomyces griseolus가 분비한 xylose 이성화 효소(D-xylose ketol isomerase, EC 5.3.1.5, 포도당 이성화 효소)의 고정화 및 이 고정화 효소에 의한 파일롯트 규모의 이성화당 생산에의 응용을 시도하였다. 세포내 분비된 Xylose 이성화 효소를 함유한 미생물 균체를 호모 게나이저로 $500kg/cm^2$압력하에 파쇄한 결과 원 효소 역가의 98.8%가 얻어졌고, lysozyme으로 분해 했을 때는 54.7%가 얻어졌다. 이 효소의 고정화를 위한 담체로서는 Diaion HP 20, Duolite A-7, Amberlite IRA 93 및 94와 같은 포리스형 수지류가 효과적임이 밝혀졌고, Amberlite IRA 93에 대한 재생 형태는 $BO_4--$가, Diaion HP 20에 대해서는 $HCO_3-$가 효과적이었다. Amberline IRA 93에 대한 고정화 최적 조건은 pH 8.0에 $55^{\circ}C$로서 80.6%의 효소 고저오하 수율을 나타내었으며 효소 활성 반감기는 $65^{\circ}C$에서 24일 이상이었다. Amberlite IRA 93에 효소를 탈착(脫着) 실험한 결과, 담체는 재 사용이 가능 하였으며 2,3,4,5회째의 효소의 재 고정화율은 각각 98.2, 93.3, 90.7 및 87.5%를 나타내었다. 고정화 효소의 최적 반응 온도는 $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$로 원효소의 경우에 비하여 다소 낮아지면서 폭이 넓어졌으며, 최적 pH는 $8.0{\sim}8.3$으로 알카리 쪽으로 이동하였다. 파일롯트 규모로 본 고정화 효소 충전탑(내경 30cm, 높이 85cm)에 의한 이성화당의 생산을 시도하였던바, 고정화 효소(350 IXIU/ml-R) 1리터가 30일동안에 약 293리터의 이성화당을 생산할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

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역류식 충전탑에서 Raschig Super-ring Random Packing의 수력학적 특성에 대한 연구 (A Study on the Hydraulic Characteristics of Rashig Super-Ring Random Packing in a Counter-Current Packed Tower)

  • 강성진;임동하
    • 청정기술
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    • 제26권2호
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    • pp.102-108
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    • 2020
  • 오늘날 석유화학, 정밀화학, 대기오염 방지산업 등에서 증류, 흡수, 추출, 탈거 등 물질분리 단위공정으로 주로 충전탑을 사용해 왔다. 충전탑은 가스-액체, 가스-가스 시스템에서의 물질들과의 접촉에 의해 운전되어 진다. 이러한 충전탑은 낮은 압력손실, 경제적 효율, 고온성 액체물질 적용, 유지보수 용이, 유해가스 처리 등의 운영에서 장점들을 가진다. 충전탑의 성능은 충진물을 통해 가스와 액체를 고르게 분산함으로써 우수한 성능을 보이며, 이는 충전탑 설계에 있어 중요한 인자로 고려되어진다. 본 실험에서는 충진물에 대한 액체부하 및 가스용량인자에 따른 건조압력손실, 수력학적 압력손실, 액체함량 변화에 대한 기하학적 특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 결과로부터 설계인자와 운전조건 등의 유해가스 처리에 필요한 인자를 도출하였다. 임의 충진물인 raschig super-ring에 대한 건조압력손실을 측정한 결과, 가스용량인자가 증가할수록 일정하게 선형적으로 증가하였고, 가스용량인자가 0.630 ~ 3.448 kg-1/2 m-1/2 S-1에서 건조압력손실은 1.892 ~ 47.312 mmH2O m-1로 기존 산업현장에서 보편적으로 사용되는 35 mm pall-ring보다도 낮은 압력손실을 보였다. 그리고 raschig super-ring에 대한 수력학적 압력손실을 측정한 결과, 고유 액체부하에 대하여 가스용량인자가 증가할수록 압력손실도 함께 증가함을 확인하였고, 액체부하 변화에 따른 가스용량인자가 1.855 ~ 2.323 kg-1/2 m-1/2 S-1으로 20% 증가할 때, 압력손실은 약 17% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 충진물 체적에 관한 액체함량은 가스용량인자에 의존된 액체부하 매개변수로서 액체부하 변화에 따른 가스용량인자 약 3.84 kg-1/2 m-1/2 S-1까지는 거의 일정한 액체함량을 보였으나, 그 이상에서는 급격하게 증가하였다.

병원 간호사의 선호근무시간대에 관한 연구 (A Study on Hoslital Nurses' Preferred Duty Shift and Duty Hours)

  • 이경식;정금희
    • 대한간호
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.77-96
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    • 1997
  • The duty shifts of hospital nurses not only affect nurses' physical and mental health but also present various personnel management problems which often result in high turnover rates. In this context a study was carried out from October to November 1995 for a period of two months to find out the status of hospital nurses' duty shift patterns, and preferred duty hours and fixed duty shifts. The study population was 867 RNs working in five general hospitals located in Seoul and its vicinity. The questionnaire developed by the writer was used for data collection. The response rate was 85.9 percent or 745 returns. The SAS program was used for data analysis with the computation of frequencies, percentages and Chi square test. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. General characteristics of the study population: 56 percent of respondents was (25 years group and 76.5 percent were "single": the predominant proportion of respondents was junior nursing college graduates(92.2%) and have less than 5 years nursing experience in hospitals(65.5%). For their future working plan in nursing profession, nearly 50% responded as uncertain The reasons given for their career plan was predominantly 'personal growth and development' rather than financial reasons. 2. The interval for rotations of duty stations was found to be mostly irregular(56.4%) while others reported as weekly(16.1%), monthly(12.9%), and fixed terms(4.6%). 3. The main problems related to duty shifts particularly the evening and night duty nurses reported were "not enough time for the family, " "afraid of security problems after the work when returning home late at night." and "lack of leisure time". "problems in physical and physiological adjustment." "problems in family life." "lack of time for interactions with fellow nurses" etc. 4. The forty percent of respondents reported to have '1-2 times' of duty shift rotations while all others reported that '0 time'. '2-3 times'. 'more than 3 times' etc. which suggest the irregularity in duty shift rotations. 5. The majority(62.8%) of study population found to favor the rotating system of duty stations. The reasons for favoring the rotation system were: the opportunity for "learning new things and personal development." "better human relations are possible. "better understanding in various duty stations." "changes in monotonous routine job" etc. The proportion of those disfavor the rotating 'system was 34.7 percent. giving the reasons of"it impedes development of specialization." "poor job performances." "stress factors" etc. Furthermore. respondents made the following comments in relation to the rotation of duty stations: the nurses should be given the opportunity to participate in the. decision making process: personal interest and aptitudes should be considered: regular intervals for the rotations or it should be planned in advance. etc. 6. For the future career plan. the older. married group with longer nursing experiences appeared to think the nursing as their lifetime career more likely than the younger. single group with shorter nursing experiences ($x^2=61.19.{\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=41.55.{\;}p=.000$). The reason given for their future career plan regardless of length of future service, was predominantly "personal growth and development" rather than financial reasons. For further analysis, the group those with the shorter career plan appeared to claim "financial reasons" for their future career more readily than the group who consider the nursing job as their lifetime career$(x^2$= 11.73, p=.003) did. This finding suggests the need for careful .considerations in personnel management of nursing administration particularly when dealing with the nurses' career development. The majority of respondents preferred the fixed day shift. However, further analysis of those preferred evening shift by age and civil status, "< 25 years group"(15.1%) and "single group"(13.2) were more likely to favor the fixed evening shift than > 25 years(6.4%) and married(4.8%)groups. This differences were statistically significant ($x^2=14.54, {\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=8.75, {\;}p=.003$). 7. A great majority of respondents(86.9% or n=647) found to prefer the day shifts. When the four different types of duty shifts(Types A. B. C, D) were presented, 55.0 percent of total respondents preferred the A type or the existing one followed by D type(22.7%). B type(12.4%) and C type(8.2%). 8. When the condition of monetary incentives for the evening(20% of salary) and night shifts(40% of. salary) of the existing duty type was presented. again the day shift appeared to be the most preferred one although the rate was slightly lower(66.4% against 86.9%). In the case of evening shift, with the same incentive, the preference rates for evening and night shifts increased from 11.0 to 22.4 percent and from 0.5 to 3.0 percent respectively. When the age variable was controlled. < 25 yrs group showed higher rates(31.6%. 4.8%) than those of > 25 yrs group(15.5%. 1.3%) respectively preferring the evening and night shifts(p=.000). The civil status also seemed to operate on the preferences of the duty shifts as the single group showed lower rate(69.0%) for day duty against 83. 6% of the married group. and higher rates for evening and night duties(27.2%. 15.1%) respectively against those of the married group(3.8%. 1.8%) while a higher proportion of the married group(83. 6%) preferred the day duties than the single group(69.0%). These differences were found to be statistically all significant(p=.001). 9. The findings on preferences of three different types of fixed duty hours namely, B, C. and D(with additional monetary incentives) are as follows in order of preference: B type(12hrs a day, 3days a wk): day shift(64.1%), evening shift(26.1%). night shift(6.5%) C type(12hrs a day. 4days a wk) : evening shift(49.2%). day shift(32.8%), night shift(11.5%) D type(10hrs a day. 4days a wk): showed the similar trend as B type. The findings of higher preferences on the evening and night duties when the incentives are given. as shown above, suggest the need for the introductions of different patterns of duty hours and incentive measures in order to overcome the difficulties in rostering the nursing duties. However, the interpretation of the above data, particularly the C type, needs cautions as the total number of respondents is very small(n=61). It requires further in-depth study. In conclusion. it seemed to suggest that the patterns of nurses duty hours and shifts in the most hospitals in the country have neither been tried for different duty types nor been flexible. The stereotype rostering system of three shifts and insensitiveness for personal life aspect of nurses seemed to be prevailing. This study seems to support that irregular and frequent rotations of duty shifts may be contributing factors for most nurses' maladjustment problems in physical and mental health. personal and family life which eventually may result in high turnover rates. In order to overcome the increasing problems in personnel management of hospital nurses particularly in rostering of evening and night duty shifts, which may related to eventual high turnover rates, the findings of this study strongly suggest the need for an introduction of new rostering systems including fixed duties and appropriate incentive measures for evenings and nights which the most nurses want to avoid, In considering the nursing care of inpatients is the round-the clock business. the practice of the nursing duty shift system is inevitable. In this context, based on the findings of this study. the following are recommended: 1. The further in-depth studies on duty shifts and hours need to be undertaken for the development of appropriate and effective rostering systems for hospital nurses. 2. An introduction of appropriate incentive measures for evening and night duty shifts along with organizational considerations such as the trials for preferred duty time bands, duty hours, and fixed duty shifts should be considered if good quality of care for the patients be maintained for the round the clock. This may require an initiation of systematic research and development activities in the field of hospital nursing administration as a part of permanent system in the hospital. 3. Planned and regular intervals, orientation and training, and professional and personal growth should be considered for the rotation of different duty stations or units. 4. In considering the higher degree of preferences in the duty type of "10hours a day, 4days a week" shown in this study, it would be worthwhile to undertake the R&D type studies in large hospital settings.

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한정된 O-D조사자료를 이용한 주 전체의 트럭교통예측방법 개발 (DEVELOPMENT OF STATEWIDE TRUCK TRAFFIC FORECASTING METHOD BY USING LIMITED O-D SURVEY DATA)

  • 박만배
    • 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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    • pp.101-113
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    • 1995
  • The objective of this research is to test the feasibility of developing a statewide truck traffic forecasting methodology for Wisconsin by using Origin-Destination surveys, traffic counts, classification counts, and other data that are routinely collected by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). Development of a feasible model will permit estimation of future truck traffic for every major link in the network. This will provide the basis for improved estimation of future pavement deterioration. Pavement damage rises exponentially as axle weight increases, and trucks are responsible for most of the traffic-induced damage to pavement. Consequently, forecasts of truck traffic are critical to pavement management systems. The pavement Management Decision Supporting System (PMDSS) prepared by WisDOT in May 1990 combines pavement inventory and performance data with a knowledge base consisting of rules for evaluation, problem identification and rehabilitation recommendation. Without a r.easonable truck traffic forecasting methodology, PMDSS is not able to project pavement performance trends in order to make assessment and recommendations in the future years. However, none of WisDOT's existing forecasting methodologies has been designed specifically for predicting truck movements on a statewide highway network. For this research, the Origin-Destination survey data avaiiable from WisDOT, including two stateline areas, one county, and five cities, are analyzed and the zone-to'||'&'||'not;zone truck trip tables are developed. The resulting Origin-Destination Trip Length Frequency (00 TLF) distributions by trip type are applied to the Gravity Model (GM) for comparison with comparable TLFs from the GM. The gravity model is calibrated to obtain friction factor curves for the three trip types, Internal-Internal (I-I), Internal-External (I-E), and External-External (E-E). ~oth "macro-scale" calibration and "micro-scale" calibration are performed. The comparison of the statewide GM TLF with the 00 TLF for the macro-scale calibration does not provide suitable results because the available 00 survey data do not represent an unbiased sample of statewide truck trips. For the "micro-scale" calibration, "partial" GM trip tables that correspond to the 00 survey trip tables are extracted from the full statewide GM trip table. These "partial" GM trip tables are then merged and a partial GM TLF is created. The GM friction factor curves are adjusted until the partial GM TLF matches the 00 TLF. Three friction factor curves, one for each trip type, resulting from the micro-scale calibration produce a reasonable GM truck trip model. A key methodological issue for GM. calibration involves the use of multiple friction factor curves versus a single friction factor curve for each trip type in order to estimate truck trips with reasonable accuracy. A single friction factor curve for each of the three trip types was found to reproduce the 00 TLFs from the calibration data base. Given the very limited trip generation data available for this research, additional refinement of the gravity model using multiple mction factor curves for each trip type was not warranted. In the traditional urban transportation planning studies, the zonal trip productions and attractions and region-wide OD TLFs are available. However, for this research, the information available for the development .of the GM model is limited to Ground Counts (GC) and a limited set ofOD TLFs. The GM is calibrated using the limited OD data, but the OD data are not adequate to obtain good estimates of truck trip productions and attractions .. Consequently, zonal productions and attractions are estimated using zonal population as a first approximation. Then, Selected Link based (SELINK) analyses are used to adjust the productions and attractions and possibly recalibrate the GM. The SELINK adjustment process involves identifying the origins and destinations of all truck trips that are assigned to a specified "selected link" as the result of a standard traffic assignment. A link adjustment factor is computed as the ratio of the actual volume for the link (ground count) to the total assigned volume. This link adjustment factor is then applied to all of the origin and destination zones of the trips using that "selected link". Selected link based analyses are conducted by using both 16 selected links and 32 selected links. The result of SELINK analysis by u~ing 32 selected links provides the least %RMSE in the screenline volume analysis. In addition, the stability of the GM truck estimating model is preserved by using 32 selected links with three SELINK adjustments, that is, the GM remains calibrated despite substantial changes in the input productions and attractions. The coverage of zones provided by 32 selected links is satisfactory. Increasing the number of repetitions beyond four is not reasonable because the stability of GM model in reproducing the OD TLF reaches its limits. The total volume of truck traffic captured by 32 selected links is 107% of total trip productions. But more importantly, ~ELINK adjustment factors for all of the zones can be computed. Evaluation of the travel demand model resulting from the SELINK adjustments is conducted by using screenline volume analysis, functional class and route specific volume analysis, area specific volume analysis, production and attraction analysis, and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) analysis. Screenline volume analysis by using four screenlines with 28 check points are used for evaluation of the adequacy of the overall model. The total trucks crossing the screenlines are compared to the ground count totals. L V/GC ratios of 0.958 by using 32 selected links and 1.001 by using 16 selected links are obtained. The %RM:SE for the four screenlines is inversely proportional to the average ground count totals by screenline .. The magnitude of %RM:SE for the four screenlines resulting from the fourth and last GM run by using 32 and 16 selected links is 22% and 31 % respectively. These results are similar to the overall %RMSE achieved for the 32 and 16 selected links themselves of 19% and 33% respectively. This implies that the SELINICanalysis results are reasonable for all sections of the state.Functional class and route specific volume analysis is possible by using the available 154 classification count check points. The truck traffic crossing the Interstate highways (ISH) with 37 check points, the US highways (USH) with 50 check points, and the State highways (STH) with 67 check points is compared to the actual ground count totals. The magnitude of the overall link volume to ground count ratio by route does not provide any specific pattern of over or underestimate. However, the %R11SE for the ISH shows the least value while that for the STH shows the largest value. This pattern is consistent with the screenline analysis and the overall relationship between %RMSE and ground count volume groups. Area specific volume analysis provides another broad statewide measure of the performance of the overall model. The truck traffic in the North area with 26 check points, the West area with 36 check points, the East area with 29 check points, and the South area with 64 check points are compared to the actual ground count totals. The four areas show similar results. No specific patterns in the L V/GC ratio by area are found. In addition, the %RMSE is computed for each of the four areas. The %RMSEs for the North, West, East, and South areas are 92%, 49%, 27%, and 35% respectively, whereas, the average ground counts are 481, 1383, 1532, and 3154 respectively. As for the screenline and volume range analyses, the %RMSE is inversely related to average link volume. 'The SELINK adjustments of productions and attractions resulted in a very substantial reduction in the total in-state zonal productions and attractions. The initial in-state zonal trip generation model can now be revised with a new trip production's trip rate (total adjusted productions/total population) and a new trip attraction's trip rate. Revised zonal production and attraction adjustment factors can then be developed that only reflect the impact of the SELINK adjustments that cause mcreases or , decreases from the revised zonal estimate of productions and attractions. Analysis of the revised production adjustment factors is conducted by plotting the factors on the state map. The east area of the state including the counties of Brown, Outagamie, Shawano, Wmnebago, Fond du Lac, Marathon shows comparatively large values of the revised adjustment factors. Overall, both small and large values of the revised adjustment factors are scattered around Wisconsin. This suggests that more independent variables beyond just 226; population are needed for the development of the heavy truck trip generation model. More independent variables including zonal employment data (office employees and manufacturing employees) by industry type, zonal private trucks 226; owned and zonal income data which are not available currently should be considered. A plot of frequency distribution of the in-state zones as a function of the revised production and attraction adjustment factors shows the overall " adjustment resulting from the SELINK analysis process. Overall, the revised SELINK adjustments show that the productions for many zones are reduced by, a factor of 0.5 to 0.8 while the productions for ~ relatively few zones are increased by factors from 1.1 to 4 with most of the factors in the 3.0 range. No obvious explanation for the frequency distribution could be found. The revised SELINK adjustments overall appear to be reasonable. The heavy truck VMT analysis is conducted by comparing the 1990 heavy truck VMT that is forecasted by the GM truck forecasting model, 2.975 billions, with the WisDOT computed data. This gives an estimate that is 18.3% less than the WisDOT computation of 3.642 billions of VMT. The WisDOT estimates are based on the sampling the link volumes for USH, 8TH, and CTH. This implies potential error in sampling the average link volume. The WisDOT estimate of heavy truck VMT cannot be tabulated by the three trip types, I-I, I-E ('||'&'||'pound;-I), and E-E. In contrast, the GM forecasting model shows that the proportion ofE-E VMT out of total VMT is 21.24%. In addition, tabulation of heavy truck VMT by route functional class shows that the proportion of truck traffic traversing the freeways and expressways is 76.5%. Only 14.1% of total freeway truck traffic is I-I trips, while 80% of total collector truck traffic is I-I trips. This implies that freeways are traversed mainly by I-E and E-E truck traffic while collectors are used mainly by I-I truck traffic. Other tabulations such as average heavy truck speed by trip type, average travel distance by trip type and the VMT distribution by trip type, route functional class and travel speed are useful information for highway planners to understand the characteristics of statewide heavy truck trip patternS. Heavy truck volumes for the target year 2010 are forecasted by using the GM truck forecasting model. Four scenarios are used. Fo~ better forecasting, ground count- based segment adjustment factors are developed and applied. ISH 90 '||'&'||' 94 and USH 41 are used as example routes. The forecasting results by using the ground count-based segment adjustment factors are satisfactory for long range planning purposes, but additional ground counts would be useful for USH 41. Sensitivity analysis provides estimates of the impacts of the alternative growth rates including information about changes in the trip types using key routes. The network'||'&'||'not;based GMcan easily model scenarios with different rates of growth in rural versus . . urban areas, small versus large cities, and in-state zones versus external stations. cities, and in-state zones versus external stations.

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